• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.247-252
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• 1985

In the present study, the effect of primary infection to reinfection with Ascaris suum larvae was experimented in mouse model. Mice were challenged with 1,000 infective stage eggs of Ascaris suum. The embryonated eggs were directly introduced into stomach of mice. Reinfection was performed at 50 days after the primary infection with same method as primary infection. Mice were sacrificed 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 20 days after infection in both groups respectively. Larvae collected from livers and lungs with Baermann's apparatus were enumerated and measured after sacrifice. Sera of mice were also collected at same time. The results of the experiment were as follows: With antigen prepared from coelomic fluid of adult Ascaris suum and sera collected from mice before reinfection, the production of antibody in experimental mice was confirmed by the gel-diffusion technique. In the livers of reinfected mice, the larvae were recovered up to 10 days after challenge, otherwhile in the primary infected mice, the larvae were observed up to 7 days. The maximum number of larvae were observed in the lungs of primary infected mice on 10 days after inoculation. In the lungs of reinfected mice, maximum number of larvae were recovered on 7 days after, only few larvae were recovered on 10 days after reinfection. As regards the growth of the larvae, the third stage larvae, over $500{\mu\textrm{m}}$ in length, appeared in livers at 5 days after reinfection, but it couldn't be found on 7 days and 10 days after challenge. The third stage larvae continuously developed were observed in lungs of mice from 5 days after reinfection. In conclusion, it was found that development of larvae in livers of immune mice were probably repressed by the immune mechanisms being rises in livers and defence mechanism is also acting by interfering with the process of larval penetration into the lung from the liver.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.37-44
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• 2023

Purpose: To decrease cross-infection, it's essential to analyze the spatial composition of the 'PPE doffing area'. Instead of solely relying on manpower standards, we should focus on responding to infectious diseases within the context of space planning. By doing so, we can lower the risk for healthcare workers' infection and ensure a level of safety in various environmental changes or new manpower input situations. Methods: This analysis is conducted specifically for facilities with negative pressure isolation wards. Additionally, interview surveys to obtain feedback from healthcare workers and incorporate their expertise into the design of the 'PPE doffing area' have been carried. Results: In a PPE doffing area, the standard spaces include a PPE doffing room, a shower room, and a clothing room. Depending on the facility environment or the level of infectious diseases, a Decontamination room or Anteroom can be optionally added. Healthcare workers who remove their PPE in the PPE doffing room should avoid re-entering the Negative pressure room. The shower room is often underutilized. When planning for a future PPE doffing area, an aisle space or passageway must be included even if a shower room is planned. Implications: This study examined the space used by healthcare workers rather than patients, with a focus on infection prevention through architectural planning rather than individual efforts. However, the investigation was limited to facilities that have been converted from general wards to negative pressure isolation wards, so it cannot be generalized to all infectious disease facilities.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.109-119
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• 2020

Soil-transmitted helminths and Schistosoma haematobium affect more than 3 billion people globally and mainly occur in sub-Saharan Africa. The present study assessed the overall infection status of a 1716-student cohort of schoolchildren in Zanzibar and applied mass drug administration (MDA) to the cohort from 2007 to 2009. Schools in Pemba, Zanzibar, had a much higher prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections than those in Unguja, and the Chaani, Ghana, and Machui schools of Unguja exhibited high S. haematobium infection rates. The MDA program only partially controlled parasite infections, owing to high rates of re-infection. The infection rate of S. haematobium across all 10 schools, for example, was only reduced by 1.8%, and even this change not significant, even though the S. haematobium infection rates of the Chaani and Mzambarauni schools were significantly reduced from 64.4 and 23.4%, respectively, at the first screening, to 7.3 and 2.3% at the last screening. The overall infection rate of Ascaris lumbricoides was reduced from 36.0% at the first screening to 22.6% at the last screening. However, the infection rates for both Trichuris trichiura and hookworm were generally unaffected by MDA. In the future, parasite control programs should involve strategically designed MDA schedules and holistic intervention (e.g., sanitation improvement, hygiene behavior changes, and control of intermediated hosts).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1478-1483
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• 2013

