• Fiber Technology and Industry
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.490-508
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• 1998

One of the latest fields of research in the area of output devices is tactual display devices [13,31]. These tactual or haptic devices allow the user to receive haptic feedback output from a variety of sources. This allows the user to actually feel virtual objects and manipulate them by touch. This is an emerging technology and will be instrumental in enhancing the realism of wearable augmented environments for certain applications. Tactual displays have previously been used for scientific visualization in virtual environments by chemists and engineers to improve perception and understanding of force fields and of world models populated with the impenetrable. In addition to tactual displays, the use of wearable audio displays that allow sound to be spatialized are being developed. With wearable computers, designers will soon be able to pair spatialized sound to virtual representations of objects when appropriate to make the wearable computer experience even more realistic to the user. Furthermore, as the number and complexity of wearable computing applications continues to grow, there will be increasing needs for systems that are faster, lighter, and have higher resolution displays. Better networking technology will also need to be developed to allow all users of wearable computers to have high bandwidth connections for real time information gathering and collaboration. In addition to the technology advances that make users need to wear computers in everyday life, there is also the desire to have users want to wear their computers. In order to do this, wearable computing needs to be unobtrusive and socially acceptable. By making wearables smaller and lighter, or actually embedding them in clothing, users can conceal them easily and wear them comfortably. The military is currently working on the development of the Personal Information Carrier (PIC) or digital dog tag. The PIC is a small electronic storage device containing medical information about the wearer. While old military dog tags contained only 5 lines of information, the digital tags may contain volumes of multi-media information including medical history, X-rays, and cardiograms. Using hand held devices in the field, medics would be able to call this information up in real time for better treatment. A fully functional transmittable device is still years off, but this technology once developed in the military, could be adapted tp civilian users and provide ant information, medical or otherwise, in a portable, not obstructive, and fashionable way. Another future device that could increase safety and well being of its users is the nose on-a-chip developed by the Oak Ridge National Lab in Tennessee. This tiny digital silicon chip about the size of a dime, is capable of 'smelling' natural gas leaks in stoves, heaters, and other appliances. It can also detect dangerous levels of carbon monoxide. This device can also be configured to notify the fire department when a leak is detected. This nose chip should be commercially available within 2 years, and is inexpensive, requires low power, and is very sensitive. Along with gas detection capabilities, this device may someday also be configured to detect smoke and other harmful gases. By embedding this chip into workers uniforms, name tags, etc., this could be a lifesaving computational accessory. In addition to the future safety technology soon to be available as accessories are devices that are for entertainment and security. The LCI computer group is developing a Smartpen, that electronically verifies a user's signature. With the increase in credit card use and the rise in forgeries, is the need for commercial industries to constantly verify signatures. This Smartpen writes like a normal pen but uses sensors to detect the motion of the pen as the user signs their name to authenticate the signature. This computational accessory should be available in 1999, and would bring increased peace of mind to consumers and vendors alike. In the entertainment domain, Panasonic is creating the first portable hand-held DVD player. This device weight less than 3 pounds and has a screen about 6' across. The color LCD has the same 16:9 aspect ratio of a cinema screen and supports a high resolution of 280,000 pixels and stereo sound. The player can play standard DVD movies and has a hour battery life for mobile use. To summarize, in this paper we presented concepts related to the design and use of wearable computers with extensions to smart spaces. For some time, researchers in telerobotics have used computer graphics to enhance remote scenes. Recent advances in augmented reality displays make it possible to enhance the user's local environment with 'information'. As shown in this paper, there are many application areas for this technology such as medicine, manufacturing, training, and recreation. Wearable computers allow a much closer association of information with the user. By embedding sensors in the wearable to allow it to see what the user sees, hear what the user hears, sense the user's physical state, and analyze what the user is typing, an intelligent agent may be able to analyze what the user is doing and try to predict the resources he will need next or in the near future. Using this information, the agent may download files, reserve communications bandwidth, post reminders, or automatically send updates to colleagues to help facilitate the user's daily interactions. This intelligent wearable computer would be able to act as a personal assistant, who is always around, knows the user's personal preferences and tastes, and tries to streamline interactions with the rest of the world.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2012

