• Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology : HEB
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• 제59권6호
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• pp.875-888
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• 2018

Tulip (Tulipa L.) is one of the most important ornamental geophytes in the world. Analysis of molecular variability of tulips is of great importance in conservation and parental lines selection in breeding programs. Of the 70 genic microsatellites, 15 highly polymorphic and reproducible markers were used to assess the genetic diversity, structure, and relationships among 280 individuals of 36 wild and cultivated tulip accessions from two countries: Iran and the Netherlands. The mean values of gene diversity and polymorphism information content were 0.69 and 0.66, respectively, which indicated the high discriminatory power of markers. The calculated genetic diversity parameters were found to be the highest in wild T. systola Stapf (Derak region). Bayesian model-based STRU CTU RE analysis detected five gene pools for 36 germplasms which corresponded with morphological observations and traditional classifications. Based on analysis of molecular variance, to conserve wild genetic resources in some geographical locations, sampling should be performed from distant locations to achieve high diversity. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean dendrogram and principal component analysis plot indicated that among wild tulips, T. systola and T. micheliana Hoog exhibited the closest relationships with cultivated tulips. Thus, it can be assumed that wild tulips from Iran and perhaps other Middle East countries played a role in the origin of T. gesneriana, which is likely a tulip species hybrid of unclear origin. In conclusion, due to the high genetic variability of wild tulips, they can be used in tulip breeding programs as a source of useful alleles related to resistance against stresses.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.553-563
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• 2019

Investigations related with factors influencing root and crown rot are rare and mainly related to farming practice and soil management. The main objective of this study was to examine broader range of factors influencing stem-base infestation of winter wheat in the field conditions. The effect of spatial distribution of infected plants on disease index (DIs) assessments was also investigated. Analysis of factors influencing DIs of crown rot of wheat demonstrated significant influence of the growing seasons (P < 0.001) and extreme fluctuations in winter temperatures (P < 0.001). In addition to that, localities together with their interaction with the growing season also significantly influenced DIs (P < 0.001). Aggregation of infected plants influenced variability of DI estimations, and it was pointed out that more extensive investigation should be conducted on broad range of DI in order to establish sampling method giving uniform sampling precision. Fusarium graminearum was shown to be predominant Fusarium species in Serbia (72.6%) using sequence-characterized amplified region analysis. Interestingly F. oxysporum was isolated in higher frequencies (27.4%) than it was reported in the literature. Given that there were no reports on the diversity of Fusarium species causing crown rot of wheat in Serbia, this study presents first report on this important subject. It also indicated that more attention should be focused on combined effects of abiotic and biotic factors influencing stem-base infestation of winter wheat. This knowledge will contribute to better understanding of factors influencing root and crown rot of wheat which would ensure sustainable disease management in the future.

• 대기
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.165-181
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• 2019

In this study, the regional climate model, RegCM4.0 (25 km), with the HadGEM2-AO data as boundary conditions, was used to simulate the mean climate changes in the mid and late 21st century for CORDEX Phase 2 East Asian region. 122 years (1979~2100) of simulation were performed, and RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 were used for the simulation of future climate. In the mid-21st century, the temperature is expected to increase by about 0.5 to $3.0^{\circ}C$ in all regions of East Asia, regardless of season and scenario. The increase in temperature is greater in summer and winter, especially in the northern part of simulation domain. Interannual variability (IAV) is expected to decrease by 25% in summer for RCP 8.5, while it is expected to increase by more than 30% in autumn for both scenarios. Regardless of the scenario, the precipitation in South Korea is expected to increase in late June but decrease in mid-July, with an increase in precipitation greater than $100mm\;day^{-1}$. In RCP 4.5 of the late 21st century, relatively uniform temperature increase ($1.0{\sim}2.5^{\circ}C$) is expected throughout the continent, while RCP 8.5 shows a very diverse increase ($3.0{\sim}6.0^{\circ}C$) depending on season and geographical location. In addition, the IAV of temperature is expected to decrease by more than 35% in both scenarios in the summer. In most of the Northwest Pacific region, precipitation is expected to decrease in all seasons except for the summer, but in South Korea, it is projected to increase by about 10% in all seasons except autumn.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2009

