• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.22-43
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• 2023

This paper deals with the stone standing Avalokitesvara statue in Jeonghyesa Temple that was created by Mangong in 1924. The stone standing Avalokitesvara statue of Jeonghyesa Temple is the earliest extant Buddha statue produced by Mangong, and symbolism was given to Jeonghyesa in the process of its reconstruction. So far, there has been no study that has approached ideas and beliefs through Buddhist studies led by Mangong and specific relics. In order to proceed with this study, Mangong's legal words and anecdotes and newspaper articles during the Japanese colonial era were used to trace the dynamics of Jeonghyesa and Sudeoksa during Mangong's reign, and to investigate the effects obtained from the creation of the large Bodhisattva statue and the meaning of its location. In addition, an interview was attempted with the descendants of master, who were in charge of the sculpture at the time, to confirm the exact construction period and the list of craftsmen. It is judged that the stone standing Bodhisattva statue of Gwanchoksa Temple has been influenced by the double covering and square crown seen in the standing stone statue of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva of Jeonghyesa Temple, the large hands compared to the body, the proportion between the head and the body, and the sense of enormity felt in the body like a stone pillar. Therefore, we looked at how the standing stone Bodhisattva statue of Gwanchoksa Temple, which was produced in the early Goryeo Dynasty, could have influenced the creation of the Bodhisattva statue in the modern period. A multilateral analysis was attempted on how the image of the Gwanchoksa Bodhisattva statue, which was used as a symbol representing Chungcheongnam-do in the Chosun Exposition held in 1929 and the visit to Gwanchoksa Temple, which began with the laying of the railroad during the Japanese colonial period, was used from the viewpoint of the succession and transformation of the style. With this study as an opportunity, it is hoped that the understanding of the prehistoric Mangong representing the modern period and the horizon of Korean Buddhist sculpture research in the modern period will be broadened.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.72-77
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• 2012

Phase Contrast MR Angiography(PC MRA) is excellent MRA technique for measuring the velocity of vessels in the human body. PC MRA need to at least four images for angiogram reconstruction and it caused longer scan time. Therefore, we used keyhole imaging combined PC MRA to reduce the scan time. However, keyhole imaging can lead the erroneous effects as loss of phase information or frequency discontinuous. In this study, we applied the keyhole imaging combined 2D PC MRA for improving the temporal resolution and also measured the velocity to evaluate the accuracy of phase information. We used 0.32T MRI scanner(Magfinder II, Scimedix, Korea). Using the 2D PC MRA pulse sequence, the vascular images for a human brain targeted on the Superior Sagittal Sinus(SSS) were obtained. We applied tukey window function for keyhole images to minimize the ringing artifact and erroneous factors that are induced frequency discontinuous and phase information loss. We also applied zero-padded algorithm to peripheral missing k-space lines to compare keyhole imaging results and the artifact power(AP) value was measured on the complex difference images to validate the image quality. Consider as based on our results, heavy image distortions and artifacts were shown until using at least 50% keyhole factor. Using above the 50% keyhole factors are shown well reconstructed and matched for magnitude images and velocity information measurements. In conclusion, we confirmed the image quality and velocity information of keyhole technique combined 2D PC MRA. Especially, measured velocity information through the keyhole imaging combination was similar to the velocity information of full sampled k-space image despite of frequency discontinuous and phase information loss in the keyhole imaging reconstruction process. Consequently, the keyhole imaging combined 2D PC MRA will give some clinical usefulness and advantages as improving the temporal resolution and measuring the velocity information via selecting the appropriate keyhole factor at low tesla MRI system.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.73-78
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• 2012

