• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.83-88
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• 2011

The wholesomeness of 40 kGy irradiated ready-to-eat (RTE) bulgogi was evaluated by subacute toxicity studies (body weight, food consumption, organ weight, hematology, serum biochemistry, and histopathological examination) with groups of 40 male and female ICR mice fed the agent at dietary levels of 5% for 90 days. There were no treatment-related adverse effects with regard to body weight, food consumption, organ weight, hematology, serum biochemistry, and histopathology. The no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) was also determined to be greater than dietary level of at least 5% (3900 mg/kg body weight/day for males, 3500 mg/kg body weight/ day for females) for samples under the present experimental conditions. These results suggest that, under these experimental conditions, RTE bulgogi irradiated at 40 kGy did not show any toxic effects.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.152-157
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• 2006

Enterobacter sakazakii, designated as an unique microbial species in 1980, may cause bacteremia, necrotizing enterocolitis and infant meningitis. The distribution and the thermostability of E. sakazakii in unprocessed ready-to-eat (RTE) agricultural products of 252 and in 25 powdered infant formulas (PIF) were analyzed. Eighty one, 50, 43, and 47% of brown rice, pumpkin, potato, and carrot samples, respectively, had aerobic plate counts (ARC) in the range of 5 log CFU/g or more. Almost all the other products sampled had APC of approximately 2 log CFU/g. Fifty three, 75, 67, and 68% of banana, pumpkin, soybean, and carrot had Enterobacteriaceae counts approximating 3 log CFU/g. Sixty six percent of the brown rice tested had Enterobacteriaceae counts approximating 5-6 log CFU/g. E. sakazakii was isolated from 3/25(12%), 4/23(17%), 1/24(4%), and 1/27(4%) of PIF, brown rice, laver, and tomato samples, respectively. D-values were 3.52-4.79 min at 60 and $D_{60}-values$ were similar as the isolates reported. Thermal inactivation of four thermovariant E. sakazakii strains during the rehydration of PIF with hot water were investigated. At $50^{\circ}C$, the levels of E. sakazakii decreased one log CFU/g for 4-6 min and thereafter the levels remained stable for 20 min. At $60^{\circ}C$, inactivation by about 2 log CFU/g occurred for 20 min. Therefore, the unprocessed agricultural products might be a source of contamination for PIF when used as an ingredient after drying and pulverization. Rehydration of PIF for infant feeding with a water temperature of $60^{\circ}C$ rather than $50^{\circ}C$, as recommended by the manufacturers, may be helpful in the reduction of potential E. sakazakii risk.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.494-501
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of pre-cooking conditions on the quality characteristics of ready-to-eat (RTE) Samgyetang. Raw chickens were steamed under the different conditions of 50℃/30 min (T1), 65℃/30 min (T2), 85℃/30 min (T3), and 90℃/10 min (T4) prior to retorting at 120℃ for 65 min. The results showed that pre-cooking conditions in all treated samples could reduce fat contents in breast and leg meats by 8.5-11.7％ and 10.0-11.0％ compared to the control, even though there were no significant differences among treatments (p>0.05). The L* and b* values of breast and leg meats treated with the higher temperature and longer time conditions were significantly higher than the control (p<0.05), while a* values tended to decrease despite of not to a significant extent (p>0.05). Moreover, apparent viscosity and water soluble protein showed insignificant differences (p>0.05) among the samples as a result of the retorting process, which might have more negative influences on the quality. T2 samples obtained significantly the highest average Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) score and transmittance value, representing the most clear broth among the samples, compared to the control. On the other hand, T3 showed the highest cooking loss among the treatments and the lowest QDA scores among the samples. In conclusion, pre-cooking treatment prior to retorting in manufacturing Samgyetang is a plausible way to reduce its fat content. A pre-cooking condition at either 65℃ for 30 min, or 90℃ for 10 min are recommended for producing Samgyetang with optimum quality.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.938-943
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• 2007

