• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 2018

Purpose: Minimal change esophagitis (MCE) is a reflux disease without mucosal breaks, known to be partially associated with abnormal gastric motor function. Electrogastrography (EGG) is commonly applied to assess gastric motor function in a noninvasive fashion. We aimed to determine the relationship between MCE and gastric myoelectrical activity (GME) recorded on EGG in children. Methods: We retrospectively assessed the records of 157 children without underlying disease who underwent both EGG and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at Gachon University Gil Medical Center between January 2010 and June 2015. The children were stratified according to the appearance of the esophagus (normal vs. MCE). Between-group differences in EGG parameters and their correlation with each MCE finding were statistically analyzed. Results: Only the power ratio, one of the EGG parameters analyzed, differed significantly between the two groups (MCE, $1.68{\pm}3.37$ vs. normal, $0.76{\pm}1.06$; p<0.05), whereas the other parameters, such as dominant frequency, dominant power, and the ratio of abnormal rhythm, showed no differences. Among children with MCE, significant correlations were noted between erythema and power ratio (p<0.05), friability and postprandial dominant frequency (p<0.05), and edema and/or accentuation of mucosal folds and pre-prandial frequency (p<0.05). Helicobacter pylori infection correlated with postprandial arrhythmia (MCE, $33.59{\pm}15.52$ vs. normal, $28.10{\pm}17.23$; p<0.05). EGG parameters did not differ between children with normal esophagus and those with biopsy-proven chronic esophagitis. Conclusion: In children with MCE, gastric dysmotility may affect the development of MCE, manifesting as EGG abnormalities. H. pylori infection may also affect GME. However, larger prospective investigations are needed to confirm these findings.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.92-103
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• 1999

The 8 coumarin derivatives have been synthesized from 8 starting materials(2-hydroxy-benzophenone, 2,2'-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzophenone, 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-methylbenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-ethoxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxybenzophenone) with phenylacetic acid and $Ac_2$O/TEA in acetone at reflux temperature. The ratio of o-hydroxybenzophenone, phenylacetic acid, $Ac_2$O and TEA is 1 : 1: 8: 8 in acetone. Our results showed higher products yields of coumarin derivatives than Shama and Ray's method in previous papers. A new intermediate form was proposed to our mechanism of coumarin synthetic method.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.3755-3760
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• 2009

In this study, we have completed the simulation and optimization work for the deethanizer column which was used for natural gas processing plant or saturated gas plant in a petrochemical process. An optimal feed stage location which minimizes the reboiler heat duty was determined. For the modeling of deethanizer, PRO/II with PROVISION was used and Soave modified Redlich-Kwong equation of state model was selected. Through this study, we have found that the minimum number of stage and minimum reflux ratio for separation were 9.03 and 0.62437, respectively and the theoretical stage number was 12, optimal feed stage location was 9 and minimum reboiler heat duty was $12.7470{\times}10^6\;KJ/hr$.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2001

Objectives : The following are the results of the experimental studies of Samjasan (SJS) extract on the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and the level of lipid peroxide in the penises of rats. Methods : Cnidii Fructus, Cuscutae Semen, Schizandrae Fructus constitute SJS. 150 g of crushed crude drug was extracted with methyl alcohol, under reflux, for 24 hours, three times; the total extractive was evaporated under reduced pressure to give 28.6 g. Results : In vitro, the SJS extract didn't effect the activity of NOS. However, the SJS extract decreased the activities, the ratio of type conversion of xanthine oxidase, the levels of lipid peroxide, In vitro, after administration of the SJS extract to rats, the activities and ratio of type conversion of xanthine oxidase decreased, but the activity of NOS and the content of nitrite increased. Also, the levels of the superoxide anion radical and lipid peroxide decreased in the penises of rats. But, after administration of the SJS extract to rats, the levels of glutathione did not increase. The effects of the SJS extract did better as the dosage and the length of treatment increased. Conclusions : These results suggest that the SJS extract decreases the activities of free radical generating enzymes which form lipid peroxide and increases the NOS activity in the penises of rats. Therefore, the SJS extract is capable of improving of sexual ability in rats.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.10
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• pp.215-223
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• 2017