Purpose: Understanding exactly detailed anatomy and morphology of scapula is very important for further surgical procedures. This study was intended to provide accurate anatomic and morphologic information of scapula by exactly measuring scapular thickness using computed tomography and reconstructing its geometric model. Materials and Methods: Eight average lengths and two angles of 102 scapular structures obtained from 51 cadavers were generally measured by computed tomography. Also, to measure the scapular thickness, sagittal planes of each scapula were divided almost equally and the thicknesses of each sagittal plane was measured by computed tomography. After measuring every thickness, average results were calculated and the gender difference was compared by Student t-test. Results: Average results of the thickness of glenoid fossa, lateral border, medial border, and the middle 1/3 portion of the scapular body were 22.4 mm, 13.83 mm, 4.44 mm and 2.06 mm, respectively. Also, male scapulars were found to be significantly thicker than female. Based on these measured thicknesses, we reconstructed the 3-dimensional geometric model of scapula. Conclusion: From these results, glenoid fossa and lateral border were the thickest part of scapula, while the middle 1/3 portion of the scapular was the thinnest.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2001.03a
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• pp.22-22
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• 2001

To produce reconstituted rabbit embryos with fetal fibroblasts, the present study was evaluated the efficiencies of the different fusion and activation conditions as assessments of subsequent development and chromosome in the embryos. New Zealand White rabbits were used throughout the study. Fetal fibroblasts collected from 22-d of fetuses were cultured in DMEM ＋ 10% FBS in 5% $CO_2$ in air. The culture was maintained for 10 passages. In every passage half of cell suspension were kept In frozen. From rabbits treated with FSH in 30% PVP solution and hCG, oocytes were surgically collected from oviducts at 14 h post-hCG injection and stripped off their cumulus cells by re-pipetting in a 300 IU hyaluronidase solution. Oocytes with an extruded first polar body and dense cytoplasm were enucleated by micromanipulation in Ham's F-10 medium＋7.5 g/$m\ell$ cytochalasin B. Euncleation was confirmed under a fluorescence microscope after staining with 5 g/$m\ell$ bisbenzimide for 2 min. Each enucleated oocyte was injected with a fetal fibroblast into a perivitelline space. Reconstructed eggs were compared fusion rates either at 2.0 ㎸/cm or 1.6 ㎸/cm(60 sec, double pulses). After fusion, all eggs were activated with the combination of 5 M ionomycin (5 min) and 10 g/$m\ell$ cycloheximide (CHX, 3h), and cultured in CRlaa medium and transferred into TCM199＋10% FBS on day 3. Although there was not significantly differ in fusion rate between treatments (60%, 2.0 ㎸/cm vs. 79.4%, 1.6 ㎸/cm), none of them in the eggs fused with 2.0 ㎸/cm developed to blastocyst. In comparison of development and chromosome status between different activation treatments (Group 1; 5 M ionomycin/10 g/$m\ell$ CHX, Group 2; 5 M ionomycin/5 g/$m\ell$ CHX ＋ 2 mM DMAP after fusion with 1.6 ㎸/cm), there were not differ in cleavage and development rates (67.3% and 28.9% in Group 1; 67% and 33% in Group 2). All out of 8 embryos evaluated in Group 1 appeared a normal diploid chromosome sets and mean number of cells (Mean SEM) on day 4.5 of culture was 141.5 23.15 (n=8). It can be concluded that the use of cycloheximide has not happened in chromosome abnormalities, and fetal fibroblasts can be used for cloning in rabbit.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of visualizing soft tissue lesions and vascular structures using contrast-enhanced cone-beam computed tomography (CE-CBCT) after the intravenous administration of a contrast medium in an animal model. Materials and Methods: CBCT was performed on six rabbits after a contrast medium was administered using an injection dose of 2 mL/kg body weight and an injection rate of 1 mL/s via the ear vein or femoral vein under general anesthesia. Artificial soft tissue lesions were created through the transplantation of autologous fatty tissue into the salivary gland. Volume rendering reconstruction, maximum intensity projection, and multiplanar reconstruction images were reconstructed and evaluated in order to visualize soft tissue contrast and vascular structures. Results: The contrast enhancement of soft tissue was possible using all contrast medium injection parameters. An adequate contrast medium injection parameter for facilitating effective CE-CBCT was a 5-mL injection before exposure combined with a continuous 5-mL injection during scanning. Artificial soft tissue lesions were successfully created in the animals. The CE-CBCT images demonstrated adequate opacification of the soft tissues and vascular structures. Conclusion: Despite limited soft tissue resolution, the opacification of vascular structures was observed and artificial soft tissue lesions were visualized with sufficient contrast to the surrounding structures. The vascular structures and soft tissue lesions appeared well delineated in the CE-CBCT images, which was probably due to the superior spatial resolution of CE-CBCT compared to other techniques, such as multislice computed tomography.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1256-1264
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• 2016

