• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.439-447
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• 2020

We investigated the immune restoration activity of Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan-rich extract in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with 80 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide (CP) and orally administered with either drinking water (DW), red ginseng extract (RG), or one of three different doses of Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan-rich extract (DSU02 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg). After 14 days, liver, spleen, and whole blood were isolated from each animal. The frequencies of NK and CD³⁺, CD⁴⁺, and CD⁸⁺ T cells were significantly increased in splenocytes isolated from the DSU02 100 mg/kg and DSU02 150 mg/kg groups (NK1.1+, 5.4% or 4.9% vs 3.8%; CD³⁺, 39.3% or 37.9% vs 32.3%; CD4+, 22% or 20.2% vs 17.4%; CD8+, 12.7% or 11.6% vs 10.1%). NK cytotoxicity was enhanced in the DSU02-fed groups at all doses (CP-treated DW, 93.4%; RG, 107.2%; DSU02 50, 107.3%; DSU02 100, 107.3%; DSU02 150, 107.1%), and the proliferation of T cells (CD³⁺, CD⁴⁺, and CD⁸⁺) was also greater in the DSU02 100 mg/kg and DSU02 150 mg/kg administered groups compared with the unfed group. Plasma concentrations of TNF-α, IgM, and total IgG from the DSU02 150 mg/kg group were also significantly higher compared with the other groups (TNF-α: CP-treated DW - 21.5 pg/ml, DSU02 150 - 47.1 pg/ml; IgM: CP-treated DW - 82.9 ng/ml, DSU02 150 - 110.8 ng/ml; total IgG: CP-treated DW - 114.4 ng/ml, DSU02 150 - 162.7 ng/ml). We suggest that Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan-rich extract could be a promising candidate for a marine natural immune stimulator.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.267-273
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• 1982

Among 12 kinds of ginsenosides in ginseng saponin, ginsenoside-Rb$_1$was contained the most abundantly. But ginsenoside-Rd which is similar to ginsenoside-Rb$_1$in structure, was known to be superior to ginsenoside-Rb$_1$pharmaceutically. In order to convert ginsenoside-Rb$_1$into ginsenoside-Rd by microbial enzyme treatment, a Rhizopus sp. was selected among various strais of molds found in rotten ginseng roots. Enzyme was prepared from the extract of wheat bran koji culture by ammonium sulfate precipitation (1.0 sat'd) and succeeding ammonium sulfate fractionation method (0.6-0.9 sat'd). For the purpose of use as substrate, saponins were purified by the several purification steps from alcohol extract of red ginseng roots. We obtained the total saponin which was composed of 36.5% of ginsenoside Rb$_1$, 12.2% of ginsenoside-Rd and other ginsenosides. For increase of ginsenoside-Rb$_1$ component ratio, we also obtained further purified ginsenoside-Rb group saponin containing 54.5% of ginsenoside-Rb$_1$, 1.1% of ginsenoside- Rd and other ginsenosides from purified the total saponin. In the enzymatic reaction system including the total saponin or the ginsenoside-Rb group saponin, we confirmed the specific conversion of ginsenoside-Rb$_1$to ginsenoside-Rd proportionally and no change of any other ginsenoside patterns by thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.18-27
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• 2016

Background: It is not clear whether ginseng affects cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced desirable immunosuppressive action. In this study, we evaluated the immunological influence of combined treatment of ginseng with CsA. Methods: Using CD4+ T cells from mouse spleens stimulated with the T cell receptor (TCR) or allogeneic antigen-presenting cells (APCs), we examined the differentiation of naïve T cells into T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells (Tregs), and their cytokine production during treatment by Korean Red Ginseng extract (KRGE) and/or CsA. The influence of KRGE on the allogeneic T cell response was evaluated by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). We also evaluated whether signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and STAT5 are implicated in this regulation. Results: Under TCR stimulation, KRGE treatment did not affect the population of CD4+interferon gamma ($IFN{\gamma}$)+ and CD4+interleukin (IL)-4+ cells and their cytokine production compared with CsA alone. Under the Th17-polarizing condition, KRGE significantly reduced the number of CD4+IL-17+ cells and CD4+/phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3)+ cells, but increased the number of CD4+CD25+forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)+ cells and CD4+/p-STAT5+ cells compared with CsA alone. In allogeneic APCs-stimulated CD4+ T cells, KRGE significantly decreased total allogeneic T cell proliferation. Consistent with the effects of TCR stimulation, KRGE reduced the number of CD4+IL-17+ cells and increased the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells under the Th17-polarizing condition. Conclusion: KRGE has immunological benefits through the reciprocal regulation of Th17 and Treg cells during CsA-induced immunosuppression.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.97-105
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• 2024