Verification of internal organ motion during treatment and its feedback is essential to accurate dose delivery to the moving target. We developed an offline based internal organ motion verification system (IMVS) using cine EPID images and evaluated its accuracy and availability through phantom study. For verification of organ motion using live cine EPID images, a pattern matching algorithm using an internal surrogate, which is very distinguishable and represents organ motion in the treatment field, like diaphragm, was employed in the self-developed analysis software. For the system performance test, we developed a linear motion phantom, which consists of a human body shaped phantom with a fake tumor in the lung, linear motion cart, and control software. The phantom was operated with a motion of 2 cm at 4 sec per cycle and cine EPID images were obtained at a rate of 3.3 and 6.6 frames per sec (2 MU/frame) with $1,024{\times}768$ pixel counts in a linear accelerator (10 MVX). Organ motion of the target was tracked using self-developed analysis software. Results were compared with planned data of the motion phantom and data from the video image based tracking system (RPM, Varian, USA) using an external surrogate in order to evaluate its accuracy. For quantitative analysis, we analyzed correlation between two data sets in terms of average cycle (peak to peak), amplitude, and pattern (RMS, root mean square) of motion. Averages for the cycle of motion from IMVS and RPM system were $3.98{\pm}0.11$ (IMVS 3.3 fps), $4.005{\pm}0.001$ (IMVS 6.6 fps), and $3.95{\pm}0.02$ (RPM), respectively, and showed good agreement on real value (4 sec/cycle). Average of the amplitude of motion tracked by our system showed $1.85{\pm}0.02$ cm (3.3 fps) and $1.94{\pm}0.02$ cm (6.6 fps) as showed a slightly different value, 0.15 (7.5% error) and 0.06 (3% error) cm, respectively, compared with the actual value (2 cm), due to time resolution for image acquisition. In analysis of pattern of motion, the value of the RMS from the cine EPID image in 3.3 fps (0.1044) grew slightly compared with data from 6.6 fps (0.0480). The organ motion verification system using sequential cine EPID images with an internal surrogate showed good representation of its motion within 3% error in a preliminary phantom study. The system can be implemented for clinical purposes, which include organ motion verification during treatment, compared with 4D treatment planning data, and its feedback for accurate dose delivery to the moving target.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.1022-1027
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• 2003

The Motion controllers provide the sophisticated performance and enhanced capabilities we can see in the movements of robotic systems. Several types of motion controllers are available, some based on the kind of overall control system in use. PLC (Programmable Logic Controller)-based motion controllers still predominate. The many peoples use MCU (Micro Controller Unit)-based board level motion controllers and will continue to in the near-term future. These motion controllers control a variety motor system like robotic systems. Generally, They consist of large and complex circuits. PLC-based motion controller consists of high performance PLC, development tool, and application specific software. It can be cause to generate several problems that are large size and space, much cabling, and additional high coasts. MCU-based motion controller consists of memories like ROM and RAM, I/O interface ports, and decoder in order to operate MCU. Additionally, it needs DPRAM to communicate with host PC, counter to get position information of motor by using encoder signal, additional circuits to control servo, and application specific software to generate a various velocity profiles. It can be causes to generate several problems that are overall system complexity, large size and space, much cabling, large power consumption and additional high costs. Also, it needs much times to calculate velocity profile because of generating by software method and don't generate various velocity profiles like arbitrary velocity profile. Therefore, It is hard to generate expected various velocity profiles. And further, to embed real-time OS (Operating System) is considered for more reliable motion control. In this paper, the structure of chip-based precision motion controller is proposed to solve above-mentioned problems of control systems. This proposed motion controller is designed with a FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) by using the VHDL (Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language) and Handel-C that is program language for deign hardware. This motion controller consists of Velocity Profile Generator (VPG) part to generate expected various velocity profiles, PCI Interface part to communicate with host PC, Feedback Counter part to get position information by using encoder signal, Clock Generator to generate expected various clock signal, Controller part to control position of motor with generated velocity profile and position information, and Data Converter part to convert and transmit compatible data to D/A converter.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.35-41
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• 2017

