• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.219-226
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• 1986

A study was conducted to provide direct comparisons of the effect of variations in herbage use, grazing and social behaviour upon the flat, slope and forest grassland with a total 30 Korean Native Cattle and 5 Korean Native Goats under 4-year old grassland established by intensive sowing method in Daecheon. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Relative intake index, dry matter intake per animal and dry matter digestibility by Korean Native Goats in flat, slope and forest grassland were 35.2%-462g-63.7%, 35.0%-459g-63.0% and 29.8%-391g-62.1%, respectively. 2. Grazing time by Korean Native Cattle was not different among the grassland types, but ruminating time was increased in slope grassland, whereas in forest grassland was decreased. Resting time was increased in forest grassland, whereas in slope grassland was decreased. Walking time was increased in flat grassland, but loafing time was increased in forest grassland. The number of rumination, chews per bolus and defecation number were decreased in forest grassland. The number of drinks, total drinking water and walking distance were increased in slope grassland. 3. Animal distance, occupied area per animal and sub group formation by Korean Native Cattle in flat, slope and forest grassland were $3.4m-11.9m^2-3.6head$, $3.56m-11.0m^2-3.7head$ and $3.70m-14.6m^2-3.4head$, respectively. The order of grazing movement was similar to the pear-shaped grazing formation, but the relations of dominance between first grazer and last grazer upon different grassland types was not clear.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.223-232
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• 2012

The effects of dietary supplementation of dried coffee meal (CM) on growth performance, blood biochemical profiles, the weights of immune-related organs, and the antioxidant defense system in broiler chicks were examined. A total of 162, 3-day-old male broiler chickens were assigned to three dietary groups: control group (CON), control diet added with 0.5% CM (CM0.5), and control diet added with 1.0% CM (CM1.0). In vitro antioxidant activity test, coffee extracts showed concentration-dependent increase in radical scavenging activity. Dietary addition of 0.5 and 1.0% of CM did not have negative effects on growth performance and feed conversion during the experimental periods, whereas dietary CM significantly (P<0.05) increased the relative weight of thymus without changes in the other organ weights. In addition, birds fed the diet supplemented with CM (0.5 and 1.0%) significantly increased blood albumin without affecting other components including glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol compared with those fed control diet. In antioxidant defense system, the specific activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase and the level of glutathione in the small intestine and liver were not affected by dietary supplementation of CM. However, hepatic lipid peroxidation in birds fed the diet supplemented with 0.5% CM was significantly (P<0.05) decreased compared with that in control birds. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of CM(0.5~1.0%) has potential for use as a natural antioxidant source without negative effect on growth performance in broiler chickens.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.79-96
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• 1973

In order to elucidate the effects of copper on Corassius carassius, the following were studied: 1) lactate dehydrogenase isozyme patterns by cellulose acetate electrophoresis, 2) LDH activity and copper effect on LDH enzyme system y spectrophotometry, 3) esterase isozyme patterns by agar thin layer electrophoresis, 4) hemoglobin patterns by starch gel electrophoresis, and 5) histological study. 1. There were two bands of LDH isozymes (LDH-3 and LDH-5) in the gill, three bands (LDH-2, LDH-4, and LDH-5) in the liver, and two bands (LDH-3 and LDH-4) in the muscle of the normal fish. The LDH-1 bond was not found in the above three tissues. When the fish were exposed to copper, LDH-3 appeared in the liver, LDH-5 in the muscle, but no new LDH band appeared in the gill. 2. The sepcific activities of the LDH were lowest in the gill and highest in the muscle of the normal fish, and they were gradually decreassed in the gill and highest in the muscle of the normal fish, and they were gradually decreased in the liver and mucle except in the gill from 1-day to 10-day exposure to copper. It indicates that LDH activities in the liver and muscle of the fish were inhibited by copper. 3. Through in vitro experiment, it is clear that the decrease of the LDH activities of the liver and muscle of the fish exposed to copper is mainly caused by the inhibition on the M-LDH in the fish. 4. The numbers of the esterase isozyme bands of the gill, liver, muscle, blood, brain, and kidney of the normal fish were 3, 6, 2, 2, 2, and 2 respectively, and these numbers were the same as those exposed to copper. The relative mobilities of the esterase bands in the gill, liver, blood, and kidney of the exposed group were different from those of the control. 5. There was one hemoglobin band on the anode in the normal fish. It seems that the nobility of hemoglobin band of the fish exposed to copper was slightly faster than that of the normal fish. 6. The normal gill lamellae of the fish consisted of centrally located pillar cells and a number of mucus cells. When the fish were exposed to copper, the epithelial layer was divorced first, disintegrated, and then destroyed completely. 7. The liver of the normal fish had prominent central veins, cords of hepatic cells, and sinusoids. When the fish were exposed to copper, numerous droplets of fat appeared in the cells around the central vein of the liver. It is assumed that the fatty droplets were accumulated by the lesion due to fatty metamorphosis of the liver caused by copper. 8. There was no histological difference between the muscle of the normal fish and that of the fish exposed to copper. 9. In the normal fish, the tubules of the kidney were surrounded by hemopoetic tissues. However, the kidney tissue of the fish exposed to copper received some damage on the proximal tubules. Since the tubule cells were reduced in height, the lumens of the tubules were enlarged. Consequently many proximal tubules exhibited some pink-stained granular casts and various stages of degeneration.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.184-228
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• 1998

