• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.331-338
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• 2012

A novel gene coding for an endo-${\beta}$-1,4-mannanase (manA) from Bacillus subtilis strain G1 was cloned and overexpressed in P. pastoris GS115, and the enzyme was purified and characterized. The manA gene consisted of an open reading frame of 1,092 nucleotides, encoding a 364-aa protein, with a predicted molecular mass of 41 kDa. The ${\beta}$-mannanase showed an identity of 90.2-92.9% ${\leq}95%$) with the corresponding amino acid sequences from B. subtilis strains deposited in GenBank. The purified ${\beta}$-mannanase was a monomeric protein on SDS-PAGE with a specific activity of 2,718 U/mg and identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The recombinant ${\beta}$-mannanase had an optimum temperature of $45^{\circ}C$ and optimum pH of 6.5. The enzyme was stable at temperatures up to $50^{\circ}C$ (for 8 h) and in the pH range of 5-9. EDTA and most tested metal ions showed a slightly to an obviously inhibitory effect on enzyme activity, whereas metal ions ($Hg^{2+}$, $Pb^{2+}$, and $Co^{2+}$) substantially inhibited the recombinant ${\beta}$-mannanase. The chemical additives including detergents (Triton X-100, Tween 20, and SDS) and organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, and acetone) decreased the enzyme activity, and especially no enzyme activity was observed by addition of SDS at the concentrations of 0.25-1.0% (w/v) or n-butanol at the concentrations of 20-30% (v/v). These results suggested that the ${\beta}$-mannanase expressed in P. pastoris could potentially be used as an additive in the feed for monogastric animals.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.101-120
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• 2007

This paper aims at studying on the medium of cultural interchange regarding who did and how to introduced the new trend of architecture during the period of Koryo Dynasty. Before the era of Koryo Dynasty, Kyungjang(Sutra Pitaka, 經藏) was mainly centered in Kyeongnu with a substantial function of storage. In the early Koryo Dynasty, however, Daejangjeon(大藏殿), which was spatialized for worship, began to appear. Normally, fixed walls were installed and the Sutras were enshrined inside Daejangjeon, while Jeonryunjang (revolving wheel sutras), a type of rational bookshelf, was introduced, and a new trend became developed in Kyungjang construction. Jeonryunjang(revolving wheel sutras, 轉輪藏) is a dharma instrument with a rotational function so that one revolution gives an effect of reading the enshrined Sutra one time, and began to be created actively in the period of the Northern Song. It is considered that the introduction of Jeonryunjang(revolving wheel sutras) to Daejangjeon was resulted from Haejokuksa(慧照國師) Damjin(曇眞) who visited the Kangnam areas in the Northern Song at that time. The Kangjeol areas in the Northern Song, where Damjin concentratively itinerated three times, were the place in which Jeonryunjang was created in many temples. Since Damjin, historical materials and excavated data regarding constructing Jeonryunjang have been discovered in the Buddhist temples, which are related to his pupils and dharma lineage. The only existing Jeonryunjang of Yongmusa Temple in Korea is the one that Joeung Daesunsa, who succeeded to the dharma lineage of Haesokuksa, promoted, and supports strongly such introduction of Jeonryunjang by Haesokuksa.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.105-115
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• 2003

The four skills of a language are basically required for a communication. They are very important for a learner to develop the balanced language acquisition. Today both listening and speaking skills are emphasized in the global era rather than reading and writing proficiencies. The reason is really why the learners' communicative competence is more needed than the accurate knowledge of a structure in the language. For this reason, the listening comprehension should be taught effectively using the following strategies. First, the sound difference of a language must be taught. Language is a complicated process to convey the comprehensive meaning combined with the internal and external factors of a language. In other words, the meaning for the sound of language should be transmitted by the unit of vocabulary and syntax. Second, a good listening comprehension requires the familiarity and much experience with a lot of English words to understand English sentences unconsciously. Third, as understanding the structure of language is effective for the listening comprehension, the better listening comprehension can be possible through the meaningful exercise. Fourth, the compound process of listening comprehension requires the comprehensive understanding of language, but not the separate understanding of language. Fifth, the appropriate application of the multimedia courseware helps improve the listening comprehension better than that of the existing audio, video, tape recorder and so on. Using multimedia courseware is useful as follows: A learner is able to take as much lesson as he/she wants. It does take little time to repeat about what he/she takes a lesson. It gives the lively picture with the native speakers' voices. It gives him/her(a learner) a feedback effect continuously through the interaction of computer. It controls his/her lesson in accordance with the level of a learner.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.215-224
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• 2009

The aim of teaching writing is not to memorize a single piece of knowledge but to acquire higher thinking that could be related to other fields using learners' various reading experiences and schemata. Among several strategies or techniques to write well, it is recommended to use a mind-map technique. A mind-map software applies the mind-map technique into computer for learners to study autonomously. However, the mind-map software is not common in educational fields yet and there are only few studies on the effect of it. Therefore, this study analyzed various curricula to extract the elements of writing and developed a mind-map software program which was applied and tested. As a result, the writing program using the mind-map software was effective in promoting learners' motivation and lowering anxiety. It also improved learners' competence of writing such as understanding, analytic thinking, creativity, ability to organize, and expression.

