• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.148-166
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to classify elderly patient in long-term care facilities using RUG(Resource Utilization Group)-III. It is designed by measuring patient medical characteristics and medical staff time. Elderly patients are classified into 7 categories by clinical(medical and behavioral) hierarchical typology of patients. Through the tertiary split, all 44 groups are formulated. This classification is explained by each patient resource(staff time) utilization level which is called CMI(Case-Mix Index). Major findings are as follows; 1. The objects in this study were classified into 35 groups out of 44 groups. The most frequent category is clinical complex category(CCC; 38.9%). And extensive service category(ESC; 18.8%), reduced physical function category(RPC; 13.1%), special rehabilitation category(SRC; 12.8%), and impaired cognitive category(ICC; 0.00%) are followed. 2. The mean of total CMI was $1.02{\pm}0.36$, ranging from 0.68 to 1.44(1 vs 2.12). The mean of CMI of SRC is only 1.17 which should be the highest. The means of ESC and see are equally 1.20. The means of CMI of CCI, ICC, BPC, and RPC were 0.90, 0.75, 0.83 and 0.96, respectively. 3. The validity of this classification was tested. Trend-test using Regression Analysis was done in the secondary split level. SCC, CCC, ICC, and RPC which covered 68.4% of this research objects showed linear trend of CMI in interim classification. This results were statistically significant. 4. In clinical hierarchy, the trend were showed linearity. But the multiple comparison of categories using Scheffe-test showed that SRC, ESC and see had same level of CMI means and CCC and ICC, too. This results were statistically significant. Classifying elderly patients with RUG-III, the results showed partly linear trend in clinical hierarchy and in interim classification in conclusion. But, in clinical hierarchy, it was failed to show the consistent order of CMI. It can be explained by two reasons. One is that this research subjects were overlapped in each clinical hierarchy group. And the other is that the some of the characteristics for clinical hierarchy is not appropriate for them. For the further study, it needs to have proper sample size and to modify RUG-III to K-RUG to consider our.. medical environment.

• 정보처리학회논문지B
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• 제10B권6호
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• pp.673-680
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• 2003

이 논문은 문맥 독립 화자인식에 사용될 벡터 양자기의 설계법 개선에 관한 연구이다. 구체적으로 벡터 양자기 코드북 생성 과정에서 특징 벡터 공간을 분할하여, 양자기 설계 시 학습에 필요한 계산 복잡도를 획기적으로 줄이는 방법을 제안한다. 제안된 공간 분할 벡터 양자기 설계법은 저자가 제안한 문맥 종속 화자인식을 위한 준비반복 벡터 양자기 설계법의 벡터 공간에 대한 일반화이다. 공간 분할 벡터 양자기 설계법은 종래의 설계법이 코드북 생성에 반복적 학습 설계를 사용한다는 것과 대조를 이룬다. 또한 공간 분할 벡터 양자기 설계법의 특징은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 이 설계법은 특징 벡터 공간을 분할한 공간 분할 군집을 이용함으로써 반복 학습을 하지 않는다. 둘째, 설계된 각 양자 영역은 공간 분할 군집의 양자 영역을 원용하며, 양자점은 각각의 통계 분포에 대해 최적점으로 설정된다. 셋째, 공간 분할 군집은 특징 벡터 집합에 대해 표본 벡터 생성법(CSVQ1, 2), 특징 벡터 공간에 대해 균일 초격자 구조 생성법(CSYQ3)으로 형성하였다. 수치 실험은 화자 10명이 발성한 50개의 문장에 대해 문맥 독립 화자인식 실험으로 수행되었다. 특징계수는 12차 멜켑스트럼 벡터를 사용하였고 각각의 공간 분할 코드북 생성법에 대해 코드북 크기를 32부터 128까지 변화시키면서 기존의 벡터 양자기 인식법과 비교하였다. 제안된 방법은 표본 벡터 생성법을 사용한 경우 인식률 100%로 기존의 방법과 같은 결과를 보였다. 따라서 제안된 공간 분할 벡터 양자기 설계법은 설계에 필요한 계산량이 획기적으로 줄면서 인식률은 보존되어 문맥 독립 화자 인식에 새로운 대안이 되며 또한 특징 벡터 공간을 설정할 수 있는 다양한 응용에 적용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