This study reviews the relationship between son preference and fertility behavior, and infant and chlid mortality in the context of fertility and mortality decline. In Korea the situation reveals that fertility can decline to a very low level even in the presence of strong son preference, but son preference has certain effects on fertility and childhood mortality. The effect of son preference on fertility increased as the level of fertility declined. Our findings show that son preference causes excess female childhood mortality both directly and indirectly through fertility. Also, in Korea, the analysis reveals that female children suffer excessively high level of mortality and part of the excess mortality is due to parents' behavior on family building related to the effort to secure the birth of a son.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.430-436
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• 2010

In this study, the effects of dibenzocyclooctadiene on seed germination were investigated in pepper. Four $C_{18}$ dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans - schisandrin (1143.7 mg), schisandrin C (317.3 mg), gomisin A (261.4 mg) and gomisin N (213.4 mg) - were isolated from hexane extracts of the fruits of Schisandra chinensis. The molecular structures of the four lignans were elucidated based on spectroscopic analyses including 1D NMR experiments, and bi comparing their spectroscopic data with those of previous literatures. Seeds were immersed in $10^{-5}\;M$ schisandrin, $10^{-6}\;M$ schisandrin C and $10^{-7}\;M$ gomisin A and gomisin N for 1 hr and incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ in the dark for germination. Compared to untreated control, treatment with schisandrin C and gomisin A suppressed seed germination at 48 hrs after incubation, whereas treatment with gomisin N increased germination rate at 48 hrs after incubation. The results of the germination activity of the lignans from S. chinensis confirm their potential plant growth role, and the relative natural abundances of these metabolites suggest their potential use as natural plant growth regulators.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.531-541
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• 2013

This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant effect of Sansa (Crataegi fructus) extract in vitro, and to evaluate the functional effects of Sansa powder addition on the quality properties and storage characteristics of Tteokgalbi. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of Sansa extract were found to be 127.00 mg/g and 54.05 mg/g, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of Sansa extract was high and it was similar to the BHA and BHT. The Tteokgalbi was prepared by 0% (N), 0.1% (S1), 1% (S2), and 2% (S3) of the Sansa Powder. Addition of Sansa powder decreased the protein and lipid contents, but the ash content was significantly increased (p<0.05). Increasing the amount of Sansa powder in the pork Tteokgalbi tended to increase the water holding capacity (WHC) values and the cooking loss (p<0.05). The addition of Sansa powder increased the hardness and chewiness values, but did not affect the cohesiveness and springiness values. In the sensory evaluation, the S3 Tteokgalbi had the best score in color. Values of pH, total microbial counts, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) values decreased significantly added Sansa powder relative to the normal (p<0.05). The S3 Tteokgalbi was significantly (p<0.05) more effective for delaying lipid peroxidation than the other groups. Sansa powder addition increased the L (lightness) and a (redness) values. Therefore, the results demonstrate that adding the Sansa powder to the pork Tteokgalbi tended to improve antioxidative and antimicrobial effects during the chilled storage period.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.401-408
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• 2011

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. In order to control the type 2 diabetes mellitus, anti-hyperglycemic effect of Triticum aestivum L. water extracts (TAWE) was investigated in 7 week old male diabetic C57BL6/J-ob/ob mice. For the experiments, the diabetic animal model ob/ob mice and non-diabetic animal model lean mice were divided into 3 groups: non-treatment control group (Control), and two experimental groups orally treated with 25 or 100 mg/kg/day dose of TAWE (TAWE-25 and TAWE-100, respectively). The lean mice were used as the non-diabetic normal control. TAWE was orally administrated for 6 weeks and the diabetic clinical markers, including blood glucose level, body weight, organs weight and insulin level were determined. The oral administration of TAWE-100 in ob/ob diabetic mice significantly decreased blood glucose level (78.4%) and body weight (11.9%) compared with diabetic control group. The weights of organs, including spleen, liver, kidneys, heart and lung were not different among groups, while the treatments of TAWE-100 in ob/ob diabetic mice significantly reduced blood total cholesterol (24.35%) and triglyceride (23.97%) levels compared with the diabetic control group. The levels of serum insulin and glucose tolerance were improved after TAWE-100 treatment in ob/ob diabetic mice. Moreover, the immunohistochemical staining for insulin detection in pancreatic islet $\beta$-cells expressed high level of insulin in TAWE-100 treated ob/ob mice. From the above results, the intake of TAWE may be effective in anti-hyperglycemia by the attenuation of glucose and lipid levels. TAWE-containing diets or drugs may be beneficial for controlling diabetes mellitus type 2 in human.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.502-516
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• 2014

