• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.777-786
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• 2006

This study was designed to investigate the relationships between nutrition education, nutrition awareness and nutrition knowledge of school food service employees. We analyzed 288 self-administered questionnaires. Most of the employees (89.8%) were with contract-managed food services, 45.1% were $41{\sim}50$ years old, and 45.4% had chef certification. Two-thirds of the employees received nutrition education on 'nutritionally balanced diet' and 'sources of calcium', whereas less than 50% received education on 'problems with carbohydrates', 'functions of iron', 'deficiency and sources of iron'. The degree of nutrition awareness was generally higher than the level of nutrition education experience. The mean nutrition knowledge score was 11.7 out of 20 possible points, The majority of employees correctly identified 'sources of calcium (91.8%)', 'functions of carbohydrates (91.4%)', 'sources of cholesterol (91.0%)', and 'problems with lipids (90.4%)'; less than 50% correctly answered 'sources of proteins (18.9%)', 'functions of iron (27.9%)', 'recommended dietary allowances (32.0%)', 'functions of lipids (40.2%)', and 'sources of vitamins (44.3%)'. A chi-square analysis revealed that the employees' actual knowledge did not differ significantly by nutrition education - with the exception of three topics; 'recommended dietary allowances', 'changes in vitamins during cooking', 'functions of water' - or by their nutrition awareness. Nutrition knowledge scores did not differ by sex, decreased with age, increased with academic background, and increased in careers of >10 years or that were contract managed. There were significant correlations between nutrition education scores and nutrition awareness scores (p<0.001); nutrition knowledge scores and nutrition education scores (p<0.001); nutrition knowledge scores and nutrition awareness scores (p<0.001).

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.141-145
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• 2000

The present study was conducted to assess the dietary and nutritional status of thiamin in fourty-two elderly women. Dietary intake was determined by 24hour recall method and nutritional status of thiamin was determined by measurement of transketolase activity in erythrocytes. Average dietary intake of energy and thiamin were found to be low, and not more than 78% and 63.2% of Recommended dietary allowances(RDA) respectively. Transketolase activity in erythrocytes was distributed in the range of 0.227-0.589mU/mgHb and the mean value and 0.434mU/mgHb. The mean value of Thiamin pyrophosphate effect(TPP effect) was 24.0% and the range was from 9.36% to 83.9%. It appeared that 95% of 42 elderly women were severely or marginally deficient in thiamin status, showing 22 persons to be above 20% and 18 persons to be 15-20% of TPP effect. Transketolase activity and TPP effect did not show any significant correlation with dietary thiamin intake.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.51-62
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• 2012

This research examined the method and amount changes of recommended protein intakes(RPI) for male and female adult, and pregnant lactating women from 1962's Recommended Dietary Allowances for Korean(KRDA) to 2010's Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans(KDRIs) revised. As male and female adult's RPI calculation, factorial method was applied until 1989 KRDA, after that nitrogen balance study was applied. Basal factor in factorial method was standard protein(egg or milk protein) requirement or obligatory nitrogen(protein) loss. On the other hand, basal factor in nitrogen balance study was minimum dietary protein requirement to maintain nitrogen equilibrium balance(nitrogen intake = nitrogen excretion). Adjusting factors of RPI were stress and/or protein requirement difference among people. The RPI of male adults were 50~80 g/day, that of female adults were 45~70 g/day. The additional RPI of pregnant women were 10~30 g/day, were calculate based upon the extra protein needs caused by unborn child development. The pregnant women's additional RPI of 2010's KDRIs revised in the periods of first, second, and third trimester were 0, 15, 30 g/day, respectively. The additional RPI of lactation women were 20~30 g/day, were calculated based upon the extra protein needs caused by maternal milk secretion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2003

This study was intended to collect the baseline information on dietary behavior of adults to develop nutrition education program in the context of health promotion at community level. Nutrients intake of 135 housewives were assessed by 24 hour recall methods. Also food habits, nutrition knowledge and attitude were investigated by self-administered questionnaires. Our results indicated dietary intake of calcium and vitamin $B_2$ were insufficient when they were compared to Korean recommended dietary allowances(RDA). Among five food groups, intakes of milk and dairy product was inadequate as compared to the recommended amount. When we compared the fatness indices to self-evaluated meal problems, overeating and speedy eating were significantly related to fatness indices. Fatness indices such as relative body weight(RBW) and body mass index(BMI) were significantly higher in the subjects who self-evaluated their unsound food behavior as overeating. However, there were no significant differences of food habit score and nutrition knowledge among groups classified by fatness or meal problem. Body fat ratio, frequencies of night snack and skipping meal significantly increased with age. Food habit score was positively related to health-concerned attitude and active attitude toward change. We concluded that nutrition education program for housewives should include detailed strategies to modify unsound food behaviors for healthy weight.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.554-564
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• 2019

