• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.823-838
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• 2003

For many rivers and streams, it has been observed that a single representative discharge may be used to determine the hydraulic geometry of a stable channel. This representative channel forming discharge has been given several names by different researchers, including bankfull, specified recurrence interval, and effective discharge. Therefore, The purpose of this study is to estimate channel forming discharge for study areas using the hydrological characteristic parameters and recording data, and to determine the hydraulic geometry relationships for the relating bankfull dimensions to bankfull discharge. In the Munmak and Seomyun gauging stations, the estimated bankfull discharges are found to have a return period of 1.8 and 1.5 years on the maximum annual series, respectively. The estimated effective discharges at those stations are largely different from bankfull discharges. The hydraulic geometry relationships between bankfull discharge and bankfull width, bankfull depth, velocity, bed slope are established. But the statistical parameters, such as R2, are calculated lower.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.107-126
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• 1996

The Purpose of this study was to build a substantive theory about the experience of postpartum depression. The qualitative research method used was rounded theory. The interviewees were eight others who had experienced postpartum depression. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with audiotape recording done by the investigator over a period of twelve months. he data were analyzed simultaneously by a constant comparative method in which new data were continuously coded into categories and properties according to Strauss and Corbin's methodology. Analysis the grounded data resulted in 28 concepts being identified. Eight categories emerged from the analysis. The categories were regret, loss of freedom, isolation of oneself, heartache, loss, emotional upset, avoidance, recovery. These substantive categories are consistent with precious research results. Causal conditions included : regret, loss of freedom. Phenomena : heartache, loss, emotional upset. Context : isolation oneself. Intervention condition : avoidance. Action/interaction strategies : desire for recovery. Consequences : recovery. These categories were synthesized into the core concept-The process of filling the empty loss of self. The process of the experienced postpartum depression was ① change after delivery, ② searching for a reason for depression, ③ effort to recover from postpartum depression, ④ recovery from postpartum depression and return to previous life. The process of recovery from postpartum depression was proceeded by ① support from others, especially husband, ② resolution of stressful life events, ③ reconstructing of life goals and resolution strategies, ④ acceptance of depression and seeking psychiatric treatment. Seven hypotheses were derived from the analysis. ① Mothers who experienced stressful life event and economic problem are more depressive. ② Mothers who have conflict with parents are more depressive. ③ The more somatic symptoms, the more depression. ④ Social support facilitates recovery from postpartum depression. ⑤ Mothers who have lower self-esteem are more depressive. ⑥ Mother's role overload disturbs recovery from postpartum depression. ⑦ Ideal maternal identity facilitates recovery from postpartum depression. Through this substantive theory, nurses can understand the importance of postpartum depression management.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2014

Purpose: Peri-implantitis, a clinical term describing the inflammatory process that affects the soft and hard tissues around an osseointegrated implant, may lead to peri-implant pocket formation and loss of supporting bone. However, this imprecise definition has resulted in a wide variation of the reported prevalence; ${\geq}10%$ of implants and 20% of patients over a 5- to 10-year period after implantation has been reported. The individual reporting of bone loss, bleeding on probing, pocket probing depth and inconsistent recording of results has led to this variation in the prevalence. Thus, a specific definition of peri-implantitis is needed. This paper describes the vast variation existing in the definition of peri-implantitis and suggests a logical way to record the degree and prevalence of the condition. The evaluation of bone loss must be made within the concept of natural physiological bony remodelling according to the initial peri-implant hard and soft tissue damage and actual definitive load of the implant. Therefore, the reason for bone loss must be determined as either a result of the individual osseous remodelling process or a response to infection. Methods: The most current Papers and Consensus of Opinion describing peri-implantitis are presented to illustrate the dilemma that periodontologists and implant surgeons are faced with when diagnosing the degree of the disease process and the necessary treatment regime that will be required. Results: The treatment of peri-implantitis should be determined by its severity. A case of advanced peri-implantitis is at risk of extreme implant exposure that results in a loss of soft tissue morphology and keratinized gingival tissue. Conclusions: Loss of bone at the implant surface may lead to loss of bone at any adjacent natural teeth or implants. Thus, if early detection of peri-implantitis has not occurred and the disease process progresses to advanced peri-implantitis, the compromised hard and soft tissues will require extensive, skill-sensitive regenerative procedures, including implantotomy, established periodontal regenerative techniques and alternative osteotomy sites.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2017