Adrenergic, alpha-1B-, receptor (ADRA1B) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 beta (PPARGC1B) genes are involved in regulation of hen ovarian development. In this study, these two genes were investigated as possible molecular markers associated with hen-housed egg production, egg weight (EW) and body weight in Chinese Dagu hens. Samples were analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) technique, followed by sequencing analysis. Two novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified within the candidate genes. Among them, an A/G transition at base position 1915 in exon 2 of ADRA1B gene and a T/C mutation at base position 6146 in the 3'- untranslated region (UTR) of PPARGC1B gene were found to be polymorphic and named SNP A1915G and T6146C, respectively. The SNP A1915G (ADRA1B) leads to a non-synonymous substitution (aspartic acid 489-to-glycine). The 360 birds from the Dagu population were divided into genotypes AA and AG, allele A was found to be present at a higher frequency. Furthermore, the AG genotype correlated with significantly higher hen-housed egg production (HHEP) at 30, 43, 57, and 66 wks of age and with a higher EW at 30 and 43 wks (p<0.05). For the SNP T6146C (PPARGC1B), the hens were typed into TT and TC genotypes, with the T allele shown to be dominant. The TC genotype was also markedly correlated with higher HHEP at 57 and 66 wks of age and EW at 30 and 43 wks (p<0.05). Moreover, four haplotypes were reconstructed based on these two SNPs, with the AGTC haplotype found to be associated with the highest HHEP at 30 to 66 wks of age and with higher EW at 30 and 43 wks (p<0.05). Collectively, the two SNPs identified in this study might be used as potential genetic molecular markers favorable in the improvement of egg productivity in chicken breeding.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.430-437
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• 2010

It is essential for living donor liver transplantation that surgeon must understand the hepatic vessel structure to improve the success rate of operation. In this paper, we extract the liver boundary without other surrounding structures such as heart, stomach, and spleen using the contrast enhanced MDCT liver image sequence. After that, we extract the major hepatic veins (left, middle, right hepatic vein) with morphological filter after review the basic structure of hepatic vessel which reside in segmented liver image region. The purpose of this study is provide the overall status of transplantation operation with size estimation of resection part which is dissected along with the middle hepatic vein. The method of liver extraction is as follows: firstly, we get rid of background and muscle layer with gray level distribution ratio from sampling process. secondly, the coincident images match with unit mesh image are unified with resulted image using the corse coordinate of liver and body. thirdly, we extract the final liver image after expanding and region filling. Using the segmented liver images, we extract the hepatic vessels with morphological filter and reversed the major hepatic vessels only with a results of ascending order of vessel size. The 3D reconstructed views of hepatic vessel are generated after applying the interpolation to provide the smooth view. These 3D view are used to estimate the dissection line after identify the middle hepatic vein. Finally, the volume of resection region is calculated and we can identify the possibility of successful transplantation operation.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2012