The rotavirus-induced diarrhea of human and animal neonates is a major public health concern worldwide. Until recently, no effective therapy is available to specifically inactivate the rotavirion particles within the gut. Passive immunotherapy by oral administration of chicken egg yolk antibody (IgY) has emerged of late as a fresh alternative strategy to control infectious diseases of the alimentary tract and has been applied in the treatment of diarrhea due to rotavirus infection. The purpose of this concise review is to evaluate evidence on the properties and performance of anti-rotavirus immunoglobulin Y (IgY) for prevention and treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in human and animal neonates. A survey of relevant anti-rotavirus IgY basic studies and clinical trials among neonatal animals (since 1994-2015) and humans (since 1982-2015) have been reviewed and briefly summarized. Our analysis of a number of rotavirus investigations involving animal and human clinical trials revealed that anti-rotavirus IgY significantly reduced the severity of clinical manifestation of diarrhea among IgY-treated subjects relative to a corresponding control or placebo group. The accumulated information as a whole depicts oral IgY to be a safe and efficacious option for treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in neonates. There is however a clear need for more randomized, placebo controlled and double-blind trials with bigger sample size to further solidify and confirm claims of efficacy and safety in controlling diarrhea caused by rotavirus infection especially among human infants with health issues such as low birth weights or compromised immunity in whom it is most needed.

• 청정기술
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 베이어공정에 의해서 수산화알루미늄($Al(OH)_3$)을 합성하였으며, 고순도 알루미나를 합성하기 위하여 염산 및 초산과 같은 산성용액을 사용하여 $Al(OH)_3$에 함유된 나트륨을 제거하였다. 호주의 퀸즐랜드 주에서 생산된 보크사이트가 베이어공정에 의해 알루미나를 합성하기 위해 사용되었으며, 보크사이트는 attrition mill을 이용하여 10 ${\mu}m$ 이하의 분말로 분쇄하여 사용되었다. 보크사이트에 함유된 알루미나 성분을 용출하기 위하여 분쇄된 보크사이트를 5 N의 NaOH 수용액으로 처리하였으며, 고압반응기 내에서 보크사이트로부터 알루미나의 용출은 $140^{\circ}C$, 3.4 atm에서 수행되었다. 용출 후 고체시료인 레드 머드는 여과에 의해서 액체시료와 분리되었다. 보크사이트와 여과된 레드 머드에 함유된 알루미늄 함량과 구조변화를 XRD와 EDX로 분석하였다. 또한 분리된 용액에 함유된 알루미나는 씨드 물질로 사용된 $Al(OH)_3$의 첨가에 위해서 $Al(OH)_3$로 결정화되었다. 결정화 과정에서 얻어진 $Al(OH)_3$는 증류수에 의해서 수차례 수세과정으로 정제되었다. 또한 산성 용액에 의해서 $Al(OH)_3$에 함유된 나트륨이 제거되는 것을 확인되었다. $Al(OH)_3$ 분말의 순도는 물에 의한 세정으로 99.3%로 생산되었고, 산 처리에 의해서 나트륨의 함량은 약 0.009% 정도로 감소되었다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.18-26
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• 2020

Objectives The aim was to find effective vectorization and classification models to predict a psychiatric diagnosis from text-based medical records. Methods Electronic medical records (n = 494) of present illness were collected retrospectively in inpatient admission notes with three diagnoses of major depressive disorder, type 1 bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Data were split into 400 training data and 94 independent validation data. Data were vectorized by two different models such as term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) and Doc2vec. Machine learning models for classification including stochastic gradient descent, logistic regression, support vector classification, and deep learning (DL) were applied to predict three psychiatric diagnoses. Five-fold cross-validation was used to find an effective model. Metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score were measured for comparison between the models. Results Five-fold cross-validation in training data showed DL model with Doc2vec was the most effective model to predict the diagnosis (accuracy = 0.87, F1-score = 0.87). However, these metrics have been reduced in independent test data set with final working DL models (accuracy = 0.79, F1-score = 0.79), while the model of logistic regression and support vector machine with Doc2vec showed slightly better performance (accuracy = 0.80, F1-score = 0.80) than the DL models with Doc2vec and others with TF-IDF. Conclusions The current results suggest that the vectorization may have more impact on the performance of classification than the machine learning model. However, data set had a number of limitations including small sample size, imbalance among the category, and its generalizability. With this regard, the need for research with multi-sites and large samples is suggested to improve the machine learning models.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.325-340
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• 2008

