• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.523-535
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• 2011

The precipitable water vapor (PW) was estimated using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) from several GNSS stations within the Korean Peninsula. Nearby radiosonde sites covering the GNSS stations were used for the comparison and validation of test results. GNSS data recorded under typical and severe weather conditions were used to generalize our approach. Based on the analysis, we have confirmed that the derived PW values from the GNSS observables were well agreed on the estimates from the radiosonde observables within 10 mm level. Assuming that the GNSS observables could be a good weather monitoring tool, we further tested the performance of the current WAAS tropospheric delay model, UNB3, in the Korean Peninsula. Especially, the wet zenith delays estimated from the GNSS observables and from UNB3 delay model were compared. Test results showed that the modelled approach for the troposphere (i.e., UNB3) did not perform well especially under the wet weather conditions in the Korean Peninsula. It was suggested that a new model or a near real-time model (e.g., based on regional model from GNSS or numerical weather model) would be highly desirable for the Korean WA-DGNSS to minimize the effects of the tropospheric delay and hence to achieve high precision vertical navigation solutions.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.59-72
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• 1987

Although long-term runoff analysis is important as much as flood analysis in the design of water works, the technological level of the former is relatively lower than that of the latter. In this respect, the precise estimation model for the volume of successive runoff should he developed as soon as possible. Up to now, in Korea, Gajiyama's formula has been widely used in long-term runoff analysis, which has many problems in applying in real situation. On the other hand, in flood analysis, unit hydrograph method has been exclusively used. Therefore, this study aims at trying to apply unit hydrograph method in long-term runoff analysis for the betterment of its estimation. Four test catchment areas were selected ; Maesan area in Namlum river as a representative area of Han river system, Cheongju area in Musim river as one of Geum river system, Hwasun area in Hwasun river as one of Yongsan river system, and Supyung area in Geum river as one of Nakdong river system. In the analysis of unit hydrograph, seperation of effective rainfall was carried out firstly. Considering that effective rainfall and moisture condition of catchrnent area are inside and outside of a phenomenon respectively and the latter is not considered in the analysis, Initial base flow(qb)was selected as an index of moisture condition. At the same time, basic equation(Eq.7) was established, in which qb can take a role as a parameter in relating between cumulative rainfall(P) and cumulative loss of rainfall(Ld). Based on the above equation, computer program for estimation model of qbwas seperately developed according to the range of qb, Developed model was applied to measured hydrographs and hyetographs for total 10 years in 4 test areas and effective rainfall was estimated. Estimation precision of model was checked as shown in Tab- 6 and Fig.8. In the next stage, based on the estimated effective rainfall(R) and runoff(Qd), a runoff distribution ratio was calculated for each teat area using by computerised least square method and used in making unit hydrographs in each test area. Significance of induced hydrographs was tested by checking the relative errors between estimated and measured runoff volume(Tab-9, 10). According to the results, runoff estimation error by unit hydrograph itself was merely 2 or 3 %, but other 2 or 3 % of error proved to be transferred error in the seperation of effective rainfall. In this study, special attentioning point is that, in spite of different river systems and forest conditions of test areas, standardized unit hydrographs for them have very similar curve shape, which can be explained by having similar catchinent characteristics such as stream length, catchinent area, slope, and vegetation intensity. That fact should be treated as important factor ingeneralization of unit hydrograph method.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.44-55
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• 2011

This study aimed to investigate the effects of water extract of Rubus coreanus (RCE) on the expression and activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), as well as its signal transduction pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The specific inhibitors of NOS show RCE treatment increases NO production in HUVECs due to the up-regulation of eNOS rather than iNOS. The real-time expression level of eNOS mRNA was also increased upon RCE treatment in HUVECs. While a PKC-specific inhibitor, RO-317549, did not alter RCE-induced NO production in HUVECs, tamoxifen (estrogen receptor-specific inhibitor), PD98059 (ERK-specific inhibitor) and LY-294002 (PI3K/Akt-specific inhibitor) did have suppressive effects. Increased NO production by RCE seems to result from a higher level of active eNOS (pSer1177). Specifically, inhibition of ERK not only decreased the level of active eNOS, but also increased the inactive form of the enzyme (pThr495) in HUVECs. This study suggests that RCE treatment increases NO production in HUVECs due to the increased expression and activity of eNOS. It is also shown that RCE-induced eNOS activation occurs partly through the binding of RCE to the estrogen receptor, along with ERK and PI3K/Akt-dependent signal transduction pathways. In addition, the regulatory binding proteins of eNOS including Hsp90 and caveolin-1 were related to these effects of RCE on eNOS activity in HUVECs.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 2015