• Proceedings of the Korean Magnestics Society Conference
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• 2011.12a
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• pp.101-101
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• 2011

The control of magnetization by an electric field at room temperature remains as one of great challenges in materials science. Multiferroics, in which magnetism and ferroelectricity coexist and couple to each other, could be the most plausible candidate to realize this long-sought capability. While recent intensive research on the multiferroics has made significant progress in sensitive, magnetic control of electric polarization, the electrical control of magnetization, the converse effect, has been observed only in a limited range far below room temperature. Here we demonstrate at room temperature the control of both electric polarization by a magnetic field and magnetization by an electric field in a multiferroic hexaferrite. The electric polarization rapidly increases in a magnetic field as low as 5 mT and the magnetoelectric susceptibility reaches up to 3200 ps/m, the highest value in single phase materials. The magnetization is also modulated up to 0.34 mB per formula unit in an electric field of 1.14 MV/m. Furthermore, this compound allows nonvolatile, magnetoelectric reading- and writing-operations entirely at room temperature. Four different magnetic/electric field writing conditions generate repeatable, distinct M versus E curves without dissipation, offering an unprecedented opportunity for a multi-bit memory or a spintronic device applications.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 2020

Background: Helicobacter pylori increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in gastric epithelial cells. DNA damage activates DNA damage response (DDR) which includes ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) activation. ATM increases alternative reading frame (ARF) but decreases mouse double minute 2 (Mdm2). Because p53 interacts with Mdm2, H. pylori-induced loss of Mdm2 stabilizes p53 and induces apoptosis. Previous study showed that Korean Red Ginseng extract (KRG) reduces ROS and prevents cell death in H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells. Methods: We determined whether KRG inhibits apoptosis by suppressing DDRs and apoptotic indices in H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial AGS cells. The infected cells were treated with or without KRG or an ATM kinase inhibitor KU-55933. ROS levels, apoptotic indices (cell death, DNA fragmentation, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3 activity) and DDRs (activation and levels of ATM, checkpoint kinase 2, Mdm2, ARF, and p53) were determined. Results: H. pylori induced apoptosis by increasing apoptotic indices and ROS levels. H. pylori activated DDRs (increased p-ATM, p-checkpoint kinase 2, ARF, p-p53, and p53, but decreased Mdm2) in gastric epithelial cells. KRG reduced ROS and inhibited increase in apoptotic indices and DDRs in H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells. KU-55933 suppressed DDRs and apoptosis in H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells, similar to KRG. Conclusion: KRG suppressed ATM-mediated DDRs and apoptosis by reducing ROS in H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells. Supplementation with KRG may prevent the oxidative stress-mediated gastric impairment associated with H. pylori infection.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.159-170
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• 2014

Recent concerns about the PFOA(perfluorooctanoic acid), have been increasing, which is generally applied in the water-repellent finishing process of textile products. It has been proven through animal testing to be harmful to humans, as possible carcinogens and neuro-toxic material. Thus U. S. Environmental Agency has gone as far as requiring the material to be eliminated in its entirety by 2015. As a viable alternative to this water-repellent finishing agent, the development of C6 product is gaining its popularity. The effects of PFOA finishing on the silk fabrics were examined, and we reviewed parameters of the needed process for optimizing appearance and functionality of silk fabrics treated with eco-friendly water-repellent finishing agent. Cross-linking agent affected the most on black color of reactive ink, among the physical properties. The contact angle reading was the highest in $8g/{\ell}$ of concentration for all fabrics. All the fabric specimens, subjected to the DTP and water repellent finishing, exhibited higher stiffness, where rayon specimen showed the highest, compared to the untreated specimens. The results may provide basic information leading to the development of value-added silk fabrics with water-repellency without excessive deterioration of the delicate appearance and inherent soft touch.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.31 no.11A
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• pp.1130-1137
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• 2006

One of the important performance issues in large-scale RFID systems is to resolve collisions among responses from RFID tags. Considering two do facto anti-collision solutions, namely the binary-tree splitting algorithm and the Slotted-Aloha algorithm, we propose to use multi-packet reception (MPR) capability to enhance the RFID tag reading rate (i.e., throughput). MPR allows an RFID reader to receive multiple reponses transmitted by tags at the same time. We analyze the effect of MPR capability in the above anti-collision algorithms, which is also validated by simulation. The analysis and simulation results show that RFID reader antenna design and signal separation techniques play an important role in improving RFID system performance with MPR capability.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.429-437
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• 2011

In the recent years, there has been attempts to try to understand the urban waterfront in diverse aspects. This article aims to understand basically the port-city's waterfront by the cultural interpretation of it in the basis of the concept of Water Culture. Water has the attribute that put down the border between inside and outside. This attribute of water leads to the attributes of Sea, such as dynamism, collectivity, and openness. The perimetric quality, openness, hybridity, and passage quality of the sea-port city's waterfront are resulted from these attributes of water and sea. These cultural attributes of urban waterfront exert a effect upon the residents' cultural identity of sea-port city. Thus the correlation between waterfront's attributes and the cultural identity should be reflected in the stage that its development is planned.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.994-1009
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• 2016

Applying the S-O-R Model within an online context, a hypothesized model incorporates three review characteristics (perceived concreteness, exaggeration, and sufficient quantity of reviews) for apparel products in order to present their impact on consumer perceptions of review usefulness and consumer attitude toward and patronage intent for the online stores hosting the reviews. An online survey of Korean women (N=299) reported their experiences in purchasing apparel products online and reading apparel reviews on a regular basis. Testing of the hypothesized model showed the usefulness of reviews were determined by two review characteristics (S: perceived concreteness and sufficient quantity of reviews); however, the negative effect of exaggerated reviews were insignificant. In addition, the perceived usefulness of reviews (O-cognitive) hosted by an online store influenced online store attitude (O-affective) which subsequently led to online store patronage intent (R). This study systemically advances online retail literature by showing how the characteristics of online reviews (as a part of the online store environment) can influence attitude toward online stores and patronage intent for online stores. Long term relationships with consumers can be achieved through the building of mechanisms to enhance the perceived usefulness of reviews by employing the strategies of hosting concrete reviews and offering a sufficient quantity of reviews. This study addresses removes research gaps by testing an adapted the S-O-R Model that frames review information as an element of an online store environment using a large sample.