• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the quality of sleep in snoring obese children without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); and to study the possible relationship between sleep interruption and gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in snoring obese children. Methods: Study subjects included 13 snoring obese children who were referred to our sleep lab for possible sleep-disordered breathing. Patients underwent multichannel intraluminal impedance and esophageal pH monitoring with simultaneous polysomnography. Exclusion criteria included history of fundoplication, cystic fibrosis, and infants under the age of 2 years. Significant association between arousals and awakenings with previous reflux were defined by symptom-association probability using 2-minute intervals. Results: Sleep efficiency ranged from 67-97% (median 81%). A total of 111 reflux episodes (90% acidic) were detected during sleep, but there were more episodes per hour during awake periods after sleep onset than during sleep (median 2.3 vs. 0.6, p=0.04). There were 279 total awakenings during the sleep study; 56 (20.1%) of them in 9 patients (69.2%) were preceded by reflux episodes (55 acid, 1 non-acid). In 5 patients (38.5%), awakenings were significantly associated with reflux. Conclusion: The data suggest that acid GER causes sleep interruptions in obese children who have symptoms of snoring or restless sleep and without evidence of OSA.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2022

Objectives: In this study, we aim to demonstrate an effect of crab water extract (CWE) on reflux esophagitis (RE) using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Raw 264.7 cell and rat model. Methods: To investigate on LPS-induced Raw 264.7 cell, CWE was co-treated with LPS. CWE suppressed Nitric Oxide (NO) production which increased by LPS treatment. Also, CWE showed no cytotoxicity at the concentrations range from 500 ㎍/㎖ to 2000 ㎍/㎖. Next, to investigate the protective effects of CWE on RE rat model, eighteen rats were divided in to three groups: sham group, reflux esophagitis group, and reflux esophagitis pre-treated with 100 mg/kg CWE 1 h before surgery. RE was induced by a pylorus and forestomach ligation operation and all rats were sacrificed after 4 h 30 min from surgery. Results: In gross examination, the CWE administration attenuated esophageal mucosal injury upon histological evaluation of reflux esophagus of rats. The CWE downregulated the expression levels of proteins related to inflammation, such as COX-2 and TNF-α in the esophagus tissue. In addition, the CWE suppressed the NF-κB and IκB-α activation. Conclusions: Based on these findings, we concluded that CWE could possess protective effect against damage to the esophagus due to reflux esophagitis.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 2002.12a
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• pp.14-17
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• 2002

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.37-44
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• 2015

Objectives : The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress activities through regulation of Nrf2-mediated genes by Rhei rhizoma and Glycyrrhiza rhizoma combined extract (RGE) in reflux esophagitis.Methods : The antioxidant activity of RGE in vitro was measured in terms of radical scavenging capacity such as DPPH and ABTS. RGE was administered at 350 mg/kg body weight prior to induction of reflux esophagitis. Reflux esophagitis was induced that tied the pylorus and the transitional junction between the forestomach and the corpus in Sprague-Dawley rats.Results : RGE scavenged DPPH and ABTS effectively and IC₅₀of RGE each were 4.9 μg/ml and 45.6 μg/ml. Our results show that RGE administration markedly ameliorated mucosal damage upon histological evaluation. In serum and esophagus tissue, RGE significantly suppressed the oxidative stress biomarkers. Reflux esophagitis induced rats exhibited down-regulation of antioxidant-related proteins in the esophagus; however, the levels with treatment of RGE were significantly higher than those of vehicle reflux esophagitis rats. RGE treatment caused significant reductions in activation of NF-κB transcription factor. Thus, RGE significantly exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activities by suppressing the protein expression levels of pro-inflammatory proteins such as COX-2 and iNOS and inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-αin the esophagus tissue.Conclusions : Reflux esophagitis caused considerable levels of oxidative stress in the esophageal mucosa and the administration of RGE reduced the esophageal mucosa damage through the regulation of Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways. Our findings can considered as supplementary therapy in the prevention or treatment of reflux esophagitis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.136-141
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• 2008

Background and Objectives: Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a very common disease among outpatients of department of otorhinolaryngology. Although there are several diagnostic tools for LPR disease and ambulatory 24-hour double-probe pH monitoring is gold standard method, empirical diagnosis by reflux symptom index and reflux finding score (RFS) are mainly used. So we analyzed the relationship between ambulatory 24-hour double-probe pH monitoring and RFS in patients with LPR. Subjective and Method: Fifty patients with LPR symptoms and abnormal RFS and ambulatory 24-hour double probe monitoring were enrolled. Each items and sum of laryngeal reflux score were compared the results of ambulatory 24-hour double-probe pH monitoring in upper (UES) and lower (LES) esophageal sphincter. Results: There were no significant correlation between the results of ambulatory 24-hour double-probe pH monitoring in UES (pH<4 and pH<5) and each item and sum of RFS. However, supine time and reflux number of UES (pH<5) were showed the partial correlations with diffuse laryngeal edema and thick endolaryngeal mucus (p=0.03, p=0.01). Although there were no relationship between the results of ambulatory 24-hour double-probe pH monitoring in LES and sum of RFS, the significant correlations presented between granuloma and total time (p=0.008), upright time (p=0.008, reflux number (p=0.049) of LES. Conclusion: Although granuloma among items of RFS showed significantly correlation with the results of ambulatory 24-hour double-probe pH monitoring in LES, there were no significant correlation between the results of ambulatory 24-hour double-probe pH monitoring in UES and LES and items and sum of RFS.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.15-23
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• 2019

