• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제56권10호
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• pp.417-423
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• 2013

Vitamin D is an essential component of bone and mineral metabolism; its deficiency causes growth retardation and skeletal deformities in children and osteomalacia and osteoporosis in adults. Hypovitaminosis D (vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency) is observed not only in adults but also in infants, children, and adolescents. Previous studies suggest that sufficient serum vitamin D levels should be maintained in order to enhance normal calcification of the growth plate and bone mineralization. Moreover, emerging evidence supports an association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels and immune function, respiratory diseases, obesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, infection, allergy, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases in pediatric and adolescent populations. The risk factors for vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency in the pediatric population are season (winter), insufficient time spent outdoors, ethnicity (non-white), older age, more advanced stage of puberty, obesity, low milk consumption, low socioeconomic status, and female gender. It is recommended that all infants, children, and adolescents have a minimum daily intake of 400 IU ($10{\mu}g$) of vitamin D. Since the vitamin D status of the newborn is highly related to maternal vitamin D levels, optimal vitamin D levels in the mother during pregnancy should be maintained. In conclusion, given the important role of vitamin D in childhood health, more time spent in outdoor activity (for sunlight exposure) and vitamin D supplementation may be necessary for optimal health in infants, children, and adolescents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.523-532
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• 2022

비타민 C는 체내에서 중요한 항산화제 역할을 한다. 그러나 비타민 C와 다양한 대사 질환과의 관련성은 보고되었지만, 비타민 C의 섭취량, 체내 저장량, 항산화를 비롯한 체내 기능 사이의 관계를 용량-반응 관계를 연구한 것은 거의 없다. 따라서 비타민 C의 섭취 기준은 비타민 C 섭취량이 혈장 농도와 백혈구들의 포화도의 변화에 미치는 정도와, 이것이 항산화 능력과 대사성질환의 위험도에 미치는 영향을 고려하여 설정하였다. 2020 한국인 비타민 C 섭취 기준을 설정할 때 그 기준은 2015년의 설정 기준에서 변한 것은 없지만 연령별 표준체중의 변경을 반영하여 다시 계산하여 개정하였다. 2017년 이후부터 건강기능식품을 섭취하는 사람들이 증가하면서 비타민 C를 평균섭취량보다 적게 섭취하는 성인은 약 10%였으나, 청소년과 노인기에서는 평균섭취량보다 적게 섭취하는 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 비타민 C 보충제의 섭취량이 증가하고 있어서 비타민 C의 섭취가 과잉인 사람들의 비율도 증가하고 있다. 흡연자나 대사질환 등 만성 질환을 가진 사람들에서 비타민 C의 필요량 증가에 대한 별도의 기준을 정하는 것이 필요하다는 의견도 있지만, 이것을 뒷받침할 만한 과학적 근거가 부족하여 기준을 설정하지는 않았다. 결과적으로 추후 한국인을 대상으로 한 흡연자, 대사질환 환자에서 비타민 C의 섭취 기준을 설정에 관련된 연구와, 보충제로 인한 비타민 C의 과잉 섭취와 다른 영양소와의 상호 작용 등에 대한 연구가 필요하겠다.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.107-117
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the nutrients intakes, blood pressure, and correlations between these two factors in Korean rural adults(60 men, 60 women). Nutrients intakes were measured by analyzing with CAN Pro after weighing the each diets of the subjects had for 24 hours. We measured body mass index(BMI), waist to hip ratio(WHR), and fat content in the body besides blood pressure, and considered their relationship with blood pressure. This examination includes collections and analysis of serum and urine, and considers the correlations between blood pressure and serum or urinary factors. These results were as follows ; 1) The mean ages of men and women were 50.$\pm$12.6 and 46.0$\pm$12.5, respectively. The percentage of hypertensive was higher in men(43%) than in women(37%). 2) The values of WHR, body water and lean body mass were higher in men and the value of body fat was higher in women. Weight, BMI, waist or hip circumferences, and WHR were correlated with blood pressure in these subjects. 3) Though the levels of serum triglyceride, sodium, potassium and iron levels were higher in men and urinary Na was higher in women, these factors didn't showed any significant correlations with blood pressure in both sexes. 4) The values of calcium and vitamin B$_2$ intake in men and women, and of iron intake in women didn't meet the Korean recommended allowances(RDA). Animal protein and Na intakes were negatively correlated with blood pressure. These results showed that the levels of calcium and vitamin B$_2$ intake in both sexes and iron intake in women were lower than those of RDA, and weight, BMI, waist or hip circumferences and WHR were significantly correlated with blood pressure. Therefore we suggest that the farmers of this research need to increase intake of nutrients like calcium and vitamin B$_2$ and control the weight.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.476-484