Soil $CO_2$ efflux can vary markedly in magnitude over both time and space, and understanding this variation is crucial for the correct measurement of $CO_2$ efflux in ecological studies. Although considerable research has quantified temporal variability in this flux, comparatively little effort has focused on its spatial variability. To account for spatial heterogeneity, we must be able to determine the number of sampling points required to adequately estimate soil $CO_2$ efflux in a target ecosystem. In this paper, we report the results of a study of the number of sampling points required for estimating soil $CO_2$ efflux using a closed-dynamic chamber in young and old Japanese cedar plantations in central Japan. The spatial heterogeneity in soil $CO_2$ efflux was significantly higher in the mature plantation than in the young stand. In the young plantation, 95% of samples of 9 randomly-chosen flux measurements from a population of 16 measurements made using 72-$cm^2$ chambers produced flux estimates within 20% of the full-population mean. In the mature plantation, 20 sampling points are required to achieve means within $\pm$ 20% of the full-population mean (15 measurements) for 95% of the sample dates. Variation in soil temperature and moisture could not explain the observed spatial variation in soil $CO_2$ efflux, even though both parameters are a good predictor of temporal variation in $CO_2$ efflux. Our results and those of previous studies suggest that, on average, approximately 46 sampling points are required to estimate the mean and variance of soil $CO_2$ flux in temperate and boreal forests to a precision of $\pm$ 10% at the 95% confidence level, and 12 points are required to achieve a precision of $\pm$ 20%.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.1247-1254
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• 2003

현재 경동맥 내막절제술 시행을 위한 경동맥 협착증의 정도 측정에는 디지털감산조영술(DSA), 회전조영술(rotational angiography), 컴퓨터단층조영술(CTA) 및 자기공명조영술(MRA)로부터 얻어진 경동맥의 투영 영상을 이용하여 북미, 유럽 표준 및 총경동맥 방법이 사용되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 기계적인 측경기를 이용하는 전형적인 경동맥 협착 측정 방법의 단점을 극복하고, 측정자간의 변화율을 최소화하기 위해 자기공명조영술의 단면 영상을 사용하고 컴퓨터화한 새로운 협착증 정도 측정 방법을 개발하였다. 영상 분할에 사용되는 방법중 가장 널리 사용되고 효율적인 명암값 임계치 방법을 사용하여 경동맥 및 동맥의 내강을 분할하였다. 또한, 각 증례의 측정된 총경동맥의 혈관두께를 사용하여 분할된 경동맥으로부터 혈관을 제거 하였고, 혈관이 제거된 경동맥을 혈류 영역과 플라그 영역으로 분할하였다. 각 단면 영상에서의 경동맥 협착증 정도 측정은 (분할된 플라그 영역/혈류영역 및 플라그를 합한 면적) * 100% 식으로 계산된다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.650-662
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• 2011

The statistical tools such as empirical orthogonal function (EOF), and singular value decomposition (SVD) have been applied to analyze the characteristic of air pollutant over southeast Asia as well as to evaluate Zimeke's tropospheric column ozone (ZTO) determined by tropospheric residual method. In this study, we found that the EOF and SVD analyses are useful methods to extract the most significant temporal and spatial pattern from enormous amounts of satellite data. The EOF analyses with OMI $NO_2$ and OMI HCHO over southeast Asia revealed that the spatial pattern showed high correlation with fire count (r=0.8) and the EOF analysis of CO (r=0.7). This suggests that biomass burning influences a major seasonal variability on $NO_2$ and HCHO over this region. The EOF analysis of ZTO has indicated that the location of maximum ZTO was considerably shifted westward from the location of maximum of fire count and maximum month of ZTO occurred a month later than maximum month (March) of $NO_2$, HCHO and CO. For further analyses, we have performed the SVD analyses between ZTO and ozone precursor to examine their correlation and to check temporal and spatial consistency between two variables. The spatial pattern of ZTO showed latitudinal gradient that could result from latitudinal gradient of stratospheric ozone and temporal maximum of ZTO in March appears to be associated with stratospheric ozone variability that shows maximum in March. These results suggest that there are some sources of error in the tropospheric residual method associated with cloud height error, low efficiency of tropospheric ozone, and low accuracy in lower stratospheric ozone.