The findings of basic study on the awareness of falls in terms of Gwanpokdo(Paintings of Viewing Falls) were drawn as follows. First, there is a difference in an esthetic sense that water brings depending on the ratio of falls, and Gwanpokdo(Fall Landscape) in which falls take up more than 20% of the canvas focuses more on falls so that it brings about the awareness of landscape through direct communication with nature. Second, the diagonal composition of the canvas has symmetry between falls and a person viewing the falls, which makes view point even clear. In addition, margins of the canvas were missing due to the effect of True-View Landscape Painting during the late Joseon Dynasty, and overall composition of using the entire canvas became popular. This overall composition is stable and disposed with lopsided composition, so this heightens sense of balance and the meaning of falls. Third, Gwanpokdo(Paintings of Viewing Falls) of Josoen Dynasty showed various types of viewing falls in distant view, but as the distance between falls and persons got closer in the latter part of Joseon Dynasty, falls were no longer utopia but it expressed a sense of beauty and aesthetic contemplation through direct communication with real nature. Fourth, Gwanpokdo(Paintings of Viewing Falls) of Joseon Dynast had many drawings of a person viewing falls and viewing behaviors such as Supyeong gyeong(level landscape), Amgang gyeong(lower landscape), Bugam Gyeong(higher landscape), and glimpse viewing. Fifth, rocks out of landscape elements make falls vivid and are so expressed as yin and yang that falls and rocks are well contrasted with each other, maximizing beautiful scenery of falls. Sixth, woody plant of Gwanpokdo(Paintings of Viewing Falls) was mostly pine trees which symbolized the literati's fidelity and integrity at that time and emphasized the firm meaning of transcending the nature, matching with symbolization of falls.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.227-239
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• 2022

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of water-soluble mulberry leaf extract (ME) on hepatic lipid accumulation in high-fat diet-fed rats via the regulation of hepatic microRNA (miR)-221/222 and inflammation. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (4 weeks old) were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 7 each) and fed with 10 kcal% low-fat diet (LF), 45 kcal% high-fat diet (HF), or HF + 0.8% ME for 14 weeks. Lipid profiles and cytokine levels of the liver and serum were measured using commercial enzymatic colorimetric and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and miR levels in liver tissue were assayed by real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: Supplementation of ME reduces body weight and improves the liver and serum lipid profiles as compared to the HF group. The mRNA levels of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c, fatty acid synthase, and fatty acid translocase, which are genes involved in lipid metabolism, were significantly downregulated in the ME group compared to the HF group. In contrast, the mRNA level of hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (involved in fatty acid oxidation) was upregulated by ME supplementation. Furthermore, administration of ME significantly downregulated the mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators such as hepatic tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and nitric oxide were also significantly reduced in ME group compared to the HF group. Expression of hepatic miR-221 and miR-222, which increase in the inflammatory state of the liver, were also significantly inhibited in the ME group compared to the HF group. Conclusion: These results indicate that ME has the potential to improve hepatic lipid accumulation in high-fat diet-fed rats via modulation of inflammatory mediators and hepatic miR-221/222 expressions.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.8
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• pp.63-94
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• 2005