This article has tried to analyse the effect of the corporate earning return tax empirically through analysis on the impact of previous internal reservation on the dividends rate of the current year. In addition to this, this article has tried to the effectiveness of government policies with leverage ratio as a moderating variable. Moreover, DRF and GBM model were used to see the effect again. As a result of the actual proof analysis, OCF, ROE, FOR have a significance level of 99% in model1, model2, model3. However, ADV and MSE has appeared not to be meaningful in all models. In the result of DRF and GBM model for convergence was higher than GBM in depth and leaves. However, when it comes to a model explaining capability, GBM high than DRF. The further study will be required to examine the effect of government policy by time series analysis in the period of enforcement of the reflux tax, from 2015 to 2017.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.375-381
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• 1997

The anticoagulant polysaccharide was screened from the ediable mushrooms. Among them, alkali extract of Ganoderma lucidum showed the highest activity in aPTT. A crude polysaccharide fraction (GL-I) was prepared from the 1N NaOH solution extract of Ganoderma lucidum followed by methanol-reflux, precipitation with ethanol, dialysis and lyophilization. GL-I inhibited the intrinsic pathway in blood coagulation pathway and exhibited concentration dependent anticoagulation effects. The anticoagulant activity of GL-I was decreased greatly by periodate oxidation, but was not changed by pronase digestion. These suggest that carbohydrate moiety may be related to the anticoagulant activity. GL-I consisted of glucose, galactose, fucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose in a molar ratio of 19.3:3.0:2.3:1.3:1.0:0.3. GL-I was partially purified on the DEAE-Toyopearl 650C(GL-IalongrightarrowGL-If) and on the Sephadex G-100(GL-Ic-ilongrightarrowGL-Ic-II).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 2009

Background and Objectives : Vocal nodule is common inflammatory vocal cord lesion which could be improved by voice rest or voice therapy. But some patients, who do not have any improvement after voice therapy, should take laryngomicorsurgery or additional long-term voice therapy. So we try to find prognostic factors which affect the results of voice therapy. Materials and Methods: There are 36 patients (response group) whose symptoms improved after initial voice therapy and 16 patients (no response group) whose symptoms did not improve at all. We compared clinical features (durations of symptoms, voice abuse, laryngopharyngeal reflux), GRBAS scale, acoustic analysis, aerodynamic analysis and voice handicap index between the two groups from January, 2006 to June, 2008. Results: Response group underwent voice therapy 4.5 times (ave.) and no response group underwent 6.7 times (ave.). No response group has longer duration of symptoms, higher GRBAS scale score, higher NIH ratio, and higher MFR than those of response group. Conclusion : This study found that the prognosis of voice therapy in patients who have longer duration of symptoms, high NIH ratio, and bad perceptional test result is not likely to be good. In those cases, we should recommend earlier surgery, voice therapy after surgery, and inform about the necessity of long-term voice rehabilitation or voice therapy in order to get favorable compliance.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.532-538
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• 1998

Emerald ($3BeO{\cdot}Al_2O_3{\cdot}6SiO_2:Cr^{3+}$) single crystal was grown by temperature gradient reflux method with using Korean natural beryl. The flux of lithium-molibudenium-vanadium oxide system was made by means of mixing the 2 sort of flux which were differently melted $Mo_3-Li_2O$ and $V_2O_5-Li_2O$ each other. The optimum composition of flux was 3 mole ratio of molibudenium. vanadium oxides to lithium oxide ($(MoO_3+V_2O_5)/Li_2O$), flux additives were substituted more less then 0.2 mole% of $K_2O$ or $Na_2O$ to the $Li_2O$ amount. The melting concentration of mixing beryl material was 3~10% content to the flux, that of $Cr_2O_3$ color dopant was 1% to the beryl amount. In the crystal growing apparatus with temperature gradient in the 3 zone furnace which was separated into the block of melt, growth and return, the solution have got to circulate continuously between $1100^{\circ}C$ and $1000^{\circ}C$ in steady state. When thermal fluctuation was treated to during 2 hrs once on a day at 950~$1000^{\circ}C$ in growth zone, the supersaturation solution was maintained, controled and emerald single crystal can be grown large crystal which was prevented from the nucleation of microcrystallite. The preferencial growth direction of hexagonal columnar emerald single crystal was the c(0001) plane of botton side and vertical to the m(1010) plane of post side.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.215-221
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• 2009

