• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.104-114
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• 2022

Background: Abnormalities of myelin, which increases the efficiency of action potential conduction, are found in neurological disorders. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) demonstrates therapeutic efficacy against some of these conditions, however effects on oligodendrocyte (OL)s are not well known. Here, we examined the effects of KRG-derived components on development and protection of OL-lineage cells. Methods: Primary OL precursor cell (OPC) cultures were prepared from neonatal mouse cortex. The protective efficacies of the KRG components were examined against inhibitors of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity. For in vivo function of Rb1 on myelination, after 10 days of oral gavage into adult male mice, forebrains were collected. OPC proliferation were assessed by BrdU incorporation, and differentiation and myelination were examined by qPCR, western blot and immunocytochemistry. Results: The non-saponin promoted OPC proliferation, while the saponin promoted differentiation. Both processes were mediated by AKT and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. KRG extract, the saponin and non-saponin protected OPCs against oxidative stress, and both KRG extract and the saponin significantly increased the expression of the antioxidant enzyme. Among 11 major ginsenosides tested, Rb1 significantly increased OL membrane size in vitro. Moreover, Rb1 significantly increased myelin formation in adult mouse brain. Conclusion: All KRG components prevented OPC deaths under oxidative stress. While non-saponin promoted proliferation, saponin fraction increased differentiation and OL membrane size. Furthermore, among all the tested ginsenosides, Rb1 showed the biggest increase in the membrane size and significantly enhanced myelination in vivo. These results imply therapeutic potentials of KRG and Rb1 for myelin-related disorders.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.305-314
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• 2017

본 연구는 마이크로파 저온진공건조 기술을 이용하여 고효율 인삼개발을 하고자 하였다. 홍삼 제조 공정에서 증삼 후 $60-70^{\circ}C$에서 24시간 동안 건조하고 다시 $40^{\circ}C$에서 72시간동안 건조한 열풍 건조 홍삼과 증삼 후 마이크로파 저온진공건조기에서 900 watt, 2.45 MHz, 50 mmHg 조건으로 5시간동안 건조하고 다시 750 mmHg로 2시간동안 건조한 홍삼으로 조직 관찰, 관능평가, 진세노사이드 및 조사포닌 함량 변화 등을 비교하였다. 그 결과, 마이크로파 저온진공 홍삼은 색도가 밝은 색으로, 표면적은 다공성 조직으로 변화하였으며, 향미를 높이고 쓴 맛을 크게 감소시킴과 동시에 단 맛을 증가시켜 종합적인 선호도를 높였다. 또한, 단시간에 진세노사이드 $Rg_1$과 $Rb_1$ 함량을 열풍 건조 홍삼에 비해 1시간대에서 약 6배, 8배가 증가되었으나, $Rg_3$ 함량에서는 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 마지막으로 조사포닌 함량은 10-20분대부터 크게 증가하여 이후 지속적으로 높은 함량이 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과를 종합해보면, 마이크로파 저온진공홍삼은 열풍 건조 홍삼에 비해 다공성 조직 변화를 통해 단시간에 진세노사이드 및 조사포닌에 대한 추출 수율을 높이고 향미와 식감을 개선시켜 홍삼에 대한 선호도를 높일 수 있음을 확인되었다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2009

Objectives: This study was on the pharmaceutical components in purified ginseng total saponin (GTS), coisis semen (CS), the combination of these drugs, and the major component of coicis coixol for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Methods: In this study, to evaluate the effect on the suppression of obesity, high fat diet-induced obese rats were treating with the drugs, the effects on the balance of energy and diet activity were examined, and the change of weight, the change of the intake of diet, body fat rate, etc. were assessed. Results: The results demonstrate that in high fat diet-induced obese white rats, the combination treatment of ginseng total saponin and coicis was effective in suppression of weight gain, reduction of intake of food, and reduction of body fat. Conclusions: The results suggest that a combination treatment with major components of red ginseng total saponin and coicis may be used therapeutically for the suppression and treatment of obesity.

• 생약학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 1978

Total saponins and ether extracts of red and white ginseng were obtained and their effects on blood pressure in cat and their histamine liberating activities in rabbits were measured. 1) Ether extract of red ginseng showed a transient hypotensive effect and subsequently showed a remarkable and persistent hypotensive effect, whereas other three fractions, such as saponin fractions of red and white ginseng and ether extract of white ginseng showed only a initial transient hypotensive effects. 2) Histamine levels liberated into blood after administration of each fractions measured by the bioassay with guinea pig ileum. Ether extract of red ginseng immediately increased histamine contents in plasma but the histamine levels decreased to normal level within 10min in spite of decreased blood pressure was sustained. Although white ginseng saponin lowered blood pressure immediately when it is administered, histamine release was observed after 10min. The results suggest that hypotensive effects of ginseng seems to have no correlation with the histamine liberating activity. Ginseng appears to show hypotensive effect via some other mechanisms.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.389-415
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• 1996