Purpose: This study verified the reliability and validity of the Diet Quality Index for Indian children (DQIIC). Methods: The study sample included 100 school going boys and girls (7-9 years). The dietary behavior of children was studied using a questionnaire and 24-hour dietary recall. The DQIIC comprises 21 items which aimed to assess the diet of Indian children on the basis of variety, adequacy of consumption of dietary components, and moderation in the amount of nutrients that are associated with diseases and dietary habits. The reliability of the DQIIC was assessed using the split half method, Cronbach's alpha, and test retest reliability. Content validity was evaluated using content validity ratio (CVR). Results: The intake of iron was found to be less than the recommended dietary allowances. There was frequent consumption of empty calorie packaged foods and higher than the recommended amount of sodium. Reliability of the DQIIC was 0.85 by split half method and the correlation coefficient for test retest reliability was 0.87. Cronbach's alpha was 0.62 and CVR was 0.85 for this index. Most of the children fell in the moderately healthy category. Conclusion: The DQIIC is a reliable and valid tool to assess the diet quality of Indian children between 7-9 years.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.107-115
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate of nutritional status, a intention for dietary inprovement and a degree of dietary satisfaction of Buddhist nuns9age 23~43yr). The survey was carried out through physical examination and questionaries at Woon Mun temple in Kyungpook province September through Octoer in 1996. The results are summarized as follows: 1) All nutrients were higher than recommended daily allowances, and the ratios of carbohydrate:protein: lopid from total calories was 76:13:11 respecting ; 2) In degree of dietary satisfaction: satisfaction, between, dissatisfaction were 55.47, 36.59, 7.93% of subjects. 3)In intention for dietary improvements : the s\ulcorner way, a little improvements, much improvements were 55.47, 41.46, 3.07%. 4) Diet type were in regular sequence of volume, gourmet ; balance ; diet ; fast food type.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 1973

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary intakes of preschool children in rural areas and to develop programs of nutrition education, offering the mothers an appropriate advice for the improvement of the dietary practices corresponding to the modernization of the agriculture. The daily food intakes of 118 preschool children, randomly selected from the farm household, were studied by means of three-day records during summer season of 1972. The results showed that the dietary intakes of food groups such as meats and fishes, beans and the products, milks and small fishes, fruits, fats and oils were below 50 per cent of the recommended level-especially in that of milk. Therefore, the diet was generally below the recommended dietary allowances for protein with good quality, fat, calcium, vitamin A, thiamine, reboflavin and ascorbic acid. The dietary data revealed that most of preschool children in rural areas consumed rice and barley, almost every day. Other foods eaten less frequently were soybean paste, gimchi, potatoes, flour, and summer squash. The use of cereals should be curtailed some what and the use of milks, fishes, poultry, meats and protein extenders should be increased.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.344-353
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• 2016

Objectives: New retinol activity equivalent (RAE) was introduced as vitamin A unit in Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for Koreans 2015. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of 2015 reference intake (RI) of vitamin A in RAE unit by the comparison with RI and dietary intake of vitamin A. Methods: Analyses on RI of vitamin A were based on the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Koreans (1962~2000) and DRIs for Koreans (2005~2015). Analyses on Koreans dietary intake of vitamin A were based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) reports (1969-2014). For recalculation of RI and dietary intake of vitamin A in RE to RAE, 2013 Koreans intake of retinol: carotenoids ratio of 13: 87 was applied. Results: RI of vitamin A was 600~750 RE for Korean adult, and 339~425 RAE when calculated by applying the retinol and carotenoids intake ratio. Vitamin A intakes of Koreans were <100% RI, 267~668 RE from 1969 to 2001. From 2005, vitamin A intake had increased to >700 RE, >100% RI. When vitamin A intake was converted from RE to RAE (2005~2014), 718~864 RE became 405.8~488.1 RAE, decreased to 56.5% level. The recent 2015 RI of vitamin A is 850 RAE, two times of 2005 & 2010 RI of 425 RAE for adult male. Conclusions: When nutritional status of vitamin A was assessed for Koreans using the estimated average requirement (EAR) of 2015 (570, 460 RAE for male, female adults, respectively), ratio of deficient people increased significantly when judged based on the previous intake of Koreans, <490 RAE. We needs to examine the 2015 RI (EAR) of vitamin A, find a way to measure the accurate intake of dietary vitamin A, and to increase the dietary intake of this vitamin.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.598-607
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to develop a software system for computer nutrition counseling based on food intake and level of exercise measurements. Various software programs were developed using Powerbuilder 5.0 and categorized according to their function: 1) inputting general data including age, sex, weight, height, degree of acitivity and exercise amount of individuals, 2) inputting food intake based upon a 24-hour dietary recall method, 3) calculating energy and general nutrient intake and evaluating dietary status with respect to the Korean recommended dietary allowances, 4) calculating dietary intake of fatty acids, 5) calculating PUFA : MUFA : SFA and $\omega$6 :$\omega$3 ratios, 6) reporting the results of nutrient analysis, and 7) assessing the nutritional status of individuals and practicing nutrition education. This study provides various information on the assessment of nutritional status.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.84-90
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary behavior on the nutritional status of university students in Korea. A dietary intake survey of 603 university students (223 males and 380 females) was conducted using a 24-hour recall method. The resulting data on dietary behavior and nutrient intakes were analyzed by the SAS program package. The main results were as follows : 1) Most of the subjects were in their twenties and no obese cases were found. 2) Dietary intake data showed that, except for vitamin C in the female students, the average daily intakes of most nutrients did lot meet the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). The study also showed that most of the subjects, especially the female students, were concerned about having satisfactory physical appearances. Fat provided 25% of the daily energy intake, and this level was higher than the 20% recommended by the Korean Dietary Guidelines. In the female students, the iron intake from animal foods was lower than that from plant foods. 3) Male students were not very serious about healthy eating. However, the female group, who obtained a high score in dietary behavior, consumed more vegetables and had higher intakes of energy, protein, Ca, p, vitamin A, and vitamin C than the male group, even though they did not meet the Korean RDA in most nutrients. Energy intake from fats, as a percent of total energy intake, was lower than in the group of females who obtained higher stores in dietary behavior than the other groups. To sum up, the university students surveyed in this study were found to have the typical dietary behavior of young adults, such as frequent eating out and snacking. Female students were extremely conscious of their body images this can exert an important direct influence on their dietary intakes and health status. It is very important for university students to develop healthy lifestyles and desirable dietary behaviors, to best enable them to continue to lead a healthy lift: in their later years.