• 대기
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2017

This study investigates how Eurasian snow cover in spring (March and April) is associated with Korean temperature during summer (June-July-August). Two leading modes of Eurasian snow cover variability in spring for 1979~2015 are obtained by Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis. The first EOF mode of Eurasian snow cover is characterized by a zonally elongated pattern over the whole Eurasian region and its principal component is more correlated with Korean temperature during June. On the other hand, the second EOF mode of Eurasian snow cover is characterized by an east-west dipole-like pattern, showing positive anomalies over eastern Eurasian region and negative anomalies over western Eurasian region. This dipole-like pattern is related with Korean temperature during August. The first leading mode of Eurasian snow cover is associated with anomalous high (low) pressure over Korea (Sea of Okhotsk) during June, which might be induced by much evaporation of soil moisture in Eurasia during March. On the other hand, the second mode of Eurasian snow cover is associated with a wave train resembling with Eurasian (EU)-like pattern in relation to the Atlantic sea surface temperature forcing, leading to the anomalous high pressure over Korea during August. Understanding these two leading modes of snow cover in Eurasian continent in spring may contribute to predict Korean summer temperature.

• 대기
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.209-220
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• 2020

Seasonal predictability and variability of tropical storms (TCs) simulated in the Global Seasonal Forecast System version 5 (GloSea5) of the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) is assessed in Northern Hemisphere in 1996~2009. In the KMA, the GloSea5-Global Atmosphere version 3.0 (GloSea5-GA3) that was previously operated was switched to the GloSea5-Global Coupled version 2.0 (GloSea5-GC2) with data assimilation system since May 2016. In this study, frequency, track, duration, and strength of the TCs in the North Indian Ocean, Western Pacific, Eastern Pacific, and North Atlantic regions derived from the GloSea5-GC2 and GloSea5-GA3 are examined against the best track data during the research period. In general, the GloSea5 shows a good skill for the prediction of seasonally averaged number of the TCs in the Eastern and Western Pacific regions, but underestimation of those in the North Atlantic region. Both the GloSea5-GA3 and GC2 are not able to predict the recurvature of the TCs in the North Western Pacific Ocean (NWPO), which implies that there is no skill for the prediction of landfalls in the Korean peninsula. The GloSea5-GC2 has higher skills for predictability and variability of the TCs than the GloSea5-GA3, although continuous improvements in the operational system for seasonal forecast are still necessary to simulate TCs more realistically in the future.

• 대기
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.361-376
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• 2020

This study evaluates multiple Regional Climate Models (RCMs) in simulating temperature and precipitation over the Far East Asia (FEA) and estimates the portions of the total uncertainty originating in the RCMs and the driving Global Climate Models (GCMs) using nine present-day (1981~2000) climate data obtained from combinations of three GCMs and three RCMs in the CORDEX-EA phase2. Downscaling using the RCMs generally improves the present temperature and precipitation simulated in the GCMs. The mean temperature climate in the RCM simulations is similar to that in the GCMs; however, RCMs yield notably better spatial variability than the GCMs. In particular, the RCMs generally yield positive added values to the variability of the summer temperature and the winter precipitation. Evaluating the uncertainties by the GCMs (VARGCM) and the RCMs (VARRCM) on the basis of two-way ANOVA shows that VARRCM is greater than VARGCM in contrast to previous studies which showed VARGCM is larger. In particular, in the winter temperature, the ocean has a very large VARRCM of up to 30%. Precipitation shows that VARRCM is greater than VARGCM in all seasons, but the difference is insignificant. In the following study, we will analyze how the uncertainty of the climate model in the present-day period affects future climate change prospects.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.19-35
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• 2021

Purpose : Recently, there has been a growing social interest in aging well. Consequently, wellness tourism has begun to attract attention. However, no studies on whether wellness tourism has any objective health benefits have been carried out yet. In this study, we assess the health benefits as well as the degree of improvement in health of a wellness tourism program. Methods : The study involved 30 adults over the age of 19 who live in the Gyeongsangnam-do region. Participants were evaluated on health indicator before and after participating in wellness tourism program. Participants took heart rate variability (HRV) test, and LFT, RFT, CBC, FBS HbA1C, and CRP test were conducted before and after the tour. Additionally, a survey was conducted before and after the program, and participant satisfaction was evaluated. Statistical differences in the tests conducted before and after the program were analyzed using a design t-test, a Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and McNemar's test. Results : The study showed that participants were very satisfied with and had significant health improvements after the wellness tourism program. The program was also found to be beneficial in improving participants' emotions as follows: BDI (p<.001), fatigue recovery (p=.006), stress relief (p=.003), improved quality of life (p<.05), and improved sleep quality (p<.001). Conclusion : Wellness tourism programs are specifically beneficial for improving participants' emotions (depression, anxiety), fatigue, stress levels, quality of life, and sleep. Therefore, they are beneficial to the overall health. Further research in the future by way of a follow-up study on the long-term effects on health after short-term interventions will provide more validation data.