• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2019

리튬이온 배터리와 같은 충전식 배터리는 에너지의 저장장치로서 최근의 에너지 이용의 변화에 따라 크게 주목받고 있을 뿐 아니라 실제로 다양한 소형 전기기기 및 전기 자동차의 전기에너지 저장시스템으로 폭넓게 적용되고 있다. 하지만 리튬이온 배터리는 화재나 폭발 등의 위험성이 항상 존재하여 사용의 폭을 제한시키고 있다. 배터리화재가 일반적인 화재와의 다른 특성은 여러 가지가 있지만 그 중에 가연물질이 전해질에서 이온화 되어있다는 특성이다. 본 연구에서는 배터리 화재를 이해하기 위해서 양이온과 전자 등으로 이온화된 메탄 제트화염에서의 연소특성을 실험적으로 관찰하였다. 화염 형상 및 화염안전성은 현재의 실험조건에서는 연료 이온화 효과가 없었고, 제트화염 후류에서 측정한 CO와 NOx의 농도가 이온화연료에서 모두 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 이온화 메탄 연소특성의 파라미터 연구를 위하여 수치해석의 반응기구를 수소첨가의 형태로 단순화하여 이온화연료의 연소특성을 모사할 수 있는지에 대한 모델링 검토를 수행하였다. 연료 이온화의 영향으로 수소의 농도는 증가시키되 반응 후 온도는 일정함을 가정하여 모델링하면 실험결과와 일치하는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.1664-1673
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• 2016

Lithium rechargeable cells are used in many industrial applications, because they have high energy density and high power density. For an effective use of these lithium cells, it is essential to build a reliable battery management system (BMS). Therefore, the state of charge (SOC) estimation is one of the most important techniques used in the BMS. An appropriate modeling of the battery characteristics and an accurate algorithm to correct the modeling errors in accordance with the simplified model are required for practical SOC estimation. In order to implement these issues, this approach presents the comparative analysis of the SOC estimation performance using equivalent electrical circuit modeling (EECM) and noise suppression technique (NST) in three representative $LiCoO_2/LiFePO_4/LiNiMnCoO_2$ cells extensively applied in electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and energy storage system (ESS) applications. Depending on the difference between some EECMs according to the number of RC-ladders and NST, the SOC estimation performances based on the extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm are compared. Additionally, in order to increase the accuracy of the EECM of the $LiFePO_4$ cell, a minor loop trajectory for proper OCV parameterization is applied to the SOC estimation for the comparison of the performances among the compared to SOC estimation performance.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 1996

Ti-Mn based hydrogen storage alloy were modified by substituting alloying elements such as Zr, V and Ni in order to design a high capacity MH electrode for Ni/MH rechargeable battery. When V was substituted in Ti-Mn binary system, the crystal structure was maintained as $Cl_4$ Laves phase at a composition of $Ti_{0.2}V_{0.4}Mn_{0.4}$ and $Ti_{0.4}V_{0.2}Mn_{0.4}$ and equilibrium pressure decreased below 1 atm without decreasing hydrogen storage capacity considerably. It was found that Ni should be included in Ti-V-Mn alloy in order to hydrogenate it electrochemically in KOH electrolyte. But substitution of Ni for Mn in Ti-V-Mn system caused the increase of equilibrium pressure above 1atm and decrease of hydrogen storage capacity. Zr was able to increase the reversible hydrogen storage capacity of Ti-V-Mn-Ni alloy without considerable change of hydrogenation properties. The electrochemical discharge capacity of Ti-Zr-V-Mn-Ni system were in the range of 350 - 464mAh/g and among them $Ti_{0.8}Zr_{0.2}V_{0.5}Mn_{0.5}Ni_{1.0}$ alloy had $Cl_4$ Laves single phase and very high electrochemical discharge capacity of 464mAh/g.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.846-850
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• 2011

주석과 니켈 나노입자를 함량별로 혼합하여 습식법으로 리튬 이차전지용 복합체 음전극을 제조하고 그 물성과 전기화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 이 음전극은 초기 방전시 최대 700 mAh $g^{-1}$의 우수한 방전용량을 나타내었지만 사이클 특성은 심각한 열화를 보였다. 이것은 나노입자간 단순혼합만으로는 전극판의 기공성과 Ni 성분이 충방전에 따르는 Sn성분의 팽창/수축에 대한 기계적 완충제 역할이 충분하지 않았기 때문이며, 차후 이를 보완하는 나노구조체 Sn-Ni 음전극의 설계와 시험이 필요하다.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.162-168
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• 2012

