• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.87-89
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• 2003

Although a forest damage of large area due to air pollution has not yet been found in Korea, declines of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.), the most common coniferous species, have been locally reported. To evaluate the effect of air pollution and acid deposition on the forests, SO$_2$ concentration, acid load, soil pH and tree decline were monitored for 13 years from 1988 to 2001 in Namsan, Doowang and Gyebangsan with the gradient of air pollution. During the study period, annual mean SO$_2$ concentration in Namsan, Doowang and Gyebangsan were 14 ppb, 13 ppb and 6 ppb, respectively. Annual mean acid loads in Namsan and Doowang were three to four times more than that in Gyebangsan. As respected, forest surface soils in Namsan and Doowang were acidified to pH 4.1 and 4.3, whereas that in Gyebangsan showed normal value as pH 5.4. On the other hand, decline degrees of Korean red pines in Namsan and Doowang in both 1996 and 2001 were higher than those in Gyebangsan. It is reasonable that the severer tree declines in Namsan and Doowang could be closely related with the higher air pollution, acid load, and the effects (possibly Ca deficit and Al toxicity) of soil acidification.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.671-676
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• 2015

Control of surface runoff from upland soil is essential to reduce nonpoint source pollution. The use of non-woven fabric as a soil cover can be helpful to control surface runoff. The field experiment was conducted to evaluate the furrow cover effects of black non-woven fabric on the nutrient discharge from upland soil used for red pepper cultivation. The experimental plots consisted of chemical fertilizer (CF), cow manure compost (CMC), and pig manure compost (PMC) treatment. Each nutrient material treatment plot has control (no furrow cover (NFC)) and black non-woven fabric cover treatment, respectively. The amount of nutrient application was chemical fertilizer of $190-112-149(N-P_2O_5-K_2O)kgha^{-1}$, cow manure compost of $29.5tonha^{-1}$, and pig manure compost of $7.9tonha^{-1}$ as recommended amount after soil test for red pepper cultivation. Compared to control (NFC), furrow cover treatment with black non-woven fabric reduced the amount of T-N discharge by 50% at CF treatment, 36.9% at CMC treatment, and 44.8% at PMC treatment. Furrow cover treatment with black non-woven fabric reduced the amount of T-P discharge by 37.1% at CF treatment, 49.9% at CMC treatment, and 63.4% at PMC treatment compared to control (NFC). The production of red pepper did not show significant difference. There was no weed occurring in furrow cover treatment plots with black non-woven fabric. Results from this study showed that the furrow cover with black non-woven fabric could play a significant role in reduce nutrient discharge from upland soil used for red pepper cultivation.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.143-150
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• 2003

Korea has plentiful precipitation but rainfall events concentrate on several months of rainy season in her weather condition. Korea, therefore, experiences drought for a given period every year. Moreover the soil has usually low water holding capacity, as it is composed coarse particles originated from the granite. Response of several oaks and the Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) on water stress showed that water budget was significant factor determining vegetation distribution. In addition, dehydration level due to cold resistance mechanism of several evergreen plants during the winter season was closely related to their distribution in natural condition. Experimental result under water stress showed that the Korean red pine was very tolerant to desiccation but the seedlings showed high mortality during the dry season. The mortality tended to proportionate to soil moisture content of each site. A comparison between soil moisture content during June when it is severe dry season and moisture content of the culture soil when the pine seedlings reached the permanent wilting point due to water withheld proved that high mortality during the dry season was due to water deficit. Water potential of sample plants measured during the exposure experiment to the air pollutant showed a probability that water related factors would dominate the occurrence of visible damage and the tolerance level of sample plants. In both field survey and laboratory experiment, plants exposed to air pollution showed more rapid transpiration than those grown in the unpolluted condition. The result would due to injury of leaf surface by air pollutants. Aluminum (Al/sup 3+/) increased in the acid soil not only inhibits root growth but also leads to abnormal distribution of root system and thereby caused water stress. The water stresses due to air pollution and soil acidification showed a possibility that they play dominating roles in inducing forest decline additionally to the existing water deficit due to weather and soil conditions in Korea. Sludge, which can contribute to improve field capacity, as it is almost composed of organic matter, showed an effect ameliorating the retarded growth of plant in the acidified soil. The effect was not less than that of dolomite known in widely as such a soil ameliorator. Litter extract contributed also to mitigate the water stress due to toxic Al/sup 3+/. We prepared a model showing the potential interaction of multiple stresses, which can cause forest decline in Korea by synthesizing those results. Furthermore, we suggested restoration plans, which can mitigate such forest decline in terms of soil amelioration and vegetation restoration.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.21-27
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• 2022

Recently, numerous studies are being performed to examine alkali-activated cement which uses industrial by-products, such as GGBS and fly ash, as well as alkali activators. Alkali-activated cement is a type of binder that exerts the same strength as cement without using cement by mixing industrial by-products with alkali activators. Alkali activators, which are used mainly for carbon-reducing technologies and alkali activation, are expensive and difficult to apply in the field due to risks related to strong alkalinity. Therefore, this study intends to explore methods to use red mud as a substitute for an alkali activator. To that end, this study has evaluated engineering properties, such as flow and strength, of CLSM that uses red mud and paper sludge ash as binders and its possibility to cause soil pollution. This study also aims to present the appropriate mixing ratios of red mud and paper sludge ash to produce CLSM.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.169-174
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• 1997

Stream water and precipitates were analyzed for metal contents to evaluate the compositional changes of effluent water from mine waste Danbung mine located in the vicinity of Munkyung. Samples were collected before and after the rainy season in 1995 and before the rainy season in 1997 to observe seasonal variation and the charge of the status of pollution after the lapse of two years. Increased metal contents and lowered pH values after rainy season are thought of the results of flushing of oxidation products of pyrite accumulated during dry season in mine wastes. The results of two years later showed that pollution by AMD have progressed more seriously in that pH has been lowered by one order and metal contents increased about twice. The spatial distribution of various Fe, Al hydroxides and sulfates occurring as red and white precipitates also changed. Red precipitates occurred at stream bed in longer distance after two years and white precipitates occurred far down from the mine wastes where no precipitates had been observed 1995. And metal contents in sediments also increased up to more than ten times.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.344-353
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• 2017

Cambodia is a typical country that a very famous tourist destination in South Asian regions, but water has some serious problems. As a public hygiene point of view, water problems in Cambodia can be roughly classified into two categories. A numbers of the report revealed that thermotolerant coliform(TTC) bacteria and arsenic(As) pollution representative species as a representative pollutant for surface water and ground water problems, respectively. In recent years, home water purifier systems for various filter systems including BSF(Bio-Sand Filter), MF and RO have been spread and adopted in rural areas. However, BSF and composite membrane processes are recognized as an undesirable and representative method due to unreliable efficiency, high cost and maintenance issues. In order to develop a small-scale ceramic filter as a home water purifier, the applicability of two types of gravity ceramic filter using clay and red soil in the part of the Northwest was made and compared in this research.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.2
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• pp.229-238
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• 1994

Issues of declining growth and vigor in forests are major concerns in many areas around the world, especially in response to predictions in the 1980s of widespread forest declines. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge for forests in North America, Europe, and East Asia. Forest declines near point-sources of pollution(such as metal smelters) have been well recognized for a century, but evidence of widespread impacts away from point-sources remains relatively uncommon. In North America, significant forest decline has resulted from high concentrations of ozone near Los Angeles, California, and around Mexico City. Some high-elevation forests of red spruce in the eastern U.S. have declined in the past 20 years ; evidence indicates a role of low-pH fog in reducing they cold-tolerance of spruce. In Europe. most attention has focused on Norway spruce stands that developed yellow foliage, needle loss, and in some cases mortality. This syndrome appears to be related generally to an inadequate supply of magnesium, perhaps coupled with a very high supply of nitrogen. Despite localized areas that show declining trees, overall stand growth and standing biomass in Europe increased from. 1970 to 1990. Much less information is available for East Asia. Many industrialized regions in China have a pH of rain <4.5, and some connections between pollution and forest decline have been suggested. Pollution impacts on forests near cities in Korea include needle chlorosis, reduced needle retention, and declining species diversity. Overall, temperate forests show no widespread declines, and no evidence of substantial effects of pollutants on forest growth or vigor. Small areas showing declining forests may indeed demonstrate pollution impacts, and may provide cause for concerns about future impacts on larger areas.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.443-455
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• 2015