With the advances in Internet over Things, the demand in diverse electronic devices such as mobile phones and sensors has been rapidly increasing and boosting up the researches on those products. Semiconductor materials, devices, and fabrication processes are becoming more diverse and complicated, which accompanies finding parameters for an optimal fabrication process. In order to find the parameters, a process simulation before fabrication or a real-time process control system during fabrication can be used, but they lack incorporating the feedback from post-fabrication data and compatibility with older equipment. In this research, we have developed an artificial intelligence based simulator, which finds parameters for an optimal process and controls process equipment. In order to apply the control concept to all the equipment in a fabrication sequence, we have developed a prototype for a manipulator which can be installed over an existing buttons and knobs in the equipment and controls the equipment communicating with the AI over the Internet. The AI is based on the deep learning to find process parameters that will produce a device having target electrical characteristics. The proposed simulator can control existing equipment via the Internet to fabricate devices with desired performance and, therefore, it will help engineers to develop new devices efficiently and effectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2006

The educational system has been changed owing to Web, which is most actively used on internet and has the characteristics of providing suitable environments for implementing constructivism study theory. WBI(Web Based Instruction), web-mediated teaching form for students at a long distance, has the advantages of possible interact between instructors and learners, offering a great variety of learning materials, and overcome the spatiotemporal restriction. This paper focuces on the construction of learning surroundings where the learner-centered, active learning can be done by design and Implementation of web based instruct system providing a sham examination with an item pool system. The web based Self-directed Learning system for word processor qualifying exams on this paper, can be mentioned as a real item pool that the question is not setting each time by the instructors but can be reused by reference on item pool bank, designed the number of question. It helps the learner Self-directed Learning study with evaluation during the web based instruct process and immediate feedback. It also provides the chance to research some similar using keyword. To sum up, this system can amplify the efficiency of study.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.13D no.2 s.105
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• pp.271-278
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• 2006

This paper presents industry feedback and a case of improvement trial on enabling reuse driven software development which is one of several activities to improve software quality and productivity in a company which develops software that are embedded into consumer electronic products. Several case studies will be introduced that are related to software reuse strategies and practices to show how to establish environment for reuse basis in a company, how to apply it to development team and project and how to improve that through trials and errors. To enable reuse-oriented software development in a huge company, integrated and focused approach is needed among technical, management and environmental point of view. We tried to solve that problem in technical field with reuse method, in management filed with reuse metric and in environment field with reuse repository. The characteristics of our software development environment could be summarized as below. The first, embedded software which would not independent to hardware devices and the second, it is very huge company which develops extremely various products by many different organization with different domain characteristics and the third, development lead time is extremely short and many variation models are stems from basic models. We expect that our study would give contribution to industry struggling to solve similar problem for presenting our experience and could be a reference model for enabling software reuse in a real world practically.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.729-737
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• 2014

A study has been carried out that effectively controls the vibration of asymmetric cable-stayed bridges caused by earthquakes with MR dampers. In order to enhance the practical serviceability of MR dampers, an asymmetric cable-stayed bridge structure has been designed and produced, and a MR damper has been produced so as to have this bridge structure controlled appropriately. An experiment that controls vertical and horizontal vibrations has been carried out by exciting the asymmetric cable-stayed bridge in the horizontal direction with the El-centro seismic wave. The control performance of the MR damper has been evaluated under the five control conditions in the experiments of vibration control in each direction. As a result of the experiment, MR dampers were proved to control vibrations more effectively when either Lyapunov control algorithm or Clipped-optimal control algorithm was used to control vibrations of the asymmetric cable-stayed bridge caused by earthquakes. In addition, different controlling effects were found in vibration controls in vertical and horizontal directions due to the asymmetry of the structure and the horizontal excitation. With such controlling effects, semi-active MR dampers are evaluated to effectively control vibrations caused by earthquakes in flexible and asymmetric structures such as asymmetric cable-stayed bridges.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.107-118
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• 2013

