• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2007

Purpose: Photogrammetry has been introduced as an alternative to direct measurement to obtain facial distances for a variety of anthropometric applications. The aim of this study is to establish morphological and functional value of an eye in Korean youths using specially designed computer software with digital photographic images. Methods: Authors measured anthropometry of an eye in Korean youths 1,449 individuals(622 males, 827 females) and analyzed stastically them. Results: The mean measurements are as follows. The diameter of cornea was $11.6{\pm}0.9mm$ in males and $11.3{\pm}0.9mm$ in females. The vertical dimension of palpebral fissure was $7.4{\pm}1.7mm$ in males and $8.2{\pm}1.6mm$ in females. The intercanthal width was $35.8{\pm}3.2mm$ in males and $34.4{\pm}2.9mm$ in females. The biocular width was $90.4{\pm}5.7mm$ in males and $87.4{\pm}5.3mm$ in females. The endocantion-superior margin of palpebral fissure distance was $12.7{\pm}1.4mm$ in males and $11.6{\pm}1.4mm$ in females. The horizontal dimension of palpebral fissure was $28.5{\pm}2.2mm$ in males and $27.4{\pm}1.9mm$ in females. The slant of palpebral fissure was $10.7{\pm}2.6^{\circ}$ in males and $11.3{\pm}3.0^{\circ}$ in females. The height of upper eyelid was $10.6{\pm}2.3mm$ in males and $10.7{\pm}2.3mm$ in females. The width of double fold was $2.0{\pm}0.7mm$ in males and $1.9{\pm}0.6mm$ in females. A double fold was seen in 21.9% of males and 44.9% of females. The most frequent shape of the double fold was type IV. The most common type of epicanthal fold was type III in both males and females. Conclusion: Photogrammetic measurement of large population using specially designed software could offer reliable data and these data could be useful reference for preoperative consultation, surgical planning and anthropometic study of eye.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.19
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• pp.39-77
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• 2010

The cinema of Peter Greenaway has consistently engaged questions of the relationship between the arts and particularly the relations of image and writing to cinema. When different types of images are correlated and merged with each other on the borders of painting, photography, film, video and computer animation, the interrelationships of the distinct elements cause a shift in the notion of the whole image. This analysis proposes to articulate the complex relationship between the 'interartial' dimension and the 'intermedial' dimension in Peter Greenaway's film, (1991). If the interartiality is interested in the interaction between various arts, including the transition from one to another, the intermediality articulates the same type of relationship between two or more media. The interactional relationship is the same on both sides; on the contrary, the relationship between art and media does not show the same symmetry. All art is based on one or more media - the media is a condition existence of art - but no art can't be reduced to the status of media. This suggests that if the interartiality always involves the intermediality, this proposal may not be reversed. First, we analyse a self-conscious investigation into digital art and technology. Prosospero's Books can be read as a daring visual essay that self-consciously investigates the technical and philosophical functions of letters, books, images, animated paintings, digital arts, and the other magical illusions, which have been modern or will be post-modern media to represent the world. Greenaway uses both conventional film techniques and the resources of high-definition television to layer image upon image, superimposing a second or third frame within his frame. Greenaway uses the frame-within-frame as the cinematic equivalent of Shakespeare's paly-within-play : it offer him the possibility to analyse the work of art/artist/spectator relationship. Secondly, we analyse the relationship between the written word, oral word and the books. Like the written word, the oral word changes into a visual image: The linguistic richness and nuances of Shakeaspeare's characters turn into the powerful and authoritative, but monotone, voices of Gielgud-Prospero, who speaks the Shakespearean lines aloud, shaping the characters so powerfully through his worlds that they are conjured before us. Specially each book is placed over the frame of the play's action, only partially covering the image, so that it gives virtually every frame at least two space-time orientations. Thirdly, we try to show how Peter Greenaway uses pictorial references in order to illustrate the context of the Renaissance as well as pictorial techniques and language in order to question the nature of artistic representation. For exemple, The storm is visualised through reference to Botticelli's : the storm of papers swirling around the library is constructed to look like a facsimili copy of Michelangelo's Laurentiana Library in Florence. Greenaway's modern mannerism consists in imposing his own aesthetic vision and his questioning of art beyond the play's meta-theatricality: in other words, Shakespeare''s text has been adapted without being betrayed.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.167-175
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the palatal rugae could be used as an appropriate reference area for serial model superimposition following Rapid maxillary expansion(RME) and facemask treatment. A total of 52 pediatric patients who had undergone RME and facemask treatment were selected. Palate and palatal rugae in the pre- and post- treatment casts from the patients were measured. In spite of dentoalveolar changes occurred by RME and facemask, anteroposterior changes in palate and palatal rugae were not significant. Anatomical changes of palate and palatal rugae were mostly shown in the transverse dimension. The soft tissue of the palatal rugae stretches in adaptation to hard tissue movement. Among the evaluated landmarks, the medial point of the third palatal rugae seemed to be the most stable. The observed alterations in the palatal rugae demonstrated the potential of medial points of third palatal rugae as a reference point in model superimpositions to evaluate dental movement within the maxillary arch following RME and facemask treatment.

• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.315-333
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• 2016

This study aims to perform damage identification for Da-Sheng-Guan (DSG) high-speed railway truss arch bridge using fuzzy clustering analysis. Firstly, structural health monitoring (SHM) system is established for the DSG Bridge. Long-term field monitoring strain data in 8 different cases caused by high-speed trains are taken as classification reference for other unknown cases. And finite element model (FEM) of DSG Bridge is established to simulate damage cases of the bridge. Then, effectiveness of one fuzzy clustering analysis method named transitive closure method and FEM results are verified using the monitoring strain data. Three standardization methods at the first step of fuzzy clustering transitive closure method are compared: extreme difference method, maximum method and non-standard method. At last, the fuzzy clustering method is taken to identify damage with different degrees and different locations. The results show that: non-standard method is the best for the data with the same dimension at the first step of fuzzy clustering analysis. Clustering result is the best when 8 carriage and 16 carriage train in the same line are in a category. For DSG Bridge, the damage is identified when the strain mode change caused by damage is more significant than it caused by different carriages. The corresponding critical damage degree called damage threshold varies with damage location and reduces with the increase of damage locations.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.306-314
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• 2017

Background: In order to obtain a deeper understanding of an incident, it needs to be investigated to "peel back the layers" and examine both immediate and underlying failures that contributed to the event itself. One of the key elements of an effective accident investigation is recording the scene for future reference. In recent years, however, there have been major advances in survey technology, which have provided the ability to capture scenes in three dimension to an unprecedented level of detail, using laser scanners. Methods: A case study involving a fatal incident was surveyed using three-dimensional laser scanning, and subsequently recreated through virtual and physical models. The created models were then utilized in both accident investigation and legal process, to explore the technologies used in this setting. Results: Benefits include explanation of the event and environment, incident reconstruction, preservation of evidence, reducing the need for site visits, and testing of theories. Drawbacks include limited technology within courtrooms, confusion caused by models, cost, and personal interpretation and acceptance in the data. Conclusion: Laser scanning surveys can be of considerable use in jury trials, for example, in case the location supports the use of a high-definition survey, or an object has to be altered after the accident and it has a specific influence on the case and needs to be recorded. However, consideration has to be made in its application and to ensure a fair trial, with emphasis being placed on the facts of the case and personal interpretation controlled.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.49-61
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• 1978

A study was made to investigate a relationship existing in the dentoskeletal framework and the soft tissue profile around the face, and compare the sexual differences between boys and girls having the normal occlusion in the mixed dentition. The lateral cephalograms were composed of 67 boys aged 10.3 years and 68 girls aged 10.4 years, respectively. By means of the lateral cephalograms, both the hard-and soft tissue structures were simultaneously analyzed, measured and evaluated by introducing the several reference items: S-N plane, palatal plane, mandibular plane, N-A line and A-P line for the dentoskeletal structures and N’-P’line for the soft tissue, and the 21 measuring points for the both structures. The significant findings were as follows: 1. In general the boys showed the larger nasal component dimension than did the girls, but the length and height of nose(N’-Prn and NA-Prn) showed the significant sexual difference among those when evaluated statistically. 2. The lip-thickness was found to be minimal in the region of nasion, greater in the region of pogonion, and much greater in the region of point A in the both sexes, but the only thickness over point A(A-A’) showed the significant sexual difference statistically. 3. The upper and lower lip position were found to be located anteriorly to the esthetic line in the both sexes, but upper lip position showed the significant sexual difference when evaluated statistically. 4. The regions of nose and upper lip had a tendency not to be following the underlying skeletal profile.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.18 no.4 s.119
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• pp.372-378
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• 2007

