• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of saponin contained plant extracts on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and methane production. Ruminal fluid was collected from rumen cannulated Hanwoo steers fed rice straw and concentrate (5:5). Collected rumen fluids, corn starch and buffer including saponin contained plant extracts (ginseng, Ogapi, soapwort, tea plant and yucca; 0.5%/15 ml) were incubated at $39^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. All incubations were repeated five times. Rumen pH in all treatments was lower (p<0.05) compared with that of the control (no addition) during incubation time. The concentration of total VFA in all treatments was higher (p<0.05) than that of the control after 12h incubation. Compared with the control, the concentration of acetate and propionate in all treatments was lower and higher after 6h incubation, respectively. The concentration of $NH_3$-N in all treatments was lower (p<0.05) than that of the control except for Ogapi or yucca extracts supplementation. The number of protozoa in all treatments was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of the control except for soapwort extract supplementation. The total gas production and methane production in all treatments was higher (p<0.05) and lower (p<0.05) compared with the control, except for ogapi or soapwort extracts supplementation after 12h incubation, respectively. Therefore, reduction in methane production by saponins may could be results from decreased protozoal population without any negative in vitro fermentation.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.89-99
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• 2010

Fibroblasts are the most common cells in connective tissue and are responsible for the synthesis of extracellular matrix components. The fibrosis associated with chronic inflammation and injury may contribute to cholangiocarcinoma pathogenesis, particularly through an increase in extracellular matrix components, which participate in the regulation of bile duct differentiation during development. Mitochondria produce ATP through oxidative metabolism to provide energy to the cell under physiological conditions. Also, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been implicated in cellular senescence and aging. Alternations in mitochondrial structure and function are early events of programmed cell death or apoptosis and mitochondria appear to be a central regulator of apoptosis in most somatic cell. Clonorchis sinensis, one of the most important parasite of the human bile duct in East Asia, arouses epithelial hyperplasia and ductal fibrosis. Isolated fibroblast from the bile ducts of rats infected by C. sinensis showed increase of cytoplasmic process. In addition, decrease of cellular proliferation was observed in fibroblasts which was isolated from normal rat bile duct and then cultured in media containing C. sinensis excretory-secretory product. However, the effects of C. sinensis infection on the mitochondrial enzyme distribution is not clearly reported yet. Therefore, we investigated the structural change of C. sinensis infected bile duct and mitochondrial enzyme distribution of the cultured fibroblast isolated from the C. sinensis infected rat bile duct. As a result, C. sinensis infected SD rat bile ducts showed the features of chronic clonorchiasis, such as ductal connective and epithelial tissue dilatation, or ductal fibrosis. In addition, fibroblast in ductal connective tissue was damaged by physical effect of fibrotic tissue and chemical stimulation. Immunohistochemically detected mitochondrial electron transferase (ATPase, COXII, Porin) was decreased in C. sinensis infected rat bile duct and cultured fibroblast from infected rat bile duct. It can be hypothesized that the reason why number of electron transferase decrease in fibroblast isolated from the rat bile duct infected with C. sinensis is because dysfunction of electron transport system is occurred mitochondrial dysfunction, increase of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and apoptosis after chemical damage on the cell caused by C. sinensis infection. Overall, C. sinensis infection induces fibrotic change of ductal connective tissue, mutation of cellular metabolism in fibroblast and mitochondrial dysfunction. Consequently, ductal fibrosis inhibits fibroblast proliferation and decreases mitochondrial electron transferase on fibroblast cytoplasm. It was assumed that the structure of bile duct could not normalized and ductal fibrosis was maintained for a long period of time according to fibroblast metamorphosis and death induced by mitochondrial dysfunction.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.264-270
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• 2012

This study was performed to compared the effectiveness of individual treatments (electrolyzed water: EW, organic acid, and ultrasound) and their combination on reducing foodborne pathogens from perilla leaves. Perilla leaves were innoculated with a cocktail of Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus. Inoculated perilla leaves were treated with EW combined with different concentration of acetic acid (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%) for 1 min at room temperature. Treatment of 3 pathogens on perilla leaves with electrolyzed water combined with ultrasound (25 kHz) and 0.5% acetic acid was also performed for 1 min. While the numbers of S. Typhimurium and B. cereus showed reduced with increasing acetic acid concentration, there is no difference in the number of S. aureus treated with EW containing 0.5% to 1.5% acetic acid. Discoloration was observed the perilla leaves treated with EW combined with more than 1.0% acetic acid. For all three pathogens, the combined treatment of EW and ultrasound resulted in additional 0.42 to 0.72 $log_{10}$ CFU/g. The maxium reductions of S. Typhimurium and B. cereus were 0.95, 1.23 $log_{10}$ CFU/g after treatment with EW combined with 0.5% acetic acid and ultrasound simultaneously. The results suggest that the treatment of EW combined with 0.5% acetic acid and ultrasound increased pathogens reduction compared to individual treatment.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.63 no.6
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• pp.497-506
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• 2007