ChangSayng-Do in the late Chosun dynasty was a kind of traditional painting which sublimated the philosophy and emotion of everyday life into an aesthetic consciousness through a long history of Korean people . It would represent a human wish and desire to live a long and healthy life, which was implicated by way of Taoism. The major themes of ChangSayng-Do - mountains, the sun, cloud, water, rock, deer, tortoises, cranes, pine trees, bamboos, peaches, and herbs of eternal youth - were all symbols used. to wish for a long-life and immortality in real world. All or some of these items were represented in paintings, which resulted in the various kinds of ChangSayng-Do. The main concern of this thesis will be centered around the naturalistic subjects shown in ChangSayng-Do. This thesis consists of four chapters. The first chapter describes the purpose of and need for the research, and its method and scope. The second chapter deals with the origin and style of ChangSayng-Do, and the background of its formation. It is found out that the formative characteristic of ChangSayng-Do lies in the archetype, the unity of man and nature following the traditional view of nature. It is also found out that ChangSayng-Do implied the notions of Supernatural Being, Yin-Yang and Five Elements, Taoism, and Confucianism as well as Korean shamanism. Third chapter is largely about an analytic investigation into symbolic visualization of ChangSayng-Do. Firstly, the subject matters shown in ChangSayng-Do consist of items of wishful omen for long-life and good luck, and any motif in a picture implies a symbolism of eternal youth and long-life. Secondly, the view of colors shown in ChangSayng-Do is closely connected to Five Elements and Five Direction, a traditional oriental philosophy of universe, and these symbolic colors are based on shamanism and Yin/Yang-Five Elements. According to an iconological analysis, it is confirmed that these viewpoints are consistent with formative principles and expressive methods of ChangSayng-Do to some extent. The fourth chapter is one of the most important elements for visualization of ChangSayng-Do. The symbolic meaning of long life and good luck is the major source of its popularity inside the palace as well as among the people in general. The fact that ChangSayng-Do was used to ornament the palace was documented in $\lceil$UiGuey(documents about Chosun dynasty$\rfloor$. Also during the late period of Chosun dynasty, the appreciators of arts had begun to spread from high level class to lower level class, and many pictures represented in $\lceil$Hanyang-Ga$\rfloor$ were the ones produced and circulated for those increased consumers. As for the folk-artistic characteristics, the anonymity and arbitrary naturalness of ChangSayng-Do demonstrates that the folk-artistic elements were fully soaked into the life styles of people in general. ChangSayng-Do further shows that a human being is located in the center of the universe, and that all the natural phenomena and ecology are observed to happen around human beings, and that the results of those happenings are connected to man's course of life. It is discovered that the subject matters of ChangSayng-Do in the late Chosun dynasty imply another idea inside metaphors and symbols. With regard to the arrangement of time and space, the unity or oneness of oneself with the world is more highly regarded than one's individual subjectivity: there exist multiple times and spaces in a single picture This reveals a wholistic view of oneness which does not permit the division between phenomenon and substance. To conclude, this thesis inquired into ChangSayng-Do in the late Chosun dynasty focusing on the expression of archetype-symbols. And through the analysis and demonstration, this thesis re-established constructional principles and formative characteristics of ChangSayng-Do and then settled a new phase of ChangSayng-Do, with a deep under-standing of fundamental thoughts of Korean people underlying ChangSayng-Do.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.316-325
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• 2001

To develope a technique for efficiently managing fertilizer for cucumber, a quick test method to quantify nitrate content in soil solution and leaf petiole juice using a simple instrument was investigated. Among the nitrate analyzing instruments such as compact ion meter, nitrate ion meter, and test strip with reflectometer, the paper test-strip used in conjunction with a hand-held reflectometer was most closely correlated with ion chromatography method in nitrate content, and then it would be suggested with a tool that a farmer can use rapidly, conveniently and accurately for nitrate analysis in a field. Nitrate content in soil solution collected by porous cup was very variable on the lapsed time after drip irrigation and the sampling positions such as soil depth and the distance from dripper. As a result, a significant correlation between nitrate contents of soil solutions and 2M KCl soil extract was not found. However, nitrate content in soil solution extracted with a volume basis (soil:water=1:2) showed the highly significant correlation with that in 2M KCl extract. Nitrate contents of cucumber leaf petiole juices was greatly different between upper and lower leaves. Eleven to sixteen positioned-leaf would be a proper sampling position to determine nitrate content in leaf petiole for evaluating nutrient state by plant tissue analysis. From the secondary regression equations between nitrate contents of soil and petiole juice and the yield of cucumber, nitrate levels for real time diagnosis were estimated as $400mg\;l^{-1}$ soil solution by porous cup. $300mg\;l^{-1}$ in a soil volume extraction, and $1400mg\;l^{-1}$ in petiole juice from spring to summer season. In addition, the maximum yield of cucumber fruit in pot test was obtained in nitrate $1500mg\;l^{-1}$ level of petiole juice, which was similar to nitrate $1400mg\;l^{-1}$ in greenhouse trial.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.56-68
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• 2003