Objective : This study examined the effects of yaksun recipe on the anti-fatigue and endurance enhancement properties in the forced swimming test (FST). Methods : The treatment groups were divided randomly into three groups: water-treated FST (control), 200 mg/kg of red ginseng-treated FST (RG200), 200 mg/kg of water extract of yaksun recipe-treated FST (YS200). After FST, an autopsy was performed, and the tissue and serum were collected. Results : The swimming exhaustion time in the RG200 and YG200 groups were significantly increased compared to the control group. The YG200 group fatigue indicators, D-Lactate, LDH(lactate dehydrogenase), creatine kinase, and ammonia content, significantly decreased compared to the control group. In addition, liver glycogen content significantly increased in the YG200 and tended to increase in RG200. Likewise, the glucose contents were significantly increased compared to the control group. The muscle damage indicators GPT (glutamic pyruvic transaminase) and BUN (blood urea nitrogen), a protein metabolite, in the YG200 group significantly decreased compared to the control group. Furthermore the concentration of liver lipid peroxidation, MDA(malondialdehyde) levels significantly decreased in the RG200 and YG200 compared to control group. Conclusions : These results suggest that YG200 can increase the endurance exercise capacity by decreasing the fatigue indicators, saving glycogen, and elevating the antioxidant defense system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.209-214
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• 1984

To compare the keeping quality of freeze and spray dried red ginseng extract powders(RGEPs) and commercial dehydrated tea products, particle sizes and initial moisture contents of these products were measured, and the relationships between crude fat contents and moisture contents and/or densities were studied. Particle sires of RGEPs and commercial dehydrated tea products were below 100 mesh, and particle sizes of freeze dried products were higher than those of spray dried products. Initial moisture contents of freeze and spray dried RGEPz were 3.587 and 4.56f, and those of frecze and spray dried coffees were 2.17% and 3.52%, respectively. Crude fat contents of tang and ssanghwa tea were 4.12% and 0.62%, and densities of tang and ssanghwa tea were 0.89 g/ml and 0.59 g/ml, respectively. Absorption rates o( tang and ssanghwa tea were the lowest among these products, it was considered because of crude fat contents of tang and ssanghwa tea were higher than these of the other products, and densities of tang and ssanghwa tea were higher than these of the other products. Notwithstanding absorption rates of RGEPs were lower than those of coffees, to maintain lower keeping quality of RGEPs than that of coffees, it was considered that HGEPs are not only lower to coffees in crude fat contents but also in densities. A sinificant relationships were found between keeping Quality and crude fat content and/or density.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.147-150
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• 1988

Polysaccharides which show reticuloendothelial system potentiating activity in carbon clearance tests have been examined in water extracts of Panx species. From the dried roots of P. notoginseng, an active polysaccharide called sanchinan-A was isolated. The molecular weight of sanchinan-A was estimated to be 1,500,000D and the structure was determined to be $\beta$-D-(1-3-galactan), possessing branch points at positions 0-6 at which (mainly-$\alpha$-L-arabinofuranosyl and partly $\beta$-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-6)-$\beta$-D-galacto-pyranosyl-(1-3)-$\beta$-D-galactopyranosyl side chains are attached on average, to two of three galactosyl units. From dried rhizomes of P. japonicus, several active polysaccharides were also isolated, and these structuers were also determined. From the dried roots of P. ginseng, several polysaccharides which showed strong activity were isolated. The structures of these compounds are currently under investigation. The polysaccharide fraction (non-dialyzed fraction) of the water extract of red ginseng (steam-dried roots) did not exhibit activity, while the dialyzed fraction potentiated RES. Activity disappeared, however, during the process of separation due to the presence of a substance in the fraction which stabilizes an active substance.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.227-236
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• 2020

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (P. ginseng) is known to exert a wide range of pharmacological effects both in vitro and in vivo. Although studies on ginsenoside, antioxidant activity, and anticancer effect of the cultivated wild Panax ginseng (CWP) have been conducted, there is little research on the effect of CWP extract on bone metabolism. In this study, we investigated the potential anti-osteoporotic properties of CWP on the growth and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. CWP significantly increased the viability and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells. CWP activated intracellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in MC3T3-E1 cells. In addition, CWP increased the mineralized nodules in MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, CWP increased the expression of genes such as Runx2, ALP, OPN and OCN associated with osteoblast growth and differentiation in a dose-dependent manner.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.165-173
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• 2005