Background: The present investigation was performed in rats and isolated human neutrophils in order to confirm the presumptive role of the positive feedback loop of cytosolic phospholipase $A_2$ ($cPLA_2$) activation by plateletactivating factor (PAF). Methods: The possible formation of the positive feedback loop of the $cPLA_2$ activation and neutrophilic respiratory burst was investigated in vivo and in vitro by measurement of the parameters denoting acute lung injury. In addition, morphological examinations and electron microscopic cytochemistry were performed for the detection of free radicals in the lung. Results: Five hours after intratracheal instillation of PAF ($5{\mu}g/rat$), the lung leak index, lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, the number of neutrophils and the concentration of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were increased by PAF as compared with those of control rats. The NBT assay and cytochrome-c reduction assay revealed an increased neutrophilic respiratory burst in isolated human neutrophils following exposure to PAF. Lung and neutrophilic $cPLA_2$ activity were increased following PAF exposure and exposure to hydrogen peroxide increased $cPLA_2$ activity in the lung. Histologically, inflammatory findings of the lung were observed after PAF treatment. Remarkably, as determined by $CeCl_3$ cytochemical electron microscopy, increased production of hydrogen peroxide was identified in the lung after PAF treatment. Conclusion: PAF mediates acute oxidative lung injury by the activation of $cPLA_2$, which may provoke the generation of free radicals in neutrophils.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.1 s.76
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• pp.38-48
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• 1996

The survival or colonization of beneficial organsisms and suppression of root rot of ginseng (Panax ginseng) by two distinct bacteria, Pseudomonas cepacia, Bacillus cereus and three mycorrhiza in pot soil were investigated and compared with uninoculated root. In separate inoculation, colonization of roots by P. cepacia was maintained at 6.25 (log cfu/g root) during growth for 10 days under pot culture conditions comparing to $5.62{\sim}6.19$ by mixed treatment with other organisms. Colonizations of P. cepacia were gradually decreased from 6.25 (log cfu/g root) in 10 days growth to 3.01 (log cfu/g root) in 270 days incubation period. This reduction was also investgated in combination treatments by B. cereus or F. solani. The numbers of Fusarium spp. were colonized high number in rhizosphere soil from 3.33 to 3.67 (log cfu/g root) in control within $10{\sim}60$days after treatment of pathogen F. solani, but it's numbers were markedly decreased in 270 days cultivation of plant from 3.33 to 1.02 (log cfu/g root) after treatment. In treatment of beneficial strains of P. cepacia and B. cereus, P. cepacia significantly suppressed the development of root rot from 4.3 in control to 1.2 in treatment, whereas B. cereus alone had no effect on the rate of disease suppression. The disease index $(1.8{\sim}2.3)$ in combination of two bacteria was reduced in plants inoculated with both P. cepacia and B. cereus comparing to the index (4.3) of control. As an effect of inoculation with mycorrhiza on disease suppression, suppression of root rot by F. solani was reduced to $1.2{\sim}1.6$ in disease index in treatment of Glomus albidum and Acaulospora longular comparing to 4.3 of control. In the treatment of bacterial strain P. cepacia and mycorrhizal fungus Glomus albidum, the disease suppression was apparent to 1.2 and 1.2 comparing to 4.3 of control in disease index respectively.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.10a
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• pp.25-25
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• 2014