향후 소비가 더욱 증가할 것으로 예상되는 즉석섭취식품 중 샌드위치를 대상으로 제조공정의 특성상 생물학적 위해 중 높은 빈도로 검출될 것으로 예상되는 황색포도상구균에 대해서 정성적${\cdot}$정량적 검출실험을 실시하였다. 분석시료는 편의점, 대형할인마트, 샌드위치 전문점, 개인운영제과점, 패스트푸드점, 급식소에서 판매되는 샌드위치를 대상으로 하였다. 분석결과 전체 174개의 시료 중 18개, 전체 10.3%에서 황색포도상구균이 검출되었으며 검출량은 평균 1.74 log CFU/g으로 0.30 log CFU/g에서 최대 4.08 log CFU/g까지 검출되었다. 황색포도상구균의 계절에 따른 검출량은 여름철(3.24 log CFU/g)이 겨울철(1.10 log CFU/g)에 비해서 3배 정도 많아 통계적으로 유의적인 차이가 있었다(p<0.001). 영국 PHLS의 즉석섭취식품의 황색포도상구균에 대한 미생물 가이드라인을 기준으로 평가했을 때 본 실험의 전체 분석 대상 시료 중 95.4%가 허용할 수 있는 수준이었다. 또한 햄 치즈샌드위치에 대한 독소형성 확인 실험 결과 4.95 log CFU/g 이상으로 황색포도상구균이 증식되지 않으면 독소가 생성되지 않는다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 샌드위치의 황색포도상구균에 대한 정량적 오염도 분석에 대한 본 실험 결과는 샌드위치를 포함한 즉석섭취식품의 정량적 위해평가를 위한 기초자료로써 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.1047-1057
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences is food consumption behavior based on singles' food-related lifestyle. A survey was conducted with singles(age 25~54) in the Seoul metropolitan area. Out of 2,051 questionnaires distributed, 300 were analyzed(15.21% response rate). The data was analyzed using SPSS windows(ver. 17.0). Singles' food-related lifestyles were categorized into three groups. In addition, the respondents were divided into three groups by cluster analysis: convenience oriented group, wellbeing dining-out oriented group, and uninvolved group. The food consumption behavior of each group was significantly different in terms of considerations of food consumption, preference of food product types, and breakfast types. The convenience oriented group prefered to buy ready to cook food, ready to heat food and ready to eat food. Moreover, they often eat instant food. The wellbeing dining-out group is more interested in foods and their health than other groups. The uninvolved group was not concerned about food. This study suggests that the food industry the characteristics of singles' needs to be analyzed more systematically. By analyzing the characteristics of singles', the food industry can use the data to establish a marketing strategy for them.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.673-679
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• 2009

To develop ready-to-eat (RTE) style Korean traditional Galbi-jjim, the optimal conditions for sous-vide cooking and cookchill preparation and the sensory properties of the cooked products were investigated. During heating, the meat core temperatures reached $85^{\circ}C$ within 30 min and 45 min when a water bath and combination oven were used, respectively. Chilling to $3^{\circ}C$ within 45 min was conducted to meet the standards for microbiological safety set by the UK Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) Guideline. Galbi-jjim that was vacuum-cooked in a water bath was much more tender than that of Galbi-jjim prepared using the cook-chill method, but had no difference in any reheating methods. The average sensory scores of juiciness and the overall acceptance of Galbi-jjim were significantly higher when water bath cooking was used, and there were no differences in reheating methods. In conclusion, the serial methods of sous-vide processing and rapid chilling can be applied to produce RTE traditional Galbi-jjim, and this can be conducted while meeting the standards specified in safety guidelines.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.559-567
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• 2012