Purpose : Thymus is a lymphoproliferative organ that changes size in various physiological states in addition to some pathological conditions. Thymus is susceptible to involution, and shows a dramatic response to severe stress. Thymic measurements may be helpful in various diseases. UTI (urinary tract infection) is most common bacterial infection in infants and VUR (vesicoureteral reflux) is a common abnormality associated with UTI. In our study, the size of thymus was compared on the premise that a greater stress is exerted on the body when UTI is accompanied by VUR, than when occurs on its own. Methods : Thymic size was measured on standard chest anteroposterior radiographs and expressed as the ratio between the transverse diameter of the cardiothymic image at the level of the carina and that of the thorax (CT/T). The medical records of 99 febrile urinary tract infection infants without other genitourinary anomalies except VUR were reviewed retrospectively. Results : Among 99 patients with febrile UTIs, 25 were febrile UTI without VUR and 74 with VUR. For the UTI with VUR group, there was a significant decrease in the thymic size compared to the those without VUR group ($0.382{\pm}0.048$ vs $0.439{\pm}0.079$, P<0.05). However, there were no differences in the duration of fever and WBC, CRP between the UTI with VUR and UTI without VUR. In addition, there were no differences in the cardiothymic/thoracic ratios between renal defects and renal scars in febrile UTI patients. Conclusion : The results of this study show that the shirinkage of thymus was more frequently found in the UTI patients with VUR. Therefore, awareness of the risks associated with thymic size is important for the appropriate work up and management of UTI patients.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.923-935
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• 2023

Rubus crataegifolius (RC), Ulmus macrocarpa (UM), and Gardenia jasminoides (GJ) are well-known folk medicines in Asia used to treat various gastrointestinal disturbances. The present study evaluated the gastroprotective effect of LS-RUG-com, a mixture of commercially prepared powders of RC, UM, and GJ with a ratio of 3:1:2(w/w/w) against HCl/ethanol-induced gastritis, indomethacin-induced ulcers, and esophageal reflux-induced esophageal mucosal damage and Helicobacter pylori infections. In addition, TNF-α and IL-1β expressions were also determined and measured in esophageal tissue. As to HCl/ethanol-induced gastritis, the LS-RUG-com treatment at a dose of 150 mg/kg showed a remarkable anti-gastritis effect. Regarding indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers, the LS-RUG-com treatment had a significant anti-gastric ulcer effect. Furthermore, in the gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) model experiment, the LS-RUG-com treatment resulted in the histological recovery of stomach damage and mucosal injuries. Furthermore, the LS-RUG-com treatment led to an increase in gastric content pH, an increase in mucus protection, and a decrease in gastric pepsin output with a significant decrease in TNF-α and IL-1β. As to the Helicobacter pylori infected animal model, LS-RUG-com had a notable inhibitory effect on Helicobacter growth. The use of RC, UM, or GJ in isolation or the LS-RUG-com treatment as whole had good effects in terms of anti-oxidation, anti-neutralization, gastric acid secretion inhibition, and anti-lipid peroxidation, which supported the use of natural products as systemic gastric protective agents. Our results suggest that the LS-RUG-com might be a significant systemic gastroprotective agent that could be utilized for the treatment and/or protection from gastric disturbances and related damage.