Efficient oocyte activation is a key step for the success of nuclear transfer in cloning. Ionomycin sequentially combined with 6-DMAP is now widely used to activate normal oocytes for analytical studies of oocyte activation and to activate reconstructed oocytes after nuclear transfer. The present study investigated sources of oocytes, duration of ionomycin and 6-DMAP, laser and electric stimulation in goat oocyte activation in order to optimize the protocols. Goat ovaries were collected in individual abattoirs during the breeding season and were delivered to the laboratory within 6 h in saline with 100 IU/ml streptomycin and 0.05 mg/ml penicillin. The oocytes were denuded from the cumulus cell by pipetting with 0.2% hyaluronidase in PBS at 20~22 hr post maturation. Oocytes with the polar body were selected and assigned to four groups for parthenogenetic activation. To examine the effect of duration of ionomycin treatment, oocytes after 20~22 hr of maturation were treated with 2.5 uM ionomycin for 1 or 5 min times and then cultured in 2 mM 6-DMAP for 2 or 4 hr. The activated oocytes were cultured in mSOF at $38.5^{\circ}C$ in $CO_2$ 5%, $O_2$ 5% and $N_2$ 90% multi incubator. Cleavage and blastocyst development was observed at 48 hr and day 8 of culture $in$ $vitro$, respectively. Activation rates of oocytes exposed to ionomycin for 1 min(86.4%) were significantly higher than those treated for 5 min(74.3%) duration. This indicated that 1 min ionomycin treatment was most suitable for activation of goat oocytes. The duration of 6-DMAP treat duration was in 2 mM 6-DMAP for 2 hr after 1 min exposure to 2.5 uM ionomycin. The activation rate of oocytes incubated in 6-DMAP for 2 hour(82.5%) was significantly higher than those in oocytes treated with 4 hr(75.5%).

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.572-576
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• 2008

Gorham-Stout disease is a rare skeletal disease which is progressive and spontaneous and idiopathic resorption of whole body bone. In the initial stage, the osteolytic site is replaced by histologically benign vascular proliferation without new bone formation and finally by dense fibrous tissues. We encountered with a patient involving the mandible with attention by the clinical, radiographic, scintigraphic, angiographic, and computed tomography. We resected the mandibular lesion which was reconstructed with a fibular free flap. We report literature review with a mandibular lesion involved with Gorham-Stout disease.

• Journal of Oriental Physiology
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• v.14 no.2 s.20
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• pp.157-178
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• 1999

In terms of the bolt-leaf-hanges in Three-yum and Three yang I referd to successive medical books and many recent literatures on the basis of Huangjenegeong Somun Treatise on the Darting and meeting of Yin and yang, thus considerd concept of successive commentators about the bolt-leaf-hanges in Three-yum and Three yang and reconstructed and systeamtically arranged the bolt-leaf-hanges's interrelationship, yum-yang's relation and movement of six chnnel, and then studied there trinciple in all the universe apply the body and the process is operated by the bolt-leaf-hanges in the trinciples followed in human make his life adaption environment. The process is operated by the bolt-leaf-hanges in Three-yum and Three yang. The trinciples followed in. Firstly, Three-yum and Three yang is not dirrerentiate by many, middle, little of yum-yanggi's different function & role. Secondly, Three-yum and Three yang is negatively related white showing that there is the bolt-leaf-hanges relationship through space of Three-yum and Three yang. Through internal relationship of Three yum channel & Three yang channel, it can be proven that Three-yum and Three yang is in negative relation and through achieving the bolt-leaf-hanges relation in dimensional concept, it can be proven that it can actually be applied to human. Thirdly, by showing Three-yum and Three yang's the bolt-leaf-hanges relation is relation between Three yum & Three yang as well as negative relation, it can be shown that Three-yum and Three yang's the bolt-leaf-hanges activity is circular, and that it maintains itself through appropriate transformation. Fourth, understanding of Three-yum and Three yang's the bolt-leaf-hanges relationship and yum-yang Concern & six channer's activity has been varied. It means that the understanding is affected by socity, philosophical & research culture of the various times. The purpose has been to systematically arrange and diagnosing Three-yum and Three yang's the bolt-leaf-hanges and thus make up a fundamental for recognition. But, further study should be carried out on medical explanation on the bolt-leaf-hanges and interpretation and operation of the bolt-leaf-hanges in O-UnYukKiron.