This study has decomposed the Gini coefficient using Korean Labor & Income Panel Study data and empirically analyzed the impact of demographic characteristics and source-specific income of householder on the household income gap using panel analysis. The scope of areas were divided into 'nationwide,' 'metropolitan areas,' and 'non-metropolitan areas,' and the period before and after the global financial crisis was examined. The analysis findings are as follows. First, when the entire period was examined by income source using Gini decomposition with division of areas into 'nationwide,' 'metropolitan areas,' and 'non-metropolitan areas', the following results were revealed. The absolute and relative contribution level of property income to the gross income was the largest in the category of 'nationwide' and 'metropolitan areas,' while the contribution level of earned income was the largest in the category of 'non-metropolitan areas'. In addition, property income worsened the household income gap the most in the category of 'nationwide' and 'metropolitan areas.' Second, property income worsened the household income gap less after the financial crisis than before the crisis. It is probably because the price of real estate skyrocketed before the global financial crisis, worsening the household income gap, whereas the price drop after the crisis temporarily alleviated the gap. Third, a correlation analysis revealed that households with older householders whose education is high school graduation or below had relatively low gross income, and households with higher source-specific income, especially earned income, had relatively high gross income. Fourth, when the household income determinants were compared through panel analysis with division of areas into 'nationwide,' 'metropolitan areas,' and 'non-metropolitan areas,' the following results were obtained. While the impact of earned income, financial income, and other incomes was greater in non-metropolitan areas than in metropolitan areas, the impact of property income was greater in metropolitan areas than in non-metropolitan areas. To reduce the income gap, the government should impose higher taxes on the high-income class and provide tax benefits to the low-income class, with efforts to create a wide variety of jobs. In addition, since income inequality gets worse as the proportion of incomes generated through asset holdings becomes higher, the government should focus on stabilizing property prices while paying attention to the regional differentiation when carrying out related policies.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.95-113
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• 2009

Objectives : Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) is a hair care product which is composed of ten plant extracts used in oriental medicine. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) on hair regrowth and cytokine changes in a shaving model of C57BL/6 mice. Materials and Methods : Five-week-old mice were acclimated for 1 week at a temperature between $21-23^{\circ}C$, 40-60% relative humidity, and 12h of a light/dark cycle before beginning of the experiment. There were three experimental groups including 50% ethanol (EtOH, control), a positive control of 3% Minoxidil, and 30% Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) in 50% ethanol in 18 female mice. The test compounds were topically treated once a day over 12 days. The hair regrowth was photographically and histologically determined during the experimental period of 12 days. Revelation of EGF, $TGF-{\beta}1$ and IL-6 in hair follicle were also determined using immunohistochemistry. In addition to that, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and $IL-1{\beta}$ in skin tissue were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Results : Hair regrowth in 3% Minoxidil and Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) groups was promoted earlier and faster than the control group. Concentrations of hairs and thick-hair ratio in 3% Minoxidil and Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) groups were promoted than the control group. EGF was moderately positive in hair follicle of 3% Minoxidil and Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) groups, but negative in the control group. $TGF-{\beta}1$ was not significantly difference between the groups. IL-6 in hair follicle of Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) group was negative, but weakly positive in 3% Minoxidil and control group. IL-6 and $IL-1{\beta}$ in skin tissue were significantly decreased in Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) group, but there was not significantly decreased in 3% Minoxidil and control group. $TNF-{\alpha}$ in skin tissue was significantly decreased in 3% Minoxidil and Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) groups. Conclusions : These results suggest that Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) has hair growth promoting activity and it can be used for treatment of alopecia. And these effects relate to EGF revelation of hair follicle and a decrease IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and $IL-1{\beta}$ in skin tissue.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.290-303
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• 2006

Tooth eruption is a complex and tightly regulated process that involves cells of the tooth organ and the surrounding alveolus. Osteoclast precursors must be recruited into the dental follicle prior to the onset of eruption. This function of dental follicle may be regarded as the ability of bone remodeling characterized by the interaction of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. This is because tooth eruption is a localized event in which many of the genes required for eruption are expressed in the dental follicle. RANKL is a membrane-bound protein that is a member of the TNF ligand family. which is present on bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts, and induces osteoclast formation and activation from precursor cell. The biologic effect of RANKL is inhibited by OPG and, in bone, the relative ratio of RANKL and OPG modulates osteoclastogenesis. To evaluate the roles of RANKL and OPG in tooth eruption and the relations with the expression pattern of Runx2, in situ hybridization was performed with mandibles of mice at postnatal stage 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11. mRNA of RANKL, OPG, and Runx2 are expressed in dental follicle and surrounding tissue from P1 to 11. To determine the sites of osteoclastic activity during tooth eruption, mandibles were dissected. Peak osteoclastic activity in alveolar bone along the occlusal and basal regions was observed from P5 to 9, with osteoclasts in these regions being large and strongly TRAP-positive The specific spatio-temporal expression patterns of RANKL, OPG, and Runx2 in our study suggest that tooth eruption could be progressed through the interactions of molecular signaling among dental follicle, dental organ and alveolar bone, furthermore it means that dental follicle is quite important in tooth eruption In addition, it indicates that these genes (RANKL, OPG, and Runx2) play critical roles in tooth eruption.