Three species of Fusarium, F. fujikuroi, F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum, are known to be associated with bakanae disease of rice [1, 2]. F. fujikuroi infects rice flowers and survive in endosperm and embryo of the seeds. Infected seed is an important source of primary inoculum of pathogens [3]. Seeds of rice (Oryza sativa cv. Boramchan) collected from bakanae-infected field were found to be 96% infected with Fusarium sp., 52% with F. fujikuroi, 42% with F. verticillioides, and 12% with F. proliferatum as determined by incubation method and species-specific PCR assays. F. fujikuroi was detected at lemma/palea, endosperm and embryo whereas F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum were recovered only from lemma/palea by means of component plating test. Seed disinfection methods have been developed to control bakanae disease and prochloraz has been most widely used for rice seeds. Two chemicals formulated with prochloraz (PC 1) and prochloraz + hexaconazole (PC 2) that inhibit biosynthesis of ergosterol strongly reduced the incidence of Fusarium spp. on selective media to 4.7% and 2.0%, respectively. Disease symptoms of rice seedlings in nursery soil were alleviated by chemical treatment; seedlings with elongated leaves or wide angle between leaf and stem were strikingly reduced from 15.6 to 3.2% (PC 1) and 0 (PC 2), stem rots were reduced from 56.9 to 26.2% (PC 1) and 32.1% (PC 2), and normal seedling increased from 0.4 to 13.3% (PC 2). Prochloraz has some disadvantages and risks such as the occurrence of tolerant pathogens [4] and effects on the sterol synthesis in animals and humans [5]. For these reasons, it is necessary to develop new disinfection method that do not induce fungal tolerance and are safe to humans and animals. Chlorine dioxide ($ClO_2$), that is less toxic, produces no harmful byproducts, and has high oxidizing power, has been reported to be effective at disinfection of several phytopathogenic fungi including Colletotrichum spp. and Alternaria spp. [6]. Gaseous $ClO_2$ applied to rice seeds at a concentration of 20 ppm strongly suppressed mycelial growth of Fusarium fujikuroi, F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. The incidence of Fusarium spp. in dry seed with 8.7% seed moisture content (SMC) tended to decrease as the concentration of $ClO_2$ increased from 20 to 40 ppm. Applying 40 ppm $ClO_2$ at 90% relative humidity, incidence was reduced to 5.3% and resulted in significant reduction of disease symptoms on MS media. In nursery soil, stem rot was reduced from 56.9 to 15.4% and the number of normal seedlings increased from 0.4 to 25.5%. With water-soaked seeds (33.1% SMC) holding moisture in the endosperm and embryo, the effectiveness of disinfection using $ClO_2$ increased, even when treated with only 20 ppm for four hours. This suggests that moisture was a key element for action of $ClO_2$. Removal of the palea and lemma from seeds significantly decreased the incidence of Fusarium spp. to 3.0%. Seed germination appeared to decrease slightly by water-soaking at $30^{\circ}C$ because of increased SMC and by physical damage of embryos from hulling. These results indicate that the use of gaseous $ClO_2$ was effective as a means to disinfect rice seeds infected with Fusarium spp. and that moisture around the pathogens in the seed was an important factor for the action of $ClO_2$. Further investigations should be conducted to ascertain the best conditions for complete disinfection of Fusarium spp. that infect deep site of rice seeds.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.238-248
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• 2010

Purpose: To compare the dose distributions between three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) radiation treatment plans calculated by Ray-tracing or the Monte Carlo algorithm, and to highlight the difference of dose calculation between two algorithms for lung heterogeneity correction in lung cancers. Materials and Methods: Prospectively gated 4D CTs in seven patients were obtained with a Brilliance CT64-Channel scanner along with a respiratory bellows gating device. After 4D treatment planning with the Ray Tracing algorithm in Multiplan 3.5.1, a CyberKnife stereotactic radiotherapy planning system, 3D Ray Tracing, 3D and 4D Monte Carlo dose calculations were performed under the same beam conditions (same number, directions, monitor units of beams). The 3D plan was performed in a primary CT image setting corresponding to middle phase expiration (50%). Relative dose coverage, D95 of gross tumor volume and planning target volume, maximum doses of tumor, and the spinal cord were compared for each plan, taking into consideration the tumor location. Results: According to the Monte Carlo calculations, mean tumor volume coverage of the 4D plans was 4.4% higher than the 3D plans when tumors were located in the lower lobes of the lung, but were 4.6% lower when tumors were located in the upper lobes of the lung. Similarly, the D95 of 4D plans was 4.8% higher than 3D plans when tumors were located in the lower lobes of lung, but was 1.7% lower when tumors were located in the upper lobes of lung. This tendency was also observed at the maximum dose of the spinal cord. Lastly, a 30% reduction in the PTV volume coverage was observed for the Monte Carlo calculation compared with the Ray-tracing calculation. Conclusion: 3D and 4D robotic radiotherapy treatment plans for lung cancers were compared according to a dosimetric viewpoint for a tumor and the spinal cord. The difference of tumor dose distributions between 3D and 4D treatment plans was only significant when large tumor movement and deformation was suspected. Therefore, 4D treatment planning is only necessary for large tumor motion and deformation. However, a Monte Carlo calculation is always necessary, independent of tumor motion in the lung.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.409-416
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• 2020