This paper presents an improvement of field uniformity in a reverberation chamber with QRDs(Quadratic Residue Diffuser) and also shows the optimal dimension of the QRDs. The QRD is designed for $1{\sim}3\;GHz$ frequency band and the FDTD(finite-Difference Time-Domain) method is used to analyze the field characteristics. At 2 GHz, the standard deviation of test volume in the reverberation chamber is the smallest when the QRD has $30{\sim}60\;%$ coverage of one side of the reverberation chamber and the field uniformity is worsened when the coverage of the QRD is either below 20 % or above 70 % of the area of the side wall. Particularly, the standard deviation of test volume in the reverberation chamber with 30 % coverage of QRD is improved by 1.53 dB compared to that of the reference chamber with no QRDs.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.240-259
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• 2020

Analyzing network traffic is the basis of dealing with network security issues. Most of the network security systems depend on the feature selection of network traffic data and the detection ability of malicious traffic in network can be improved by the correct method of feature selection. An FAFS method, which is short for Fuzzy Association Feature Selection method, is proposed in this paper for network malicious traffic detection. Association rules, which can reflect the relationship among different characteristic attributes of network traffic data, are mined by association analysis. The membership value of association rules are obtained by the calculation of fuzzy reasoning. The data features with the highest correlation intensity in network data sets are calculated by comparing the membership values in association rules. The dimension of data features are reduced and the detection ability of malicious traffic detection algorithm in network is improved by FAFS method. To verify the effect of malicious traffic feature selection by FAFS method, FAFS method is used to select data features of different dataset in this paper. Then, K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm, C4.5 Decision Tree algorithm and Naïve Bayes algorithm are used to test on the dataset above. Moreover, FAFS method is also compared with classical feature selection methods. The analysis of experimental results show that the precision and recall rate of malicious traffic detection in the network can be significantly improved by FAFS method, which provides a valuable reference for the establishment of network security system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.115-118
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• 2004

Respiratory motion in the thorax and abdomen is an important limiting factor in high-precision radiation therapy. The lung tumor and tumor(pancreas, stomach) in abdomen therefore are internal motion due to breathing. We will perform to measurement of dose distributions for these moving tumors. In preliminary study, we investigated displacement of moving tumor such as liver, lung tumor in abdomen with previously reported papers. With reference data, internal movements of tumor are displayed with phantom and moving control device(MCD), which appear three dimension (3-D) motion such as x, y and z axis. These devices are used to access dose delivered in tumor with and without internal motion. The MCD and phantom were used to evaluate a delivered dose under similar condition, although there are not same internal tumor motion. In future, we will obtain the exact evaluation of dose if improved in programed software of moving control device and measure precise internal motion using image modality such as fluoroscopy, simulator in based on this study.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.485-499
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• 2018

In this paper, a hollow steel tube (HST) shear connector is proposed for use in a slim-floor system. The HST welded to a perforated steel beam web and embedded in concrete slab. A total of 10 push-out tests were conducted under static loading to investigate the mechanical behavior of the proposed HST connector. The variables were the shapes (circular, square and rectangular) and sizes of hollow steel tubes, and the compressive strength of the concrete. The failure mode was recorded as: concrete slab compressive failure under the steel tube and concrete tensile splitting failure, where no failure occurred in the HST. Test results show that the square shape HST in filled via concrete strength 40 MPa carried the highest shear load value, showing three times more than the reference specimens. It also recorded less slip behavior, and less compressive failure mode in concrete underneath the square hollow connector in comparison with the circular and rectangular HST connectors in both concrete strengths. The rectangular HST shows a 20% higher shear resistance with a longer width in the load direction in comparison with that in the smaller dimension. The energy absorption capacity values showed 23% and 18% improvements with the square HST rather than a headed shear stud when embedded in concrete strengths of 25 MPa and 40 MPa, respectively. Moreover, an analytical method was proposed and predicts the shear resistance of the HST shear connectors with a standard deviation of 0.14 considering the shape and size of the connectors.