In this paper, we developed the semiconductor monitoring system for the etching process. Around the world, expert companies are competing fiercely since the semiconductor industry is a leading value-added industry that produces the essential components of electronic products. As a result, many researches have been conducted in order to improve the quality, productivity, and characteristics of semiconductor products. Process monitoring techniques has an important role to give an equivalent quality and productivity to produce semiconductor. In fact, since the etching process to form a semiconductor circuit causes great damage to the semiconductors, it is very necessary to develop a system for monitoring the process. The proposed monitoring system is mainly focused on the dry etching process using plasma and it provides the detailed observation, analysis and feedback to managers. It has the functionality of setting scenarios to match the process control automatically. In addition, it maximizes the efficiency of process automation. The result can be immediately reflected to the system since it performs real-time monitoring. UI (User Interface) provides managers with diagnosis of the current state in the process. The monitoring system has diverse functionalities to control the process according to the scenario written in advance, to stop the process efficiently and finally to increase production efficiency.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.451-458
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• 2008

After more than 10 years construction, KSTAR (Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research) had finally completed its assembly in June 2007, and then achieved the goal of first-plasma in July 2008 through the four month's commissioning. KSTAR was constructed with fully superconducting magnets with material of $Nb_3Sn$ and NbTi, and their operation temperatures are maintained below 4.5K by the help of Helium Refrigerator System. During the first-plasma operation, plasmas of maximum current of 133kA and maximum pulse width of 865ms were obtained. The KSTAR Integrated Control System (KICS) has successfully fulfilled its missions of surveillance, device operation, machine protection interlock, and data acquisition and management. These and more were all KSTAR commissioning requirements. For reliable and safe operation of KSTAR, 17 local control systems were developed. Those systems must be integrated into the logically single control system, and operate regardless of their platforms and location installed. In order to meet these requirements, KICS was developed as a network-based distributed system and adopted a new framework, named as EPICS (Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System). Also, KICS has some features in KSTAR operation. It performs not only 24 hour continuous plant operation, but the shot-based real-time feedback control by exchanging the initiatives of operation between a central controller and a plasma control system in accordance with the operation sequence. For the diagnosis and analysis of plasma, 11 types of diagnostic system were implemented in KSTAR, and the acquired data from them were archived using MDSpius (Model Driven System), which is widely used in data management of fusion control systems. This paper will cover the design and implementation of the KSTAR integrated control system and the data management and visualization systems. Commissioning results will be introduced in brief.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2015

In this paper, we present an inertial sensor-based gait analysis system to measure and analyze lower-limb movements. We developed an integral AHRS(Attitude Heading Reference System) using a combination of rate gyroscope, accelerometer and magnetometer sensor signals. Several AHRS modules mounted on segments of the patient's body provide the quaternions representing the patient segments's orientation in space. And a method is also proposed for calculating three-dimensional inter-segment joint angle which is an important bio-mechanical measure for a variety of applications related to rehabilitation. To evaluate the performance of our AHRS module, the Vicon motion capture system, which offers millimeter resolution of 3D spatial displacements and orientations, is used as a reference. The evaluation resulted in a RMSE(Root Mean Square Error) of 1.08 and 1.72 degree in yaw and pitch angle. In order to evaluate the performance of our the gait analysis system, we compared the joint angle for the hip, knee and ankle with those provided by Vicon system. The result shows that our system will provide an in-depth insight into the effectiveness, appropriate level of care, and feedback of the rehabilitation process by performing real-time limb or gait analysis during the post-stroke recovery.