The objects of this study are to find out (1) real situation of the food supply in prison under Imperial Government of Japan more cleary (historical meaning) and (2) which might help in understanding wrong present food consumption patterns in Korea which causes environmental as well as health problems. It is generally known that the length of the Japanese occupation for Korea is 36 years. However, it is concluded in this study that it was longer (70 years ; from 1875 to 1945 from when Japanese Army attacked and occupied Yungjongdo and Kanghwado island to e time when they were defeated on World War II.) Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910 then the Imperial Government of Japan dismissed the Korea Army, controlled the Office of Justice and the management of prison by force. Since then about 50% of all land was fell into Japanese Government ownership and 80% of Korean farmers became as tenant. After this change, Korea farmers were forced to pay extremely high rent (up to 80% of its harvest). Forced immigration, low price procurement of grain by Japanese government up to more than 30%of their production, was practiced. Accordingly, the food situation of Korean farmers became miserable, which may caused more violations of Imperial Japanese Law. Malnutrition, epidemic diseases, mortality rate of infants soared and average life expectancy shortened to 20-30 years old. This was the period of World Economic Crises and Food Crises in Japan. It was said then that if one Japanese comes to Korea then 200 Koreans will starved to death. Meanwhile, Proconsul Bureau of Chosun requested to the Department of Medicine, the Imperial University of Kyungsung to survey food supply situation of Koreans in prison throughout Korea. Objectives of the survey then was not only to find out scientifically whether it is agreeable in maintaining prisoner's health and also find out the possibility to save food during food crisis. Survey was started from 1923 and ended in 1945, and it focussed on prisoners in the Seodaemoon Prison. This report is the outcome of the first survey. They concluded that the food supplied was nutritionally (had) no problem, in compare with those of workers in the factory, students in the dormitory in Japan and with those of prisoners in Taiwan, France and Germany. Amount of grain supplied were different according to their work lord and was divided into 9 different levels. Total grain was consisted of 50% millet, 30% soybean and 20% indica rice(variety). However, there were no difference in the amount of supply of side dishes between work groups. For the highest working group, 3280g of boiled grain per day was supplied to make stomach full but as a side dishes, salty fermented bean paste, fermented fish and salty soups, etc. was supplied. Deficiency of animal protein were observed, however, high intake of soybean may possibly caused animal protein deficiency problem. On the contrary, the intake of water soluble vitamins were insufficient but the level of calcium and iron intake seems to be sufficient, however, imbalance of intake of nutrition may caused low absorbtion rate which might caused malnutrition. High intake of dietary fiber and low intake of cholesterol may possibly prohibited them from so called modem disease but may caused the defect in disease resistancy againist epidemics and other traditional disease. Over intake of salt(20-30g per day) was observed. Surveyors who attended in this survey, mentioned that the amount of food intake may nutritionally be sufficient enough but the quality of food(and possibly, the taste of food) were like that of animal feed. For the officials who received this report might consider that considering the war situation and food crisis, the supply situation of food in the prison may considered to be good enough(because they are not starving). But as a Korean who studied this report, one feel extremely pity about those situation because (situation of) those period were very harsh under the Imperial Law and keeping the Law by Koreans were almost impossible, therefore, about one third adult violated the Law and were put into jail. And they were treated like animals.