본 연구는 저수량 지역 빈도분석(regional low flow frequency analysis)을 수행하기 위하여 일반최소자승법(ordinary least squares method)을 이용한 Bayesian 다중회귀분석을 적용하였으며, 불확실성측면에서의 효과를 탐색하기 위하여 Bayesian 다중회귀분석에 의한 추정치와 t 분포를 이용하여 산정한 일반 다중회귀분석의 추정치의 신뢰구간을 비교분석하였다. 각 재현기간별 비교결과를 보면 t 분포를 이용하여 산정된 평균 추정치와 Bayesian 다중회귀분석에 의한 평균 추정치는 크게 다르지 않았다. 그러나 불확실성 측면에서 평가해볼 때 신뢰구간의 상한추정치와 하한추정치의 차이는 Bayesian 다중회귀분석을 사용한 경우가 기존 방법을 사용한 경우보다 훨씬 작은 것으로 나타났으며, 이로부터 저수량(low flow) 지역 빈도분석을 수행하는 경우 Bayesian 다중회귀분석이 일반 회귀분석보다 불확실성을 표현하는데 있어서 우수하다는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 낙동강 유역에 2개의 미계측 유역을 선정하고 구축된 Bayesian 다중회귀모형을 적용하여 불확실성을 포함한 미계측 유역에서의 저수량(low flow)을 추정하였으며 이와 같은 방법이 미계측 유역에서의 저수(low flow) 특성을 나타내는 데 있어서 효과적일 수 있음을 입증하였다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제34권9호
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• pp.613-622
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 MTMD의 합성을 통해 빠른 자성회수 및 재사용이 용이한 크롬 흡착제를 개발하였다. 합성을 위해 공침법 및 교대성장을 통한 발산법을 사용하였으며, methyl propionate 및 glutaric acid를 통해 덴드리머를 멀티터미널화 하였다. 합성된 시료의 특성분석은 XRD, FT-IR, TEM, EDS, TGA, Zeta potential analyzer를 통해 이루어졌다. MTMD의 자성코어는 마그네타이트 결정구조를 가졌으며, 4세대 덴드리머의 크기는 15 nm에서 20 nm로 확인되었다. TGA 분석결과 1세대 덴드리머의 유기전도성 가지의 비율은 약 7%였으며 1세대 증가시 3%의 중량 감소가 나타났고 멀티터미널화시 덴드리머의 포텐셜은 -25.26 mV에서 -6.53 mV까지 변화하였다. MTMD 흡착실험 결과 5분 이내에서 80% 이상의 크롬을 흡착하였으며 6.308 mg/g의 흡착능을 나타냈다. 자성 회수시 COOH D와 비교하여 회수시간이 2배 이상 단축되었으며 30분 이내에 100% 회수가 가능하였다. 크롬을 이용한 재생실험의 경우 4회 흡착에도 동일한 흡착능을 유지하였다.

• 공업화학
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.84-89
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 초음파환원법을 이용하여 이산화티탄($TiO_2$) 미립자 표면에 은나노메탈이 도핑된 Ag-$TiO_2$ 나노복합체를 제조하였다. $TiO_2$ 표면에 생성되는 은나노금속은 약 1~3 nm의 사이즈분포를 나타내었고, 환원반응시 첨가되는 $AgNO_3$의 양이 증가할수록 $TiO_2$ 표면에 형성되는 은나노금속의 개수가 증가하였다. 이렇게 얻어진 일정량의 Ag-$TiO_2$ 나노복합체를 대장균(E-coli)과 함께 고체멸균배지에 도말하여 태양광모사 제논램프로부터 30 min간 $600{\sim}1800{\mu}w/cm^2$의 빛을 조사한 후 $37^{\circ}C$에서 24 h 배양한 후 생존한 콜로니의 개수를 측정하였다. 실험 결과 대조군대비 순수한 $TiO_2$를 첨가했을 때보다 Ag-$TiO_2$를 첨가 시 항균활성도가 더 높게 나타났다. 또한 Ag-$TiO_2$ 주입양이 증가할수록 콜로니의 개수가 감소하였고, 초기 30 min간 조사한 빛의 세기가 증가할수록 Ag-$TiO_2$의 항균효과가 증가하였다. 또한 은나노금속의 도핑양이 증가할수록 광촉매 효율은 감소하였지만 항균효과는 지속적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.413-429
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• 2021