This paper considers the scenario in which a set of nodes share a common channel. Some nodes have a rechargeable battery and the others are plugged to a reliable power supply and, thus, have no energy limitations. We consider two source-destination pairs and apply the concept of cognitive radio communication in sharing the common channel. Specifically, we give high-priority to the energy-constrained source-destination pair, i.e., primary pair, and low-priority to the pair which is free from such constraint, i.e., secondary pair. In contrast to the traditional notion of cognitive radio, in which the secondary transmitter is required to relinquish the channel as soon as the primary is detected, the secondary transmitter not only utilizes the idle slots of primary pair but also transmits along with the primary transmitter with probability p. This is possible because we consider the general multi-packet reception model. Given the requirement on the primary pair's throughput, the probability p is chosen to maximize the secondary pair's throughput. To this end, we obtain two-dimensional maximum stable throughput region which describes the theoretical limit on rates that we can push into the network while maintaining the queues in the network to be stable. The result is obtained for both cases in which the capacity of the battery at the primary node is infinite and also finite.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제37권8호
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• pp.775-780
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• 2013

일반적으로 전기자동차(Electric Vehicle, EV)의 배터리로는 리튬-이온 전지가 많이 사용된다. 리튬-이온 전지는 충전이 가능한 이차 전지의 일종으로 마이크로 스케일의 극판과 분리막이 반복하여 적층된 구조를 가지고 있다. 이와 같은 미세구조로 인해 상세해석모형을 적용하는 것은 지나치게 많은 비용이 소모되는 일이다. 본 연구에서는 리튬-이온 전지를 하나의 등가물성으로 나타내는 방법을 제시하고 있으며, 185.3Ah 전지와 20Ah 전지에 이를 적용하여 그 결과를 이전자료와 비교하고 있다. 또한 집중용량법을 적용한 계산 결과를 함께 제시하여 유한요소법(FEM)이나 유한체적법(FVM)의 사용 없이 손쉽게 전지의 열적 거동을 확인할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.116-122
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• 2012

As an effort to address the chronic capacity fading of Si anodes and thus achieve their robust cycling performance, herein, we develop a unique electrode in which silicon nanoparticles are embedded in the carbon nanotubes network. Utilizing robust contacts between silicon nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes, the composite electrodes exhibit excellent electrochemical performance : 95.5% capacity retention after 140 cycles as well as rate capability such that at the C-rate increase from 0.1C to 1C to 10C, the specific capacities of 850, 698, and 312 mAh/g are obtained, respectively. The present investigation suggests a useful design principle for silicon as well as other high capacity alloying electrodes that undergo large volume expansions during battery operations.

• 대한임베디드공학회논문지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.305-312
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• 2016

Modern embedded systems are typically operated by the rechargeable batteries in our daily life. Since charge of batteries is considered as an time consuming task, there have been extensive efforts to manage the charge time from the perspective of materials, circuits, and systems. Estimation of battery charge time is one of the essential information to design the charge circuitry. A compact macro model for the constant-current and constant-voltage charge protocol was recently introduced, which gives us a quick estimation of charge time with similar shape to the famous Peukert's law for discharge time estimation. The CC-CV charging protocol is widely used for Lithium-based batteries and Lead-acid batteries. In this paper, we characterize the lead-acid battery by measurement to extract the model coefficients, which was not covered by the previous studies. By our proposed model, the key coefficient Kcc results in 1.18-1.31, which is little bit higher than that of Lithium batteries. The accuracy of our model is within the range of ${\pm}10%$ error, which is compatible with the other studies such as Peukert's law.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.50-58
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• 2015

There is a great deal of current interest in the development of rechargeable batteries with high energy storage capability due to an increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) with driving ranges comparable to those of gasoline-powered vehicles. Among various types of batteries under development, a Li-O₂ battery delivers the highest theoretical energy density; thus, it is considered a promising energy storage technology for EV applications. Despite the fact that extensive research efforts have been made in the field of Li-O₂ batteries in recent years, there are still many technical challenges to be addressed, such as low round-trip efficiency, poor reversibility, and poor power capability. In this article, we provide a short review on the fundamental electrochemistry of Li-O₂ batteries with non-aqueous electrolytes and on electrode materials that have been employed in cathodes (oxygen electrodes). The major aim of this mini-review is to highlight the physical and electrochemical origins of scientific challenges facing Li-O₂ battery technology and to overview the strategies proposed to overcome them.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.113-118
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• 2005

본 논문은 한쪽 또는 양쪽의 측정 점들이 종래의 차동증폭기에서 허용되는 전압 범위를 초과할 때 차동전압 측정을 위한 인공위성 배터리 셀 전압 감시 시스템을 제시하였다. 본 시스템은 다수개의 직렬로 연결된 셀들로 구성된 재충전 가능한 인공위성 배터리에서 몇몇의 셀 전압들이 높은 공통모드 전압에서 측정될 때 각 셀 전압 감시를 위해 특히 유용하다.