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the anthropometric data, nutrient intakes and serum profiles in premenopausal and postmenopausal women living in Gyeonggi-do Province, Republic of Korea. The subjects were 49 premenopausal women and 63 postmenopausal women who are not taking any hormone or cardiovascular drugs. Anthropometric measurements were taken by a trained practitioner and the data for dietary intakes were obtained by a 24-hour recall method. Serum samples were collected and analyzed for the total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG) and lipoprotein fractions. The mean age of the premenopausal women was $45.17{\pm}3.28$ years and that of the postmenopausal women was 2$62.5{\pm}4.14$ years. The height and weight were $157.86{\pm}$4.35 cm, $58.75{\pm}6.01$ kg in premenopausal women and $156.42{\pm}3.62$ cm, $57.63{\pm}5.38$ kg in postmenopausal women, respectively. WHR (waist hip ratio) in postmenopausal women was significantly higher than that of premenopausal women (p<0.05). There were no differences between the pre-and postmenopausal women in the intakes of energy, protein, fat, Ca, Fe, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, vitamin C and vitamin E. However carbohydrate and Na intakes in postmenopausal women were significantly higher than those of premenopausal women. In postmenopausal women, Ca intake was below and Na intake was extremely high considering KDRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans). Serum triglyceride in postmenopausal women was positively correlated with age, BMI (body mass index) and WHR. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride in postmenopausal women showed significantly negative correlations with fiber intake. These results suggest that it is necessary to help postmenopausal women maintain a healthy body weight. Postmenopausal women needs to increase Ca (calcium) intakes and diet quality by decreasing the intakes of Na (sodium). In addition, an adequate intakes of fiber is recommended for postmenopausal women to prevent cardiovascular disease.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.306-318
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• 2003

This study was performed to investigate the dietary attitudes and nutrient intakes of nurses. A total of 291 nurses working at hospitals in the Kyungnam area participated in the study. The general characteristics and dietary attitudes of the subjects were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire, and nutrient intakes was examined using one-day 24-hour recall method. The results were as follows : 67.7 percent of the subjects were nurses, 32.3% were nursing assistants. Average age of the subjects was 26.9 years old, average nursing experience was 5.7 years, and 70.7% of the subjects graduated from junior college. The rates of shift work (45.4%) and non-shift work (54.6%) were similar, and 91.5% of subjects worked on a three-shift a day schedule. The average nutrition knowledge score was 14.3 $\pm$ 2.5 out of a possible 20 points. Most of the nurses had experienced dietary problems such as skipping meals and overeating. Sixty-eight point three percent of the nurses had breakfast less than 3 times a week, and the main reason for skipping meals was a lack of time. Most of the nurses (74.1%) didn't exercise regularly. The average score on dietary habits was 55.6 out of 100, and most of the subjects belonged to the‘fair’group in terms of dietary habits. Married nurses, and those over 31 years of age, scored significantly higher on dietary habits than unmarried nurses, and those under 25 years of age (p < 0.001), and the scores significantly increased with increasing age. Mean daily carbohydrate and fat intake was 231.5 $\pm$ 66.1 g, 41.1 $\pm$ 18.8 g, and cholesterol and crude fiber intake was 238.2 $\pm$ 184.6 mg, 5.2 $\pm$ 2.0 g. respectively. Compared with the recommended allowances, the energy (1560.0 $\pm$ 448.5 kcal), calcium (453.8 $\pm$ 222.3 mg) iron (10.6 $\pm$ 7.6 mg), vitamin A (658.5 $\pm$ 538.1 R.E) and vitamin B$_2$ (0.96 $\pm$ 0.5 mg) figures were below the Korean RDA, and the protein (65.9 $\pm$ 31.0 g), vitamin B, (1.14 $\pm$ 0.5 mg), vitamin C (143.2 $\pm$ 119.6 mg), niacin (14.4 $\pm$ 6.3 mg) and phosphorus (958.1 $\pm$ 352.1 mg) figures were above the Korean RDA. The average carbohydrate, protein, fat ratio of energy intake was 60：17：23. The intake ratio of Ca and P showed an unbalance of 1：2. The dietary habits had a positive correlation (p < 0.001) with nutrition intake except vitamin A and vitamin C. Therefore, In order to improve overall dietary behavior and nutritional status, systematic nutrition education programs should be developed.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.46-56
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• 1999