Objective : Reflux esophagitis (RE) is a disease that caused gastric acid reflux and inflammation due to unstable gastroesophageal sphincter, as increasing worldwide respectively. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Evodiae Fructus (EF) extract on chronic reflux esophagitis in rats. Methods : The EF was measured antioxidant activity, such as total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2'-azinobis-3-ethyl-enzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. Rats were divided into 3 groups; Nor (normal group), Con (chronic acid reflux esophagitis rats treatment with water), EF (chronic acid reflux esophagitis rat treatment with EF 200 mg/kg body weight group). A surgically-induced chronic acid reflux esophagitis (CARE) model was established in SD rats, and treated with water or EF 200 mg/kg body weight for 14 consecutive days. Results : Administration of EF to rats of induction of chronic acid reflux esophagitis was found to reduce esophagus tissues injury. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and produces peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) levels of esophagus tissues were significantly decreased in EF compared to Con group. As results of esophagus protein analyses, EF effectively reduce inflammatory-related factors ($NF-{\kappa}Bp65$, $p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, iNOS, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6), and increase anti-oxidant enzyme (Nrf2, HO-1, SOD, catalase, GPx-1/2). Conclusions : These results suggest that EF administration comfirmed that decreased esophagus tissues injury, oxidantive stress, anti-inflammation effect, and increased anti-oxidant effect. Therefore, EF was the potential to be used as a natural therapeutic drug.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.315-321
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• 2001

This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of quercetin and desferrioxamine on the development of the reflux esophagitis induced surgically, on gastric secretion and on lipid peroxidation which is a marker of oxidative stress. Omeprazole was used as a positive control drug. Omeprazole significantly and dose-dependently prevented the development of reflux esophagitis, but quercetin or desferrioxamine prevented only at high dose. Omeprazole significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the gastric acid secretion (gastric volume, pH and acid output), but quercetin or desferrioxamine did not inhibit. Malonyldialdehyde content, the end product of lipid peroxidation, increased significantly after the induction of reflux esophagitis. Omeprazole prevented lipid peroxidation. Quercetin and desferrioxamine inhibited the lipid peroxidation independent of their actions on gastric secretion. This result indicates that omeprazole confirmed preventing effect of rat reflux esophagitis, but quercetin and desferrioxamine inhibited esophagitis by reduction of lipid peroxidation irrespective of gastric acid secretion.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.86-89
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• 1998

A bladder diverticulum occurs when the bladder mucosa herniates or protrudes through the muscular wall of the baldder. The majority of congenital bladder diverticula occurs in males. They are the most common in the region of the bladder base, most frequently in the region of the ureteral hiatus, in which case they are known as Hutch's diverticula. They can give rise to obstruction or reflux. We had experienced a case of bilateral Hutch's diverticulum associated with vesicoureterai reflux in a 23 month old male. Chief complaints were urinary frequency and dysuria. Voiding cystourogram and CT scan revealed large bilateral Hutch's diverticulum with bilateral vesiciureteral reflux grade VI. There was evidence of urinary infection. This patient was successfully treated by ureteroneocystostomy. We report this case with a brief review of related literatures.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.54-57
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• 2012

A 6-month-old boy with vesicoureteral reflux exhibited features of transient type 1 pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) in the course of urinary tract infection. PHA presents hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis, accompanying with high urinary sodium, low potassium excretion, and high plasma aldosterone concentration. Severe electrolyte disturbance can occur in an infant with vesicoureteral reflux because of secondary PHA. Appropriate treatment of dehydration and sodium supplementation induces rapid improvement of electrolyte imbalance and metabolic acidosis resulting from secondary PHA associated with vesicoureteral reflux.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.73-77
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• 2016

Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) is different with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) possesses an intrinsic nervous plexus that allows the LES to have a considerable degree of independent neural control. Sympathetic control of the LES and stomach stems from cholinergic preganglionic neurons in the intermediolateral column of the thoracic spinal cord (T6 through T9 divisions), which impinge on postganglionic neurons in the celiac ganglion, of which the catecholaminergic neurons provide the LES and stomach with most of its sympathetic supply. Sympathetic regulation of motility primarily involves inhibitory presynaptic modulation of vagal cholinergic input to postganglionic neurons in the enteric plexus. The magnitude of sympathetic inhibition of motility is directly proportional to the level of background vagal efferent input. Recognizing that the LES is under the dual control of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, we refer the reader to other comprehensive reviews on the role of the sympathetic and parasympatetic control of LES and gastric function. The present review focuses on the functionally dominant parasympathetic control of the LES and stomach via the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus.