• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
• /
• 제16권12호
• /
• pp.1150-1154
• /
• 2003

The voltage profile during discharge of the zinc air battery has very flat pattern until reach to end of discharge voltage. But, when zinc air battery is discharged by high current, the discharge voltage and energy becomes low. Therefore, we focused on effects of catalyst size to solve this problems by increasing active sites of oxygen reduction reaction. The size of catalyst was reduced from 27 to l${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and we examined average discharge voltage, capacity, energy, resistance and characteristics during GSM pulse discharge of zinc air battery with change of current density. And we also measured porosity of the cathode according to the ASTM. So we have got improvement of average discharge voltage and energy when catalyst was minimized and we have got optimum size of catalyst at 5${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$.

• 신재생에너지
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.126-134
• /
• 2024

Biogas, composed mainly of methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), is a renewable gas that can serve as an alternative energy source. In this study, we developed a new microwave reformer and analyzed its reforming characteristics. We observed that higher temperatures of the microwave receptor led to increased reforming efficiency. By supplying appropriate amounts of methane and steam, we could prevent carbon generated from the thermal decomposition reaction of carbon dioxide from depositing on the catalytic active layer, thus avoiding the inhibition of catalytic activity. Hydrogen generation was enhanced when maintaining the biogas ratio and steam supply at adequate levels. Increasing the SiC ratio in the receptor improved the uniformity of temperature distribution and growth rate, resulting in higher conversion rates of the reforming process.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 추계학술대회 초록집
• /
• pp.133.2-133.2
• /
• 2010

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) was carried out in heat-exchanger typed reactor with cobalt metallic foam catalyst. Considering the heat and mass transfer limitations in the cobalt catalyst, a Co-foam catalyst with an inner metallic foam frame and an outer cobalt catalyst was developed. The Co-foam catalyst was highly selective toward liquid hydrocarbon production and the liquid hydrocarbon productivity at $203^{\circ}C$ reached to $52.5ml/(kg_{cat}{\cdot}h)$, which was higher than that obtained by the Co-pellet. Furthermore, the heat-exchanger typed reactor was developed to efficiently control the highly exothermic reaction heat. The reaction heat generated in the FTS reaction on the cobalt active site was easily transferred to reactor wall by the metallic foam in the catalyst and the transferred reaction heat was directly removed by the hot oil which circulated the wall side of the heat-exchanger typed reactor.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.417-423
• /
• 2022

With the emerging importance of catalysts for water electrolysis, developing efficient and inexpensive electrocatalysts for water electrolysis plays a vital role in renewable hydrogen energy technology. In this study, a 1nm thickness of TiC-supported Ru catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has been successfully fabricated using an electron (E)-beam evaporator and thermal decomposition of gaseous CH₄ in a furnace. The prepared Ru/TiC catalyst exhibited an outstanding performance for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction with an overpotential of 55 mV at 10 mA cm^-2. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the outstanding HER performance of Ru/TiC was attributed to the high surface area of the support and the metal-support interaction.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제34권6호
• /
• pp.1356-1364
• /
• 2024

Isoamyl fatty acid esters (IAFEs) are widely used as fruity flavor compounds in the food industry. In this study, various IAFEs were synthesized from isoamyl alcohol and various fatty acids using a cutinase enzyme (Rcut) derived from Rhodococcus bacteria. Rcut was immobilized on methacrylate divinylbenzene beads and used to synthesize isoamyl acetate, butyrate, hexanoate, octanoate, and decanoate. Among them, Rcut synthesized isoamyl butyrate (IAB) most efficiently. Docking model studies showed that butyric acid was the most suitable substrate in terms of binding energy and distance from the active site serine (Ser114) γ-oxygen. Up to 250 mM of IAB was synthesized by adjusting reaction conditions such as substrate concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time. When the enzyme reaction was performed by reusing the immobilized enzyme, the enzyme activity was maintained at least six times. These results demonstrate that the immobilized Rcut enzyme can be used in the food industry to synthesize a variety of fruity flavor compounds, including IAB.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
• /
• 제36권1호
• /
• pp.21-33
• /
• 2019

This paper focuses on the interpretation of radiation fluxes from active galactic nuclei. The advantage of positron annihilation spectroscopy over other methods of spectral diagnostics of active galactic nuclei (therefore AGN) is demonstrated. A relationship between regular and random components in both bolometric and spectral composition of fluxes of quanta and particles generated in AGN is found. We consider their diffuse component separately and also detect radiative feedback after the passage of high-velocity cosmic rays and hard quanta through gas-and-dust aggregates surrounding massive black holes in AGN. The motion of relativistic positrons and electrons in such complex systems produces secondary radiation throughout the whole investigated region of active galactic nuclei in form of cylinder with radius R= 400-1000 pc and height H=200-400 pc, thus causing their visible luminescence across all spectral bands. We obtain radiation and electron energy distribution functions depending on the spatial distribution of the investigated bulk of matter in AGN. Radiation luminescence of the non-central part of AGN is a response to the effects of particles and quanta falling from its center created by atoms, molecules and dust of its diffuse component. The cross-sections for the single-photon annihilation of positrons of different energies with atoms in these active galactic nuclei are determined. For the first time we use the data on the change in chemical composition due to spallation reactions induced by high-energy particles. We establish or define more accurately how the energies of the incident positron, emitted ${\gamma}-quantum$ and recoiling nucleus correlate with the atomic number and weight of the target nucleus. For light elements, we provide detailed tables of all indicated parameters. A new criterion is proposed, based on the use of the ratio of the fluxes of ${\gamma}-quanta$ formed in one- and two-photon annihilation of positrons in a diffuse medium. It is concluded that, as is the case in young supernova remnants, the two-photon annihilation tends to occur in solid-state grains as a result of active loss of kinetic energy of positrons due to ionisation down to thermal energy of free electrons. The single-photon annihilation of positrons manifests itself in the gas component of active galactic nuclei. Such annihilation occurs as interaction between positrons and K-shell electrons; hence, it is suitable for identification of the chemical state of substances comprising the gas component of the investigated media. Specific physical media producing high fluxes of positrons are discussed; it allowed a significant reduction in the number of reaction channels generating positrons. We estimate the brightness distribution in the ${\gamma}-ray$ spectra of the gas-and-dust media through which positron fluxes travel with the energy range similar to that recorded by the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) research module. Based on the results of our calculations, we analyse the reasons for such a high power of positrons to penetrate through gas-and-dust aggregates. The energy loss of positrons by ionisation is compared to the production of secondary positrons by high-energy cosmic rays in order to determine the depth of their penetration into gas-and-dust aggregations clustered in active galactic nuclei. The relationship between the energy of ${\gamma}-quanta$ emitted upon the single-photon annihilation and the energy of incident electrons is established. The obtained cross sections for positron interactions with bound electrons of the diffuse component of the non-central, peripheral AGN regions allowed us to obtain new spectroscopic characteristics of the atoms involved in single-photon annihilation.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.340-346
• /
• 2013

Study on clean and efficient utilization technology for low rank coal with high moisture content is actively ongoing due to limited reserves of petroleum and of high grade coal and serious climate change caused by fossil fuel usage. In the present study, supercritical water gasification of low rank coal was performed. With increasing reaction temperature, content of combustible gases such as $H_2$ and $CH_4$ in the syngas increased while the $CO_2$ content decreased. As the reaction pressure increased from 210 to 300 bar, the $CO_2$ content in the syngas increased while the hydrocarbon gas content decreased. The $H_2$ and $CH_4$ content in the syngas increased slightly with pressure. With the addition of Pd, Pt, and Ru catalysts, it was possible to improve the production of $H_2$. Moreover, the increase of active metal content in the catalyst increased the $H_2$ productivity. The Ru catalyst shows the best performance for increasing the $H_2$ content in the syngas, while decreasing the $CO_2$ content.

• 청정기술
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.220-228
• /
• 2010

과당(fructose)로부터 간단한 공정을 통하여 바이오디젤보다 우수한 청정에너지 연료로 알려진 5-하이드록시메틸퍼퓨랄(HMF)을 제조하는 청정공정을 개발하였다. 이 연구에서는 중심원소와 배위원소가 치환된 네 종류의 헤테로폴리산 $H_nXM_{12}O_{40}$ (중심원소 X = P, Si, 배위원소 M = W, Mo.)을 과당으로부터 HMF로 전환하는 탈수반응에 적용하고, 그 반응활성을 비교하였다. 헤테로폴리산의 산 세기는 중심원소가 P, 배위원소가 W일 때 더 높았으며 산 점의 수는 이와 반대되는 경향을 보였다. 과당의 HMF로의 탈수반응은 헤테로폴리산의 산 특성과 음이온의 연성(softness)과 밀접한 관련이 있으며, 촉매 활성점과 전환율이 상쇄 작용하여 네 종류의 헤테로폴리산 촉매는 서로 비슷한 활성을 보였다. 또한 반응에 사용된 헤테로폴리산을 반응온도보다 높은 $200^{\circ}C$에서 열처리한 후에도 그 결정구조가 유지되는 것을 확인하였으며, 이를 통하여 헤테로폴리산의 반응활성이 안정적으로 유지됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제37권5호
• /
• pp.533-537
• /
• 2004

Previously published kinetic data on the interactions of seventeen different enzymes with their physiological substrates are re-examined in order to understand the connection between ground state binding energy and transition state stabilization of the enzyme-catalyzed reactions. When the substrate ground state binding energies are normalized by the substrate molar volumes, binding of the substrate to the enzyme active site may be thought of as an energy concentration interaction; that is, binding of the substrate ground state brings in a certain concentration of energy. When kinetic data of the enzyme/substrate interactions are analyzed from this point of view, the following relationships are discovered: 1) smaller substrates possess more binding energy concentrations than do larger substrates with the effect dropping off exponentially, 2) larger enzymes (relative to substrate size) bind both the ground and transition states more tightly than smaller enzymes, and 3) high substrate ground state binding energy concentration is associated with greater reaction transition state stabilization. It is proposed that these observations are inconsistent with the conventional (Haldane) view of enzyme catalysis and are better reconciled with the shifting specificity model for enzyme catalysis.

• 청정기술
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.225-230
• /
• 2011

다양한 귀금속 촉매를 이용한 hydrocarbon selective catalytic reduction 반응특성을 조사하였다. 가장 우수한 활성금속은 Pt, 지지체는 활성금속과 지지체간 강한 상호작용에 의하여 $CeO_2$, $TiO_2$였으며, NOx 전환율은 약 55%를 나타내었다. 활성금속으로서 Pd, Rh, Ag 촉매들은 20% 미만의 전환율을 보였으며, 지지체로서 $SiO_2$, $ZrO_2$ 또한 다른 지지체들보다 저조한 활성을 나타내었다. 조업조건에 따른 촉매의 성능을 조사하기 위하여 환원제의 종류, 양, 산소농도, 공간속도에 따른 실험을 수행하였다. 환원제로서 메탄이 프로판보다 우수함을 확인하였고, 메탄/질소 산화물 비가 증가할수록 성능이 우수하였으며, 산소농도가 증가할수록, 그리고 공간속도가 감소할수록 촉매의 성능은 증가함을 확인할 수 있었다.