• Health Policy and Management
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.100-111
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• 2020

Background: Few studies have examined the performance of the public long-term care insurance (LTCI) from the perspective of geographic equity. This study investigated regional variations and associated factors in the supply and utilization of nursing home care within and also between Japan and Korea. Methods: A comparative dataset was developed by extracting data from 2013-2015 LTCI statistics yearbooks and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development regional statistics, as well as other comparable data in Japan and Korea. The unit of analysis was the prefecture in Japan and the province in Korea. We computed variation indices and conducted regression analyses for regional variations within each country and decomposition analyses to examine the variations between the countries. Results: The overall regional supply and use of nursing home care were higher in Japan, but the regional variations in Korea were larger than in Japan. In both countries, the nursing home supply was negatively associated with the proportion of older people with independent living. Nursing home use was also negatively associated with the supply of hospital beds and home care agencies in Korea; the relationship was the opposite in Japan, however. The country-based differences were more likely to be explained by differences in the distributions of the variables included in the analytical model than country-specific characteristics. Conclusion: Regional-level nursing home supply and use were unequal in both countries, and the contributing factors were not the same. Policy efforts are needed to advance regional equality in long-term care (LTC) and collaboration between health and LTC institutions for frail older people, especially in Korea.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.679-690
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Concerns about regional disparities in heathy eating and nutritional status among South Korean adults are increasing. This study aims to identify the magnitude of regional disparities in diet and nutritional status among Korean adults who completed the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). SUBJECTS/METHODS: The participants were a nationally representative sample of Korean adults aged 19 years and older from the 2017 KNHANES (n = 6,126). We employed the svy commands in STATA to accommodate the complex survey design. The relative concentration index (RCI), absolute concentration index (ACI) and index of disparity were used to measure regional nutritional inequalities. RESULTS: Overweight and obese adults were more prevalent among the poor than among the rich in urban areas (RCI = -0.041; P < 0.05), while overweight and obese adults were more prevalent among the rich than among the poor in rural areas of South Korea (RCI = 0.084; P < 0.05). Economic inequality in fruit and vegetable intake ≥ 500 g per day was greater in rural areas than in urban areas in both relative size (RCI = 0.228 vs. 0.091, difference in equality = 0.137; P < 0.05) and absolute size (ACI = 0.055 vs. 0.023, difference in equality = 0.032; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides useful information identifying opposite directions in the relative concentration curves between urban and rural areas. Adult overweight/obesity was more prevalent among the poor in urban areas, while adult overweight/obesity was more prevalent among the rich in rural areas. Public health nutrition systems should be implemented to identify nutritional inequalities that should be targeted across regions in South Korea.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.183-193
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• 2012

The purpose of the formation of the regional community is to draw community formation strategy for effective resolve the conflicts. Along with thesis of the regional community theory, this study sought strategy plan through cheonan regional people investigate. Feeling of satisfaction, sense of common bonds, sense of belonging could showed relation of high existence, and know that duplex sense of belonging acts greatly in desire of social activities in interrelationship study finding, regional community and participation of resident. Essential factor of regional community formation is as following. First, it is application to the strategy of the formation of the regional community that can correspond to special quality of various area and request of inhabitantses. Second, the regional community's formation needs the local governments' active support, the cooperation, comprehension and voluntary effort of the regional people. Ideal regional community that we think gets joined conclude the relation as well as physical plenty and equality realization of social structure that is matured because awakening of conduced wholesome accident.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1995.11a
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• pp.531-533
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• 1995

This paper describes the effect of the train ticket allocation methods. Two types of the allocation method, 'proportional to the distance between two stations' and proportional to ticket-demand', are compared. From the result of calculation, the letter case shows better characteristics than the former case especially on the scat occupation ratio and the regional equality or allocation.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.229-240
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• 2022

This article examines the link between regional disparity and social mobility in India. There has been a steady rise in economic inequality in India. The rapid economic growth coupled with a rise in income inequality is a serious concern in India. While the emphasis is on inclusive growth, it appears difficult to tackle the problem without looking at the intricacies of the problem. The Social Mobility Index is an important tool that focuses on bringing long-term equality by identifying priority policy areas in the country. We used a multivariate statistical approach to construct a social mobility index at the regional level by considering several social and economic variables. Our findings show that while the Union Territory of Delhi ranks first in the social mobility index, Chhattisgarh has the least social mobility. From a policy perspective, a comprehensive examination of the determinants of the social mobility index shows that health, education access, and quality, and equity of education are of great importance in improving social mobility. Considering India's potential economic growth resulting from its 'demographic dividend' and improved access, markets, and technology, increasing social mobility through facilitating equal opportunities in society is key to achieving inclusive growth.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1992-1998
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• 2014

This paper aims to understand the meaning of balanced development among regional economies and its importance in the s0-called knowledge-based economy. It is shown that the balanced allocation of human capital is necessary to achieve the efficient allocation of physical capital among regional economies, which makes the equality of marginal product of capital. And a simulation experiment is conducted to calculate the cost of unbalanced growth. It is shown that balanced growth among regional economies may increase the growth rate of whole national economy while unbalanced growth among them reduce it. The policy implication is that for an any economy to grow at a higher rate, the efficient allocation of physical and human capital both are necessary to have the balanced growth of regional economies in knowledge-based economy.