The main aim of this study was to investigate stress related activities of ginsenosides and their action mechanism. Control group and ginsenoside supplemented groups were exposed to stress while no-stress group was not done. Animals of each group (n=$8\~10$) were orally administerd 100 mg red ginseng extract (R-G), or 10 mg ginsenosides/kg body weight once a day. Animals were given materials for 5 days without stress, and then were given supplements for 5 days with restraint and electroshock stress. Mice were given materials for 5 days for experiments on anti-fatigue effect. After loading final stress, stress-related behavioral changes of experimental animals were examined and plasma corticosterone levels were measured. R-G and ginsenoside $Rb_{1}$ supplementation partially blocked the stress effects on locomotion and elevated plus-maze test in rats and mice. They also partially blocked stress induced behavioral changes such as freezing, smelling, face-washing, rearing behavior in rats. R-G and $Rb_{1}$ decrease adrenal gland size and plasma corticosterone level, which were increased by stress in rats. R-G increased enduring time on the Rota rod, cold water and horizontal wire, but $Rb_{1}$ didn't. Effects of $Rb_{1}$ on plusmaze test were inhibited by administration of flumazenil. These results suggest that $Rb_{1}$ is the main antistress principle in ginseng and it's effect is modulated by GABAnergic nervous system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.150-159
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• 2010

We surveyed 848 university students, $21.4{\pm}2.5$ years of age, attending university in Seoul, Kongju, Chongyang-Gun in the Chungnam province of Korea, for their use of health functional foods (HFF) and for significant variables in this use, namely demographic characteristics, health related variables, dietary variables and nutritional beliefs. The prevalence of the use of HFF was 33.6%. Among all types of HFF, nutritional supplements were taken most frequently, followed by (in order) red ginseng products, apricot extract products and ginseng products. HFF use was higher in females (p<.05), in subjects living in a dormitory (p<.05) and those from families with a relative high socioeconomic status (p<.001). Self-health concern (p<.05) and usage ratio of HFF by family (p<.001) was higher in users than in nonusers of HFF. The total score of dietary assessment was higher in users than in nonusers of HFF (p<.001), and users had a more positive point of view concerning the potential health benefits of HFF than did nonusers (p<.001). Most users took HFF when they were healthy (37.2%) or when they were sick (27.4%). They did not feel special effects through the HFF use (49.8%). Most users got the information about the specifics of HFF from family and/or relatives (55.8%). Most of users confirmed nutrition facts when they purchased the HFF (70.9%), but a considerable number of users could not understand these nutrition facts (48.1%). Users preferred vitamin C- and Ca-supplements most among vitamin mineral supplements belonged to HFF. These results show that the use of HFF is common among university students. As well, the use of HFF by students is affected by various variables. Supplementary nutritional education should be undertaken among university students, in order to give them a reasonable guideline for the use of HFF, based upon influencing factors and usage behaviors that we learned from this survey.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 1984

This study was designed to compare the quality characteristics of freeze and spray dried red ginseng extract powders(RGEPs) by drying methods, which have been required to maintain the stability for the quality. Chemical compositions, major ginsenoside contents and color intensities of these Products were compared by drying conditions. The moisture absorption rates and optical densities also were compared during storage under maltreatment conditions of a various relative humidities (75, 86and 92 RH) and two different temperatures (37 and $50^{\circ}C$). It was found that decreases of total major ginsenosides contents in freeze and spray dried RGEPs were 5.4 % to 6.7 % during storage for 6 months at $37^{\circ}C$, 75 % RH. When these products packaged with inner seal of Al-foil laminate paper (Al-foil; 9 ${\mu}m$) were stored for 6 months at $37^{\circ}C$, 75 % RH. the moisture absorption rates of freeze and spray dried RGEPs were ranged 42 % to 82 %, 8 % to 16 %, respectively. In storage for 6 months at $37^{\circ}C$, 86 % RH, spray dried RGEP was higher in brown pigment($400{\sim}490nm$) than freeze dried RGEP while freeze dried was higher in pyrazine (278 nm), HMF and furfural (285 nm) than spray dried RGEP. It was found that RGEPs showed a strong anti-oxidative activity by electron donating ability to DPPPH, but there was no significant difference between freeze and spray dried RGEPs.