Background: Every patient who undergoes mandibular third molar surgery is concerned about post-operative pain. Indeed, previous researchers have used various methods to treat such pain. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of sublingual injection of dexamethasone (8 mg) to treat post-operative pain after mandibular third molar surgery. Method: This was a randomized, double-blind, split-mouth, clinical trial, involving 48 healthy patients who required surgical removal of two mandibular third molars with similar bilateral positions. All operations were performed by the same experienced surgeon. The patients were randomized into a study group (8 mg dexamethasone injection) and a placebo group (normal saline injection). Both interventions were injected into the sublingual space immediately after local anesthesia, 30 min before the first incision. The study group received an 8 mg dexamethasone injection, while the placebo group received a normal saline injection. The wash period between the patients' two operations was 3 to 4 weeks. Pain was assessed by recording the number of analgesic tablets (rescue drug) consumed, as well as by noting the patients' responses to the visual analog scale (VAS) on the first, second, and third days after surgery. Results: The study group differed significantly from the placebo group in terms of VAS score and analgesic consumption. Conclusion: Dexamethasone (8 mg), injected sublingually, significantly eased post-operative pain after surgical removal of the mandibular third molar.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.207-220
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to build a substantive theory about the experience of the maternal uncertainty in childhood chronic illness. The qualitative research method used was grounded theory. The interviewees were 12 mothers who have cared for a child who had chronic illness. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with audiotape recording done by the investigator over a period of nine months. The data were analyzed simutaneously by a constant comparative method in which new data were continuously coded into categories and properties according to Strauss and Corbin's methodology. The 34 concepts were identified as a result of analyzing the grounded data. Ten categories emerged from the analysis. The categories were lack of clarity, unpredictability, unfamiliarity, negative change, anxiety, devotion normalization and burn-out. Causal conditions included : lack of clarity, unpredictability, unfamiliarity and change ; central phenomena : anxiety, being perplexed ; context. seriousness of illness, support ; intervening condition : belief action/interaction strategies devotion, overprotection ; consequences : normalization, burn-out. These categories were synthesized into the core concept-anxiety. The process of experiencing uncertainty was 1) Entering the world of uncertainty, 2) Struggling in the tunnel of uncertainty, 3) Reconstruction of the situation of uncertainty. Four hypotheses were derived from the analysis : (1) The higher the lack of clarity, unpredictability, unfamiliaity, change, the higher the level of uncertainty (2) The more serious the illness and the less the support, the higher the level of uncertainty. (3) The positive believes will influence the devoted care and normalization of the family life. Through this substantive theory, pediatric nurses can understand the process of experiencing maternal uncertainty in childhood chronic illness. Further research to build substantive theories to explain other uncertainties may contribute to a formal theory of how normalization is achieved in the family with chronically ill child.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.383-389
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• 2016

Objective: In this paper, work time for the representative fruit crops are collected and analyzed using time-diary method, and the collected data were compared with the directly observed work time using GPS device. Background: There is no consistent conclusion which measurement method for work time is accurate. Most of the research results were collected from the environment other than rural area. Therefore, there is need to review reliability of the measurement methods for the agricultural work which are carried out for a long duration. Method: Top five crops (apple, pear, grape, sweet persimmon, and peach) were selected according to the number of farms and cultivation areas. We let fruit growers fill a work diary during one cropping period. A difference between the work-time that was recorded by the farmers and the direct observed worktime using GPS device were analyzed. Results: Average direct work time for the five fruit crops found to be 7.1% of the total work time. Conclusions and Applications: Reliability was secured by recording the daily work diary at each work stage while aware that direct observation is carried on. Data which are being collected by government institutions are obtained by the memories of the respondents. Therefore, it is needed to try the method adopted by this study in order to collect more accurate data.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.121-129
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• 2013