• Korean Journal of Legislative Studies
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.241-276
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• 2018

This article measures equal weighted voting to evaluate the fairness of a redistricting system operated in the $4^{th}$ to the $6^{th}$ metropolitan council elections using a new index. The cosine square index using in the article would be useful on what we see the ratio of the equality of population among metropolitan regions and the fairness of the whole electoral system, along with its simple calculation. The results of the fairness of the $4^{th}$ to the $6^{th}$ metropolitan council elections calculated by the cosine square index are as follow: Because the $4^{th}$ metropolitan council election uniformly elects two members for each electoral district regardless of the size of the population, it has a low equality of population between districts. But as a result of the decision of the Constitutional Court in 2007, standard of population variation in electoral district has been strengthened to 4 : 1 from the $5^{th}$ metropolitan council election. It increases significantly equality of population between districts from the $5^{th}$ metropolitan council election. But in the elections from the $4^{th}$ to the $6^{th}$ metropolitan council elections, Rural electoral districts continuously show the lowest equality of population between districts. It also shows the growing disparity between urban and rural areas as well as between capital and non-capital. This paper emphasizes that electoral apportionment in local council elections should reflect regional diversity and community identity.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.546-558
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• 2003

Social justice has been an interest of whole geographers for almost four decades. The conception of social justice includes fairness and equity in the distribution of a wide range of attributes. The purpose of this study is to understand social justice in geography of welfare. The theories of social justice are needed to describe relationship between social justice and geography of welfare. The evaluation of spatial variations in welfare is closely associated with social justice. Equality, equity, efficiency, and fairness are the reasonable criteria to apply to the evaluation of distributions of welfare, relating to distributive(or territorial) justice. However, there are complications in the spatial application of welfare evaluation criteria, including access across space, boundary crossing and ecological fallacy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.13-25
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to understand regional differences of clothing consumption behavior of Korean adolescents. Subjects were 624 male and female high school students in north and south to the Hangang river, Seoul, and those in Kunsan City, Jeonlabuk-Do. The clothing consumption orientation were classified 4 dimensions by factor analysis: brand orientation, others-sensitivity, impulse buying, and advertizement influence. Female students were significantly higher in brand orientation, others-sensitivity, and impulse buying than males. Students in the south Seoul are influenced more than the other two regions by brand orientation, others-sensitivity, and impulse buying. There were significant interaction effects in brand orientation and others sensitivity by sender and region. In the north Seoul students, males demonstrated less brand orientation than females. while south Seoul male students did high others-sensitivity tendency than male of the other regions. Males of north Seoul and Kunsan spent less expense for clothing, but south Seoul students equally in males and females spent the highest for clothing. About one-third of all adolescents had imitated appearance of an entertainer. mostly for hair-styles of them. Major commodities that teenagers purchased on impulse were shirts, pants, shoes, and bags. Since shoes prevailed among purchased famous brands, teenagers seem to be most interested in shoes as far as the brand was concerned in particular. In general, clear differences of gender and region were observed in clothing consumption behavior: male adolescents in the north Seoul and Kunsan City exhibited Passive clothing behavior, whereas south Seoul males and females showed active behavior and gender-equality.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.303-314
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• 2019

Indonesia's most eastern provinces enjoy special autonomy status but still suffer from the highest poverty level in the entire nation. Using the Williamson index to test the Simon Kuznets theory, this study examines development equality at pre-and post-special autonomy in the provinces of Papua and West Papua. It uses gross domestic products per capita and population from 29 regencies/cities in Papua and 13 regencies/cities in West Papua to measure the Williamson index in addition to in-depth interviews with legislative members and document analysis to validate the findings. The study found that the regional development gap before special autonomy is relatively smaller than that existing after special autonomy. The Kuznets' curve is not proven in the special autonomy era, meaning that the imposition of autonomy status has led to the creation of a higher development gap in these provinces. Although the special autonomy status has prompted an increased opportunity for political participation by the indigenous people, greater challenges are posed by the lack of human resources, poor government administration, difficult geographical access and the issue of land acquisition. Continuous development initiatives followed up with adequate supervision, greater transparency and law enforcement from government bureaucrats and legislatures are recommended to reduce the inequality.