An extreme climate monitoring is essential to the reduction of socioeconomic damages from extreme events. The objective of this study was to produce the near-realtime weekly root-zone Soil Moisture Index (SMI) on the basis of soil moisture using the Noah 3.3 Land Surface Model (LSM) for potentially monitoring extreme drought events. The Yangtze basin was selected to evaluate the Noah LSM performance for the East Asia region (15-60°N, 70-150°E) and the evapotranspiration (ET) and sensible heat flux (SH) were compared with ET and SH from FluxNet and with ET from FluxCom, Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), ERA-5, and Generalized Complementary Relationship (GCR). For the ET, the coefficients of determination (R²) were higher than 0.96, while the R² value for the SH was 0.71 with slightly lower than those. A time series of the weekly root-zone SMI revealed that the regions with Extreme drought had been expanded from the northern part of East China to the entire East China between July to October 2019. The trend analysis of the number of extreme drought events showed that extreme drought events in spring had reduced in South Korea over the past 20 years, while those in fall had a tendency to increase. It is concluded that this study can be useful to reduce the socioeconomic damages resulted from climate extremes by comprehensively characterizing extreme drought events.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.9-21
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• 2008

In this paper, we propose a GNSS-based RF receiver, A high precision localization architecture, and a high sensitivity localization architecture in order to solve the satellite navigation system's problem mentioned above. The GNSS-based RF receiver model should have the structure to simultaneously receive both the conventional GPS and navigation information data of future-usable Galileo. As a result, it is constructed as the multi-band which can receive at the same time Ll band (1575.42MHz) of GPS and El band (1575.42MHz), E5A band (1207.1MHz), and E4B band (1176.45MHz) of Galileo This high precision localization architecture proposes a delay lock loop with the structure of Early_early code, Early_late code, Prompt code, Late_early code, and Late_late code other than Early code, Prompt code, and Late code which a previous delay lock loop structure has. As we suggest the delay lock loop structure of 1/4chips spacing, we successfully deal with the synchronization problem with the C/A code derived from inaccuracy of the signal received from the satellite navigation system. The synchronization problem with the C/A code causes an acquisition delay time problem of the vehicle navigation system and leads to performance reduction of the receiver. In addition, as this high sensitivity localization architecture is designed as an asymmetry structure using 20 correlators, maximizes reception amplification factor, and minimizes noise, it improves a reception rate. Satellite navigation system repeatedly transmits the same C/A code 20 times. Consequently, we propose a structure which can use all of the same C/A code. Since this has an adaptive structure and can limit(offer) the number of the correlator according to the nearby environment, it can reduce unnecessary delay time of the system. With the use of this structure, we can lower the acquisition delay time and guarantee the continuity of tracking.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.118-123
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• 2015

The frequency of diagnostic radiation examinations in medical institutions has recently increased to 220 million cases in 2011, and the annual exposure dose per capita was 1.4 mSv, 51% and 35% respectively, compared to those in 2007. The number of chest radiography was found to be 27.59% of them, the highest frequency of normal radiography. In this study, we developed a shielding device to minimize radiation exposure by shielding areas of the body which are unnecessary for image interpretation, during the chest radiography. And in order to verify its usefulness, we also measured the difference in entrance surface dose (ESD) and the absorbed dose, before and after using the device, by using an international standard pediatric (10 years) phantom and a glass dosimeter. In addition, we calculated the effective dose by using a Monte Carlo simulation-based program (PCXMC 2.0.1) and evaluated the reduction ratio indirectly by comparing lifetime attributable risk of cancer incidence (LAR). When using the protective device, the ESD decreased by 86.36% on average, nasal cavity $0.55{\mu}Sv$ (74.06%), thyroid $1.43{\mu}Sv$ (95.15%), oesophagus $6.35{\mu}Sv$ (78.42%) respectively, and the depth dose decreased by 72.30% on average, the cervical spine(upper spine) $1.23{\mu}Sv$ (89.73%), salivary gland $0.5{\mu}Sv$ (92.31%), oesophagus $3.85{\mu}Sv$ (59.39%), thyroid $2.02{\mu}Sv$ (73.53%), thoracic vertebrae(middle spine) $5.68{\mu}Sv$ (54.01%) respectively, so that we could verify the usefulness of the shielding mechanism. In addition, the effective dose decreased by 11.76% from $8.33{\mu}Sv$ to $7.35{\mu}Sv$ before and after wearing the device, and in LAR assessment, we found that thyroid cancer decreased to male 0.14 people (95.12%) and female 0.77 people (95.16%) per one million 10-year old children, and general cancers decreased to male 0.14 people (11.70%) and female 0.25 people (11.70%). Although diagnostic radiation examinations are necessary for healthcare such as the treatment of diseases, based on the ALARA concept, we should strive to optimize medical radiation by using this shielding device actively in the areas of the body unnecessary for the diagnosis.