Purpose: The present study has two aims; firstly, it attempts to verify the presence of oxidative stress by estimating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in periodontal pockets ${\geq}5$ mm as compared to controls. The second aim is to evaluate the effect of lycopene as a locally delivered antioxidant gel on periodontal health and on the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of oxidative injury. Methods: Thirty-one subjects participated in this study. In the pretreatment phase, the ROS levels in pockets ${\geq}5$ mm were measured by flow cytometry. Three sites in each subject were randomly assigned into each of the following experimental groups: sham group, only scaling and root planing (SRP) was done; placebo group, local delivery of placebo gel after SRP; and lycopene group, local delivery of lycopene gel after SRP. Clinical parameters included recording site-specific measures of GCF 8-OHdG, plaque, gingivitis, probing depth, and clinical attachment level. Results: The gel, when delivered to the sites with oxidative stress, was effective in increasing clinical attachment and in reducing gingival inflammation, probing depth, and 8-OHdG levels as compared to the placebo and sham sites. Conclusions: From this trial conducted over a period of 6 months, it was found that locally delivered lycopene seems to be effective in reducing the measures of oxidative stress and periodontal disease.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.183-190
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• 1993

It is desirable to utilize the result after studying the rainfall characteristics including the latest observation data in the districts for the sake of establishment of the more accurate plans for drainage or plans for hydraulic stuctures because the rainfall phenomena are different in their characteristics by regional groups and if we make a meteorological observation for a long period of time, the rainfall characteristics also change a great deal as compared with the preceding years. Therefore, we selected only the annual maximum rainfall from the self-recording rain gauge of the main rainfall observation station (Cheju, Sogwipo, Songsanpo) in the Cheju districts in the last twenty years, extracted the rainfall by actual measurement by the rainfall duration, and induced the optimal probable rainfall-intensity formulas by regional groups in the Cheju districts, taking advantage of the rainfall formulas being in wide use in general, that is, Talbot type, Sherman type, Japanese type, and new Semi-log type. As the result, the return periods at Cheju station appeared to be three years to five years and the optimal probable rainfall-intensity formula at Cheju station, Japanese type and outside the city, Talbot type; Sogwipo, Sherman type; Songsanpo, Talbot type respectively.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.137-149
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• 2006

The typhoon, heavy rain, blizzard, storm and heavy snowfall had the main caused of natural disasters occurred in Korea from 1993 to 2002. Among them, typhoon has responsible for biggest disaster, recording about 47.4% of total economic damage. Typhoons concentrated mostly in the months from June to October. The average occurrence number in those months ranged from 3.9 to 5.5 based on 30 years of record(1971-2000). However, the numbers increased from 4.0 to 6.2 during the most recent 10 years(1991-2000). Jeju province, among others in Korea, was most frequently affected by typhoon which occurred 23 times during the period of 1991-2000. Typhoons which occurred from July to early August have passed mostly through the west of Jeju, whereas, those of late August to September have passed through the center and eastern sea area of Jeju. The typhoons 'Ramasun' and 'Rusa' caused severe damage in Jeju area in September 2003 and the surge heights were +39cm and +77cm, respectively. The main cause of the damage was surge height which was highly associated with the tidal phase at the time of typhoon passage. The damage caused by typhoon on the aquaculture, fishing boat and harbor cosatline wall around Jeju Island which was amounted to be 417 billion won(\) during the recent 3 years(2002-2004)

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.39-51
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• 1979

In introducing and applying the budget management system, the question of how to establish management structure(skelton) representing budget management responsible unit is significantly related to the degree of accuracy and analysis on the performance measurement of standard work unit. We have the following rational process of establishing performance measurement of budget management System ; 1) Standardization of work method 2) Establishment of management structure 3) Institution of budget management system. Especially, this system is based on a premise of efficiency of objectives management, it is assumed that performance measurement in the standard work unit must be enforced according to the basis and categories of performance evaluation based on the evaluating work unit. Therefore, most of all, the following three detail questions(subjects) are to be determined in order to rationalize these above principles to a maximum possible extent of performance measurement system. First, we established respective performance standard unit with respect to such detailed work unit, performance standard unit of which were accurately applicable directly from using the budget ana objectives account data and their supplementary data of the work measurement techniques. Second, by using the above mentioned question, over all evaluation and suggestion are made based on the study of the recording for each work unit development, budget management and production nit (volume of production) Third, the measurement of performance of budget management system is based on the principle of standard work unit, compared with the standard basis and actual work unit by period and activities unit and calculated percentage effectiveness according to the above procedure. and so evaluated the efficiency of performance measurement on the budget management system.