신선편이 포도 상품의 유통, 판매 중 부패억제 및 품질유지를 위한 환경기체조절포장기법의 활용 가능성을 확인하고자 살균소독, 세척, 절단 과정을 거친 캠벨 포도 시료에 대해 다양한 기체 충진 조건을 적용하여 플라스틱 포장용기에 밀봉한 후 $5^{\circ}C$에 저장하면서 품질변화를 살펴보았다. 고이산화탄소 조건에서 포도의 호흡률은 일반 대기조성에서의 호흡률과 크게 다르지 않았으나, 고산소 조건에서는 산소 소모율이 2배 정도 증가하는 비정상적인 호기호흡이 일어났다. 저온저장 중 포장 내부의 기체조성은 초기 기체충진 조건에 관계없이 $O_2$가 모두 소비되고 고농도의 $CO_2$가 축적되었으나, PE 포장구에서는 약 13% 이상의 $O_2$가 유지되었다. 포도의 품질인자 가운데 생체중량은 대조구인 통기 포장구에서만 1.0% 이상 감소하였고 고산소 처리구에서 가장 낮은 중량감소를 나타내었으며, 과육의 pH, 산도, 가용성 고형분 함량 및 경도, 과피 표면색, 폴리페놀 함량, PPO 활성에서는 기체충진 조건에 의한 유의적 차이를 구분할 수 없었다. 한편 고이산화탄소 처리구에서는 약 $10^1-10^2$ CFU/g 수준의 가장 낮은 미생물 균수를 나타내었으나 저장말기에 이취가 강하게 발생하였고, 고산소 처리구에서는 상대적으로 이취가 적고, 고유의 포도향이 유지되면서 관능검사 평가점수가 다소 높게 나타났다. 결론적으로 적정 농도의 고이산화탄소와 고산소를 병용한 환경기체조절포장은 신선편이 포도의 저장유통 중 품질유지에 효과적임을 확인할 수 있었지만, 최적의 포장조건을 찾기 위해서는 향후 추가적인 연구가 필요하다고 판단된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.683-691
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• 2014

The effects of sucrose stearate at various concentrations (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%, w/v) on the physico-chemical characteristics of ready-to-eat (RTE) Samgyetang were investigated during storage at $25^{\circ}C$ for 12 mon. Over the storage duration, the addition of sucrose stearate had no significant effects on the proximate composition of Samgyetang, including meat, broth, and porridge, or the hardness and spreadability of the porridge, although it resulted in significantly higher CIE $L^*$ values for the porridge. The CIE $L^*$ values of Samgyetang porridge with added sucrose stearate increased until 9 mon, while the control decreased until 6 mon, and the values for both changed insignificantly thereafter. The breast meat of Samgyetang treated with sucrose stearate showed higher percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acid after 3 mon and lower percentages of monounsaturated fatty acid after 6 mon compared to the control (p<0.05), while no significant differences were observed with the different sucrose stearate concentrations (p>0.05). The overall sensory acceptability scores were higher at sucrose stearate concentrations of 0.2% or 0.3% after 6 mon and at 0.1% after 9 mon compared to those of the control.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.621-625
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• 2007

Staphylococcus aureus in Korean kimbab rolls was monitored seasonally in 4 major cities of Korea to investigate the risk of S. aureus in a pre-prepared meal. Thirty-five (28.6%) of 105 kimbab rolls purchased in winter were contaminated with S. aureus with an average level of 2.6 log CFU/g. Thirty-six (33.0%) of 109 kimbab rolls purchased in summer and autumn were contained S. aureus with an average level of 2.9 log CFU/g. Kimbab purchased in snack bars showed higher S. aureus contamination rates with the maximum level of 4.7 log CFU/g than that purchased in convenience stores. Of the raw materials in kimbab, uncooked perilla leaf had the highest contamination rate of S. aureus. Less than 50% of S. aureus isolated from kimbab produced enterotoxin and most of the staphylococcal enterotoxin produced by S. aureus in kimbab was type A.

• 급식외식위생학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2020

B. cereus-produced cereulide as an emetic toxin is commonly isolated in starch-based cooked foods. This study examined the prevalence of B. cereus from ready-to-eat foods in markets by polymerase chain reaction analysis and determined the relationship between the level of B. cereus and the quantity of cereulide in the sample after different storage times and temperatures. The prevalence of general B. cereus in 43 starch foods was 32.6%, and the level of B. cereus ranged from 0.5 to 1.95 log cfu/g, meeting the Korea Food Code Specifications of 3 log CFU/g of B. cereus. No samples revealed emetic B. cereus. Fried rice samples were inoculated with a cereulide-producing reference strain, B. cereus NCCP 14796, to determine the level of B. cereus and the quantity of cereulide in the samples after storage for 0, 4, 6, 8, 20, 24, 30, 48, 72, and 96 h at 7, 25, 35, and 57℃. The average levels of B. cereus at 7, 25, 35, and 57℃ were 4.38, 7.31, 7.88, and 3.82 log cfu/g, and the levels of cereulide were 150.41, 1680.70, 2652.65, and 77.83 ㎍/mL, respectively, showing a significant difference according to the incubation time (P<0.05) and temperature (P<0.001).