In this study the isolation and characterization of three bacteriophages (ST4, L13, and SG3) infecting Salmonella gallinarum were carried out. They were further tested for their in vivo efficacy in phage therapy. All three phages belong to the Siphoviridae family with isometric heads and non-contractile tails. They have a broad host range among serovars of Salmonella enterica. The burst sizes were observed to be 1670, 80, and 28 for ST4, L13, and SG3, respectively. The in vivo efficacy of the phages was tested in chickens. Layer chickens were challenged with S. gallinarum, whereas contact chickens were cohabited without direct challenge. Each bacteriophage was orally inoculated in the form of feed additives. Mortality was observed and S. gallinarum was periodically re-isolated from the livers, spleens, and cecums of the chickens. Bacterial re-isolation from the organs and mortality decreased significantly in both challenged and contact chickens treated with the bacteriophages compared with untreated chickens serving as the control. The three bacteriophages may be effective alternatives to antibiotics for the control of fowl typhoid disease in chickens.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.459-466
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• 2007

The Korean Musk deer (Moschus Moschiferus) is endangered due to heavy hunting and Massive destructions of natural habitat. They are included in CITES appendix II. In addition they are designated as a precious natural product in 1968 and listed as endangered species by the Government and Cultural Heritage Administration. At present, the number of musk deer in Korea is smaller than minimum viable population. Without increment of the population size, natural restoration is impossible. It is necessary to develop the artificial growth and re-enforcement methods in order to conservation Korean musk deer. Furthermore, It is necessary to ensure that we have an adequate individual group for artificial growth and re-enforcement. To ensure that we have an adequate individual group, it is necessary to know ecology of musk deer. This study is conducted to confirm and investigate of habitat of musk deer in order to capture individual musk deer. we investigated, confirmed habitats, found traces and captured using trap and decoy. Captured musk deer is male and 5.5 kg, this have canine tooth of 1.5cm, is estimated 15 months old. After capture, we measured each parts of body and tested to research of parasite infection. Strongyloides papillous was founded in the feces. It is essential to get healthy individual and establish of artificial growth technique.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 1988

Two adult specimens of heterophyid cuke, which belong to the genus Stictodora, were collected from the stool of a 24-year old man after chemotherapy. The nukes were morphologically characterized by their small body siRe (0.90~0.98mm long and 0.38 mm wide) and peculiar structure of ventrogenital sac with armed gonotyl (with about 12~I5 spines) not enveloping genital pore. Species identification is deferred until more worms are obtained, although they closely resemble Stictadora fuscatum (Onji and Nishio, 1916). The Patient used to eat raw flesh of mullets and gobies, which are regarded as the infection source of Stictodora sp., together with 3 other kinds of heterophyids described elsewhere. This is the first record of human Stictodora infection in the literature.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.733-742
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• 2016

Acquaintance is scanty on primaquine (PQ) efficacy and Plasmodium vivax recurrence in Udupi district, Karnataka, India. We assessed the efficacy of 14 days PQ regimen (0.25 mg/kg/day) to prevent P. vivax recurrence. Microscopically, aparasitemic adults (${\geq}18years$) after acute vivax malaria on day 28 were re-enrolled into 15 months' long follow-up study. A peripheral blood smear examination was performed with participants at every 1-2 month interval. A nested PCR test was performed to confirm the mono-infection with P. vivax. Of 114 participants, 28 (24.6%) recurred subsequently. The median (IQR) duration of the first recurrence was 3.1 (2.2-5.8) months which ranged from 1.2 to 15.1 months, including initial 28 days. Participants with history of vivax malaria had significantly higher risk of recurrence, with hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) of 2.62 (1.24-5.54) (P=0.012). Severity of disease (11.4%, 13/114) was not associated (P=1.00) with recurrence. Of 28 recurrence cases, the nPCR proved that P. vivax mono-infection recurrence rate was at least 72.7% (16/22) at first recurrence. In Udupi district, PQ dose of 0.25 mg/kg/day over 14 days seems inadequate to prevent recurrence in substantial proportion of vivax malaria. Patients with a history of vivax malaria are at high risk of recurrences.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2005