Background: Migraine headaches are the second leading cause of disability worldwide and are responsible for significant morbidity, reduction in the quality of life, and loss of productivity on a global scale. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of ketamine on migraines and other primary headache disorders compared to placebo and other active interventions, such as midazolam, metoclopramide/diphenhydramine, and prochlorperazine/diphenhydramine. Methods: An electronic search of databases published up to February 2021, including Medline via PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, a hand search of the bibliographies of the included studies, as well as literature and systematic reviews found through the search was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating ketamine in the treatment of migraine/headache disorders compared to the placebo. The authors assessed the risk of bias according to the Cochrane Handbook guidelines. Results: The initial search strategy yielded 398 unduplicated references, which were independently assessed by three review authors. After evaluation, this number was reduced to five RCTs (two unclear risk of bias and three high risk of bias). The total number of patients in all the studies was 193. Due to the high risk of bias, small sample size, heterogeneity of the outcomes reported, and heterogeneity of the comparison groups, the quality of the evidence was very low. One RCT reported that intranasal ketamine was superior to intranasal midazolam in improving the aura attack severity, but not duration, while another reported that intranasal ketamine was not superior to metoclopramide and diphenhydramine in reducing the headache severity. In one trial, subcutaneous ketamine was superior to saline in migraine severity reduction; however, intravenous (I.V.) ketamine was inferior to I.V. prochlorperazine and diphenhydramine in another study. Conclusion: Further double-blind controlled studies are needed to assess the efficacy of ketamine in treating acute and chronic refractory migraines and other primary headaches using intranasal and subcutaneous routes. These studies should include a long-term follow-up and different ketamine dosages in diagnosed patients following international standards for diagnosing headache/migraine.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.379-396
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• 2021

Background: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is characterized by brief, unilateral, sharp, stabbing, and shooting pain of the fifth cranial nerve. The objective of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to determine the effect of medications compared to placebo in adult patients with TN. Methods: Review authors identified randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) from PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and EMBASE up to February 2021. We assessed the inclusion and exclusion criteria as well as the risk of bias of the studies based on the Cochrane Handbook. A total of 324 unduplicated references were scanned independently and reduced to eight relevant RCTs, with 89 patients included. Medications investigated included oral carbamazepine, subcutaneous sumatriptan, lidocaine (intranasal, 8% spray on the oral mucosa or intravenous), buprenorphine (ganglionic local opioid analgesia), and oral Nav1.7, a selective sodium channel blocker. Results: Meta-analyses showed that overall patients receiving lidocaine reported a significantly lower post-treatment intensity of pain -3.8 points on a 0-10 scale (95% Cl = -4.653 to -2.873; P < 0.001). Patients who received lidocaine were 8.62 times more likely to have pain improvement than patients on placebo (P < 0.001). In one RCT, patients receiving oral carbamazepine showed a significant improvement in pain intensity of -32% compared to the placebo (P < 0.001). In one trial, patients receiving 3 mg subcutaneous sumatriptan had a significantly lower intensity of pain on average -6.1 points on a scale of 0-10 compared to placebo (P < 0.001) and a significant improvement in pain intensity of -75% compared to the improvement in the placebo group (P < 0.001). Patients who received subcutaneous sumatriptan were 10 times more likely to have pain improvement than those who received placebo (P = 0.001) in one study. Due to the unclear/high risk of bias and small sample size, the quality of the evidence for lidocaine in the treatment of TN was low. Conclusion: Further studies are needed for carbamazepine, sumatriptan, buprenorphine, and oral Nav1.7 sodium channel blockers, as only one study reported outcomes.