A deep understanding of the dietary patterns and nutrient intake is important for assessment of possilbe nutritional risk and for establishing nutrition improvement strategies. This study was conducted toexamine the dietary characteristics of a nutritionally poor elderly group compared to the middle-and highly-nourished group. Elderly participant was recruited from local elderly centers in Suwon city in 1998. Trained dietitians interviewed 119 elderly(35 males, 84 females) aged 60 years and over for collecting dietary data(24-hour recall) and related variables. Male and female subjects were grouped into high, middle, and low according to the mean nutrient adequancy ratio(MAR) tertiles. An analysisof the percentage of RDA(Recommended Daily Allowances of Korea) for each of the 10 nutrients showed that the male low-MAR group consumed below the RDA in all kinds of nutrients, and the female low-MAR group consumed nutrients below the RDA except vitamin C. An evaluation of nutrient density by Index of Nutritonal Quality(INQ) also showed a similar tendency. Thus, the INQ level of the male low-MAR group was significantly lower than the middle-or high-MAR group, especially in protein, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, and phosphorus(p<0.05). Moreover, INQ level of female low-MAR group was significantly lower than that of the high group(p<0.05) in all nutrients. The female low-MAR group's daily food intake were also lower than those of the high-MARgroup in gains, fish, fruits, oil and beverages. The energy distribution from carbohydrates, fats and proteins showed that the male low-MAR group had significantly higher carbohydrate and lower fat proportions compared to each gender high-MAR group, respectively. The male and female low-MAR group had low scores about eating all side dishes. These findings indicate that a moderate increase of the meat/egg/fishes intake was needed by the male low-MAR group for improving nutrition adequacy, and an overall increase of the food quantity and quality was desired for the female low-MAR group. These data could be used for planning a community elderly nutrition program and establishing strategies for tailored guidelines for the individuals.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.34-45
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• 2013

This study was conducted to obtain data and offer advice regarding dietary intake at kindergarten and to recommend dietary habits to prevent childhood obesity. The study was conducted in 85 children aged 4 to 5 years. Body weight and height, dietary intakes of lunch served at Kindergarten and questionnaires for dietary behaviors in Kyeongnam area were studied. All subjects were classified by their weight-length index (WLI). According to the standard WLI values, 41.2% of the children were within the normal value ($90{\leq}$WLI<110), 23.5% of the children were overweight ($110{\leq}$WLI<120), and 35.3% of the children were obese ($WLI{\geq}120$). The mean energy intake at lunch for kindergarteners was $287.1{\pm}13.4$ kcal in the normal group, $307.6{\pm}10.2$ kcal in the overweight group and $323.7{\pm}8.6$ kcal in the obese group. The percent energy of estimated energy requirement (EER) was 21.8%. The intake of protein, iron, zinc, vitamin A, and pyridoxine were significantly different by WLI (P<0.05). A comparison of nutrients in the lunch menu provided with those of 1/3 recommended intake (RI) showed that preschoolers took in fewer calories, calcium, and vitamin $B_2$, and that their deficiency rates were high (81.2%, 76.5% and 70.6% of recommended levels, respectively). There was a significant difference in the preference of fruits and milk and dairy products by WLI. Therefore, a nutritional education program and new guidance in the proper nutrition management for kindergarteners should be developed to enhance nutritional status during childhood.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.507-516
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at evaluating the dietary intakes of Korean adolescents affected by food insecurity, in comparison with those who were food secure. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study used one day 24-hour dietary recall data from the $6^{th}$ Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study subjects consisted of 1,453 adolescents of whom 695 were middle school-aged and 758 were high school-aged. Food security status was assessed using the 18-item questionnaire. Nutrient intake was evaluated in terms of nutrient density, insufficient intake, and excessive intake for selected nutrients, in addition to meeting the appropriate range for total energy intake and energy intakes from carbohydrate, sugar, protein, fat, and saturated fatty acids. Food intake was evaluated in terms of food group servings and dietary diversity score (DDS). RESULTS: The percentages of food insecurity were 11.1% for middle school-aged adolescents and 16.8% for high school-aged adolescents. Food insecure middle school-aged adolescents had higher intake of carbohydrate (P = 0.006) but lower intake of fat (P = 0.010) and saturated fatty acids (P = 0.005) than their food secure counterparts although the intake of both groups was in the recommended ranges. Nutrient intake among high school-aged adolescents was generally similar regardless of food security status. Both food secure and insecure adolescents showed insufficient intake of vitamin A, vitamin C, and calcium, and excessive sodium intake. They additionally had low prevalence of meeting appropriate intake ranges for energy, carbohydrate, and sugar. Food intake in terms of food group servings and DDS was also similar regardless of food security status among both age groups, with low intakes of foods from fruit and dairy groups. CONCLUSIONS: Except for a few nutrients among the middle school-aged adolescents, dietary intakes among Korean adolescents did not differ by food security status in this study.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.577-595