Before twentieth centuries and during early twentieth centuries, communicable diseases were the major cause of morbidity and mortality in Korea. But reliable data are not available. After 1975, the overall morbidity and mortality from communicable diseases, rapidly declined. Recently many new pathogenic microbes were recognized: L. monocytogenes, Hantaan virus, Y. pseudotuberculosis, P. multocida, L. pneumophilia, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), G. seoi, H. capsulatum, C. burnetii, V. cholerae O139, C. parvum, F. tularensis, E. coli O157:H7, B. burgdorferi, S. Typhimurium DT104, Rotavirus, hepatitis C virus and so on. Since the first HIV infection recognized in 1985, the reported cases of infection and deaths from HIV/AIDS have been steady increased each year. Legionnaire's disease, E. coli O157:H7 colitis, listeriosis and crytosporidiasis have been occurring just sporadically among immunocompromized cases. Many re-emerging communicable diseases were occurred in Korea: leptospirosis, malaria, endemic typhus, cholera, tsutsugamushi disease, salmonellosis, hepatitis A, shigellosis, mumps, measles, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, brucellosis and so on. Leptospirosis and tsutsugamushi diseases have been noticed as major public health problems since 1980s. The malaria that had been virtually disappeared for a decade has reappeared from 1993 with striking increase of patients in recent 3-4 years. The distributions of salmonella and shigella serotypes have been changed a lot in recent few decades. Furthermore rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains induces more difficult and complex problems in control of communicable diseases. We must recognize on the importance of environment and ecosystem conservation and careful prescription of anti-microbial agent in order to prevent communicable diseases.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.80-83
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• 2015

We present reconstruction of a complicated scalp-dura defect using acellular human dermis and latissimus dorsi myocutaneous free flap. A 62-year-old female had previously undergone decompressive craniectomy for intracranial hemorrhage. The cranial bone flap was cryopreserved and restored to the original location subsequently, but necessitated removal for a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcal infection. However, the infectious nidus remained in a dermal substitute that was left over the cerebrum. Upon re-exploration, this material was removed, and frank pus was observed in the deep space just over the arachnoid layer. This was carefully irrigated, and the dural defect was closed with acellular dermal matrix in a watertight manner. The remaining scalp defect was covered using a free latissimus dorsi flap with anastomosis between the thoracodorsal and deep temporal arteries. The wound healed well without complications, and the scalp remained intact without any evidence of cerebrospinal fluid leak or continued infection.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.855-860
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• 2003

The effect of silver sulfadiazine (SSD) on the proliferation of human dermal fibroblast (HDF) was studied to determine the impact of the drug on the wound healing process and dermal mechanical strength. Human dermal fibroblasts were cultured to 80% confluency using DMEM with 10% FBS and viability of the cell was estimated using neutral red assay. In addition, the $2^{nd}$ degree burn wound was prepared on the anterior part of rabbit ear skin and dressings containing SSD were applied for 96 h. Presence of inflammatory cells and degree of re-epithelialization were investigated in the wound. After 15 day of the induction of burn wounds, the treated area was excised and dermal mechanical strength was quantitatively measured with a constant speed tensiometer. SSD was found to be highly cyto-toxic in cultured HDF cells. The topical application of SSD (2%) could control the infection as evidenced by the lack of accumulation of inflammatory cells in histological evaluation. Therefore, these observations suggested that the impairment of dermal regeneration and decreased mechanical strength of dermal tissue was resulted from the cyto-toxic effect of SSD on dermal cells. Since the decreased mechanical strength may lead to reduction in resilience, toughness and maximum extension of the tissue, the identification of optimum dose for SSD that limits infection while minimizes the cyto-toxic effect may be clinically relevant.