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer(Araliaceae) has been traditionally used as an expensive and precious medicine in oriental countries for more than 5, 000 years. Ginseng saponin isolated from the root of Panax ginseng have been regarded as the main effective components responsible for the pharmacological and biological activities. Such as antiaging effects. antidiabetic effects anticancer effects. Protection against physical and chemical stress. Analgesic and antipyretic effects. Effects on the central nervous system, tranquilizing action and others. Thirty kinds of ginsenosides have been so far isolated from ginseng saponin and their chemical structures have been elucidated since 1960's. Among which protopanaxadiol type is 19 kinds. protopanaxatriol type. 10 kinds and oleanane type, one. Since ginsenosides are generally labile under acidic conditions ordinary acid hydrolysis is always accompanied by many side reactions, such as epimerization. hydroxylation and cyclization of side chain of the sapogenins Especially. it is well known that C-20 glycosyl linkage of ginsenoside was hydrolysed on heating with acetic acid to give an equilibrated mixture of 20(S) and 20(R) epimers. And also, the chemical transformations of the secondary metabolites have appeared during the steaming process to prepare red ginseng. Indicating demalonylation of malonyl ginsenosides, elimination of glycosyl residue at C-20 and isomerization of hydroxyl configuration at C-20. But these studies have not provided a comprehensive picture in explaning how these ginsenosides showed val'iotas pharmacological activities of ginseng. Though some of them have been involved in the mechanism of pharmacological actions. Recently, non-saponin components have received a great deal of attention for their antioxidant, anticancer antidiabetic, immunomodulating. anticomplementary activities and so on. To meet the demand for such wide applications, studies on the non-saponin components play an important role in providing a good evidence of pharmacological and biol ogical activities. Among the non-saponin constituents of Korean ginseng, polyacetylenes, phenols. Sesquiterpenes, alkaloids. polysaccharides oligosaccharides, oligopeptides and aminoglycosides together with ginsenosides of terrestrial part are mainly described.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.193-199
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• 1986

To investigate the stability of ginseng saponin, various physical and chemical treatments for red ginseng alcohol extract (70% ethyl alcohol) were carried out, and then the variations of ginseng saponin in extract were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Irradiation of ${\gamma}$-ray, and ultraviolet ray, sonocatalysis by ultrasonicator, treatment of electronic range, catalytic ozonation did not or slightly affect degradation of ginseng saponins, but they were degraded by heat treatment.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.151-159
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• 1996

To develop a ginseng wine, the brewing conditions and sensory evalution of the wine were studied. The ginseng, ginseng marc and red ginseng marc can be made into wine by ethanol fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisae. The results showed that the higher ginseng concentration was, the faster the brewing velocity became. The ginseng marc wine brewed with 10% ginseng marc and 25% sugar was a great favorite The results from the mixture of ginseng and ginseng marc revealed that the mute the content of ginseng was, the faster the velocity of brewing became. It took 27 days for a wine from 10% ginseng marc to be brewed Into 12% ethanol, 10% ginseng took 10days and red ginseng took 15 days. Among these, a wine from 10% ginseng was superior to others in flavor, color and taste. And the wine from 6.7% red ginseng was favorite. Contents of the favorite wine from ginseng marc were 80mg/ml of reducing sugar, 2.6 of acidity, 12% of ethanol, 28mg/ml of saponin, and it's pH was 3.5. Contents of the favorite wine from red ginseng marc were 58mg/ml of reducing sugar, 2.8 of acidity, 12% of ethanol, 44mg/ml of saponin, and it's pH was 2.8.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.396-402
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• 2012

Vaccination is the main strategy for preventing influenza infection. However, vaccine efficacy is influenced by several factors, including age and health status. The efficacy of the influenza vaccine is much lower (17% to 53%) in individuals over 65 yr of age compared with young adults (70% to 90%). Therefore, increasing vaccine efficacy remains a challenge for the influenza vaccine field. In this study, we investigated the impact of supplementing vaccination with the dietary intake of Korean red ginseng (RG) extract and RG saponin. Mice were immunized two times intranasally with inactivated influenza A (H1N1) virus. Mice received RG extract or RG saponin orally for 14 d prior to the primary immunization. After the primary immunization, mice continued to receive RG extract or RG saponin until the secondary immunization. Mice vaccinated in combination with dietary intake of RG extract and RG saponin showed elevated serum anti-influenza A virus IgG titers and improved survival rates in lethal influenza A virus infection: 56% and 63% of mice receiving RG extract or RG saponin survived, respectively, while 38% of mice that only received the vaccine survived. Moreover, mice receiving RG extract supplementation recovered their body weight more quickly than those not receiving RG extract supplementation. We propose that the dietary intake of RG extract and RG saponin enhances the vaccine-induced immune response and aids in providing protection against influenza virus infection.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.506-515
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• 1985