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 2007 KNHANES 식이섭취자료를 우리나라 일반 연구자들이 많이 사용하는 CAN-Pro 3.0 NDB를 이용하여 재분석함으로써, NDB 차이에 따른 영양소 섭취결과의 차이를 평가하고 지금까지 계산되지 않았던 아연, 비타민 B$_6$, 엽산, 비타민 E, 콜레스테롤 섭취량과 급원식품을 분석하였으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 단백질과 비타민 C를 제외한 모든 영양소에서 두 NDB를 사용하여 계산한 영양소 섭취량이 유의적인 차이를 보였으나 (p < 0.001) 일부 영양소를 제외하고 0.75$\sim$0.99 사이의 높은 상관관계를 가지고 있었다 (p < 0.001). 2) 두 방법으로 계산한 결과의 차이가 섭취량의 5% 이내인 것은 에너지, 단백질, 비타민 B$_2$, 비타민 C, 철분이었으며 일곱 개의 영양소가 5$\sim$10%, 4가지 영양소가 10% 이상의 비교적 큰 차이를 보였다. 두 방법 간의 차이에 대해서 6가지 영양소에서 연령 군, 성별, 혹은 연령과 성의 교호작용이 유의적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다 (p < 0.05). 3) 본 연구에서 CAN-Pro 3.0 NDB를 이용하여 2007 KNHANES 대상자들의 아연, 비타민 B$_6$, 엽산, 비타민 E, 콜레스테롤 섭취량을 성별, 연령군으로 나누어 계산하였다. 그 결과 여러 성별, 연령 군에서 아연, 비타민 B$_6$, 엽산, 비타민 E의 평균 섭취량이 권장섭취량이나 충분섭취량에 비하여 낮았으며 그 내용은 영양소에 따라 달랐다. 콜레스테롤은 일부 계층에서 섭취가 과다한 것으로 나타났다. 4) 아연, 비타민 B6, 엽산, 비타민 E, 콜레스테롤의 공급에 중요한 식품군과 식품들을 분석하여 제시하였다. 2007 국민건강영양조사의 식이섭취조사 자료를 CAN-Pro 3.0 NDB를 이용하여 영양소 섭취량을 재계산하여 비교 분석한 본 연구를 통해 식이섭취조사에서 영양소 데이타베이스가 차지하는 중요성을 살펴보았다. 앞으로 영양소 데이터베이스에 관한 많은 정보 교환 및 검증이 이루어져야 하며, 일반 연구자들이 영양소 데이터베이스의 호환성 검증과 함께 정확한 영양소 섭취량 추정 및 식생활 평가를 할 수 있도록 다양한 방안이 모색되어야 할 것이다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.460-474
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• 2010

This study was performed to assess the physical activity, food habit and nutrient intakes by gender and age groups in 193 adults aged 20-59 years (84 men and 109 women) in Pusan. Data for physical activity and dietary survey was assessed by a questionnaire and 24hr recall method. The mean BMIs of men and women were 24.0 and 22.2 respectively and BMI of women in the 20-29 years group (20.9) was significantly lower than that of women in the 30-49 and 50-59 years group (22.7, 23.2) (p < 0.01). 56.0% for men and 44.0% for women exercised regularly. The mean exercise duration per once of men (69.7 minutes) was significantly higher than that of women (52.4minutes) (p < 0.01). The mean exercise duration per day was 36.0 minutes for men and 29.9 minutes for women. 67.9% for men and 78.0% for women often skipped meals and 68.4% for men and 69.4% for women skipped breakfast in the main. The mean energy intake of men was 2067.2 kcal and that of women was 1783.1 kcal comprised of 87.2% and 92.1% of the Estimated Energy Requirements (EER). The mineral intakes of men and women were over Recommended Intake (RI) and Adequate Intake (AI) except calcium and potassium. The mean calcium intake was 88.3% for men and 84.0% for women of RI. The mean potassium intake was 63.3% for men and 59.2% for women of AI. The mean vitamin intakes of men and women were over RI and AI except vitamin C and folic acid. The mean vitamin C intake was 92.5% for men and 85.6% for women of RI. The mean folic acid intake was 76.6% for men and 70.0% for women of RI. The mean energy, protein, sodium and zinc intakes of men were significantly higher than those of women (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). The mean vitamin $B_6$, vitamin C and folic acid intakes of men in the 20-29 years group were significantly lower than those of men in the 30-49 and 50-59 years group (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). For energy, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than 90% EER were 64.3% for men and 56.0% for women. For calcium, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) were 52.4% for men and 59.6% for women. For folic acid, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than EAR were 78.6% for men and 83.5% for women. For iron and phosphorus, proportions of women (36.7%, 14.7%)with intake levels less than EAR were significantly higher than those of men (6.0%, 1.2%) (p < 0.01, p < 0.001). For men, age was positively correlated with intakes of potassium, vitamin $B_6$, vitamin C and folic acid (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01). For men, weight showed significantly negative correlations with intakes of carbohydrate, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, vitamin $B_6$ and folic acid (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01) and BMI showed significantly negative correlations with protein, lipid, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, vitamin E and folic acid (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05) For men, exercise duration per once showed significantly positive correlations with intakes of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, vitamin C and folic acid (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.05). Therefore, nutritional education for adult health management is needed by gender and age groups.