To verifying the stability of Natural pigments for Dancheong which is available on the market was carried out as light resistance and gas corrosion test. In this particular case, we will confirm the characteristics of the only pigments except of Dancheong technique and influence of substance. Medium using for coloring are animal glue and synthetic resin that widely used for Dancheong in currently. Selected to artificial light source is a xenon arc lamp, contaminated gas is nitrogen dioxide gas in experiment. Degree of degradation of pigment were compared by measuring the degree of color change. The result of light resistance test, mineral pigments were good; color is green and blue type, soil pigments also good; color is yellow ocher, white clay, red clay etc. Gamboge, unghwang, cinnabar, red lead were confirmed not good. The result of gas corrosion test, most of the natural pigments were good condition except the red lead. Generally, animal glue samples had better than a synthetic resin samples.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.1169-1179
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• 2020

In this study, two soybean genotypes, i.e., aluminum-tolerant Baxi 10 (BX10) and aluminumsensitive Bendi 2 (BD2), were used as plant materials and acidic red soil was used as growth medium. The soil layers from the inside to the outside of the root are: rhizospheric soil after washing (WRH), rhizospheric soil after brushing (BRH) and rhizospheric soil at two sides (SRH), respectively. The rhizosphere bacterial communities were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of V4 hypervariable regions of 16S rRNA gene amplicons via Illumina MiSeq. The results of alpha diversity analysis showed that the BRH and SRH of BX10 were significantly lower in community richness than that of BD2, while the WRH exhibited no significant difference between BX10 and BD2. Among the three sampling compartments of the same soybean genotype, WRH had the lowest community richness and diversity while showing the highest coverage. Beta diversity analysis results displayed no significant difference for any compartment between the two genotypes, or among the three different sampling compartments for any same soybean genotype. However, the relative abundance of major bacterial taxa, specifically nitrogen-fixing and/or aluminum-tolerant bacteria, was significantly different in the compartments of the BRH and/or SRH at phylum and genus levels, indicating genotype-dependent variations in rhizosphere bacterial communities. Strikingly, as compared with BRH and SRH, the WRH within the same genotype (BX10 or BD2) always had an enrichment effect on rhizosphere bacteria associated with nitrogen fixation.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.129-139
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• 2019

This study investigates the spectral response of red lettuce (Lactuca sativa var crispa L.) to Zn concentration. The control group and the experimental groups treated with 1 mM(ZnT1), 5 mM(ZnT2), 10 mM(ZnT3), 50 mM(ZnT4), and 100 mM(ZnT5) were prepared for a pot experiment. Then, Zn concentration and spectral reflectance were measured for the different levels of Zn concentration in red lettuce. The Zn concentration of the control group had the range of 134-181 mg/kg, which was within the normal range of Zn concentration in uncontaminated crops. However, Zn concentration in the experimental group gradually increased with an increase in concentration of Zn injection. The spectral reflectance of red lettuce showed high peak in the red band due to anthocyanin, high reflectance in the infrared band due to the scattering effect of the cell structure, and absorption features associated with water. As Zn concentration in red lettuce leaves increased, the reflectance increased in the green and red bands and the reflectance decreased in the infrared band. The correlation analysis between Zn concentration and spectral reflectance showed that the reflectance of 700-1300 nm had a significant negative correlation with Zn concentration. The spectral band is a wavelength region closely related to the cell structure in the leaf, indicating possible cell destruction of leaf structure due to increased Zn concentration. In particular, 700-800 nm reflectance of the infrared band showed the strongest correlation with the Zn concentration. This study could be used to investigate the heavy metal contamination in soil around mining and agriculture area by spectroscopically recognizing heavy metal pollution of plant.