홍삼(紅蔘)사포닌 가수분해물(加水分解物)의 항산화작용(抗酸化作用)에 의한 노화억제작용(老化抑制作用)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 홍삼(紅蔘)사포닌을 가수분해(加水分解)하여 얻은 prosapogenin, panaxadiol 및 panaxatriol을 시료(試料)로 하여 in vitro 및 in vivo 실험(實驗)을 통하여 이들 가수분해물(加水分解物)들의 생체(生體) 과산화지질생성(過酸化脂質生成)에 미치는 억제효과(抑制效果)를 비교(比較)하였다. DPPH에 대한 전자공여능(電子供與能)(EDA)은 $13.88{\sim}19.76%$를 나타내고 있었으며 in vitro에서 과산화지질생성(過酸化脂質生成) 억제효과(抑制效果)는 현저하였으며 그 순서는 prosapogenin>panaxatriol>panacadiol이었다. POV에 의한 유효기간(誘導期間)은 이들 가수분해물(加水分解物) 홍삼(紅蔘)사포닌보다 훨씬 높았으며 prosaposenin>panaxatriol>panaxadiol의 순이었다. in vivo에서 복강(復腔)(i. p.) 및 경구(經口)(p.o.) 투여(投與)에 의한 생체내(生體內) 과산화지질생성(過酸化脂質生成) 억제효과(抑制效果)는 대조군(對照群)에 비(比)해 훨씬 효과적(效果的)이었으며, 홍삼(紅蔘)사포닌과 비교(比較)했을 때 간장(肝臟)과 신장(腎臟)에는 거의 비슷한 효과(效果)를 나타냈지만 혈액(血液)에서는 이들 가수분해물(加水分解物)이 홍삼(紅蔘)사포닌보다 훨씬 효과적(效果的)이었다. 효소활성(酵素活性)으로서 superoxide dismutase 활성(活性)을 in vitro에서 비교해 보면 이들 가수분해물(加水分解物)이 $24.2{\sim}36.4%$의 과산화지질생성(過酸化脂質生成) 억제효과(抑制效果)를 나타내고 있어, 홍삼(紅蔘)사포닌의 12.1%보다 $2{\sim}3$ 배(倍)의 효과(效果)를 나타내고 있었고, in vivo에서는 복강(復腔)(i. p.) 투여(投與)에서는 $12.9{\sim}22.2%$. 경구(經口)(p.o.) 투여(投與)에서는 $11.2{\sim}21.6%$의 높은 활성(活性)을 나타내고 있었다. 단 peroxidase 활성(活性)은 복강(復腔)(i. p.) 투여(投與)에서는 $129.0{\sim}188.6%$, 경구(經口)(p. o.) 투여(投與)에서는 $111.4{\sim}139.6%$의 활성(活性)을 나타내고 있었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.81-87
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• 1999

신성고혈압백서모델인 one-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt 고혈압백서에서 혈압과 NO생성에 미치는 고려홍삼 사포닌과 비사포닌의 영향을 규명하고자, 무마취 무제한상태에서 혈압을 측정하고, 혈중 NO와 NO합성효노에 대한 활성 및 단백량을 실시한 결과이다. 고려홍삼 사포닌은 정상혈압백서 및 신성고혈압백서에서 모두 혈압을 강하시키는 효과가 현저하였는데 혈압강하는 초기 2-4분 동안 최대를 보였으며 혈압강하와 동시에 심박수의 증가 현상이 관찰되었다. 그러나 고려홍삼 비사포닌은 혈압강하효과와 심박수의 증가현상은 사포닌에 비하여 미미 하였다. 고려홍삼 사포닌에 의한 혈압강하 현상과 NO와의 상관관계를 규명하기 위하여 혈중 NO를 측정한 결과 홍삼사포닌은 혈중 NO를 상승시켰다. NO합성효소의 활성도를 측정하기 위하여 $[^{3}H]-L-arginine$의 $[^{3}H]-L-cioulline$으로의 변환률을 측정한 결과 고려홍삼 사포닌에 의하여 NO합성효소의 활성도는 증가하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 고려홍삼은 혈압을 강하시키는 효과가 있으며, 이러한 혈압강하는 주로 사포닌 성분에 의한 것으로 생각된다. 이러한 고려홍삼 혈압강하 현상은 혈중의 NO량을 증가시키는 것에 기인하며 NO의 증가는 NO합성효소의 활성도의 증가에 기인하는것으로 사료된다.