• Toxicological Research
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.263-268
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate the acute oral toxicity of fermented Scutellariae Radix (JKTMHGu-100) in rats and dogs. JKTM-HGu-100 was orally administered at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg in Sprague-Dawley rats. An escalating single-dose oral toxicity test in beagle dogs was performed at doses of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg with 4-day intervals. Clinical signs, changes in body weight, mortality, and necropsy findings were examined for 2 weeks following oral administration. No toxicological changes related to the test substance nor mortality was observed after administration of a single oral dose of JKTM-HGu-100 in rats or dogs. Therefore, the approximate lethal dose (LD) for oral administration of JKTMHGu-100 in rats was considered to be over 2,000 mg/kg, and the maximum tolerance doses (MTDs) in rats and dogs were also estimated to be over 2,000 mg/kg. These results indicate that JKTM-HGu-100 shows no toxicity in rodents or non-rodents at doses of 2,000 mg/kg or less.

• 치과방사선
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.409-422
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of radiation on the formation of rat molar enamel at the developmental stage. The experimental animals were divided into five groups and were irradiated single dose of 396cGy ; 1 st group on 14th day of gestation, 2nd group on 19th day of gestation, 3rd group on 3 days after birth, 4th group on 8 days after birth, 5th group on 28 days after birth. The control and 1, 2, 3, and 4th experimental groups were sacrificed on 2, 4, and 6 weeks and the 5th groups were sacrificed on 1 day and 2 weeks after irradiation. Distal 1/2 and occlusal 1/3 enamel surface of lingual side of lingual cusp, and fractured surface of lingual side of lingual cusp in a longitudinal direction of the mandibular first molar were examined using scanning electron microscope. The following results were obtained. 1. The roughness of enamel surface and enamel hypoplasia were increased in a sequence of 4th, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd experimental group, and the enamel cracks were increased in the 1st and 2nd experimental group. 2. The pattern of enamel hypoplasia had a network form on the 1st and 2nd experimental group, and appeared a linear shape on the 3rd experimental group, and then the crator-like enamel defects were observed in all experimental groups (especially 1st and 2nd experimental group) except 5th. 3. Dentinoenamel junction showed the clear-cut and straight appearance except 5th experimental group. 4. There was no significant difference between 5th experimental and control group.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.87-94
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• 1993

In order to investigate radiation effects on the liver, functional changes of liver were analyzed after irradiation. Doses of 10 Gy, 15 Gy and 20 Gy were exposed partially to the liver of male rats(Sprague-Dawley) with X-ray(4MV linear accelerator) at room temperature. On 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after irradiation, liver tissues and sera of the animals were compared with those of unirradiated animal by liver function tests. Enzyme activities in sera such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, malondialdehyde. The content of malondialdehyde in the activities of many enzymes including alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase in sera were increased slightly with increasing exposure dose in all experiments and the activities of these enzymes increased markedly in 20 Gy irradiated groups. From these above results, functional changes of the liver were induced in all irradiated groups. Damaged liver was recovered along with time collapse after irradiation to the doses of 10 Gy and 15 Gy while no recovery was deteced within 8 weeks after irradiation to 20 Gy. These results suggest that careful attention must be paid to liver not to be included in exposure field in radiation therapy.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.11-26
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• 1993

This experiment was performed to study the morphological responses of the pigment epithelial cell and the Bruch's membrane of the retina of rat following X-ray irradiation. Male rats were divided into normal and experimental groups. The heads of the rats, under sodium thiopental anesthesia, were exposed to 3,000 rads or 6,000 rads of radiation in a single dose, respectively. The source was a Mitsubishi Linear Accelerator ML-4MV. The target to skin distance was 80cm, and the. dose rate was 200 rads/min. The experimental groups were sacrificed on the 6th hour, 2nd and 6th day after X-ray irradiation. Under anesthesia, 1% glutaraldehyde-1% paraformaldehyde solution(0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3) was perfused through the left ventricle and ascending aorta. Pieces of the tissue taken from the posterior region of the retina were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde(0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3) and 1% osmium tetroxide(0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH7.3), and embedded in araldite mixture. The ultrathin sections contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate were observed with JEM 100 CX-II electron microscope. The results were as follow; 1. The morphological changes of the pigment epithelial cells were not pronounced after exposure to 3,000 rads of X-ray. But on the 6th hour after exposure to 6,000 rads of X-ray, bulging nuclear membrane protruding into the cytoplasm and nuclear chromatin clumped into numerous masses along the nuclear membrane were observed. At the 2nd and 6th day post-irradiation, partial cytolysis or necrosis were seen. 2. The thickness of the Bruch's membrane of the experimental groups were increased in the time and dose range covered by this study, and splitting or diffusing basal laminae of the choriocapillary layer were observed frequently in the experimental group. Above results suggest that large amount(6,000 rads) of head irradiation induce direct hazardous effects on the pigment epitherial cells and Bruch's membrane of the retina of the rat, but pigment epithelial cells are more radioresistant than Bruch's membrane.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1989

우라늄 피폭으로 발생하는 다뇨증과 급성 신부전증의 원인을 밝히기 위하여, 질산 우라늄을 정맥주사한 후 소변으로 배설되는 $Na^{+},\;K^{+}$의 전해질 양과 $Na^{+}-K^{+}$ adenosine triphosphatase($Na^{+}-K^{+}$ATPase) 활성도 변화를 측정하였다. 질산 우라늄 투여 24시간 이내에 $Na^{+},\;K^{+}$의 배설량이 크게 증가 하였고, 투여 3일 후에는 대조군과 비교하여 유의하게 감소하였다. 이때 $Na^{+},\;K^{+}$의 소변내 농도도 정상 대조군 범위 이하였다. 한편 $Na^{+}-K^{+}$ATPase활성은 투여 3일후에 고농도 질산 우라늄 투여 (30mg/kg BW) 시에만 감소 하였고, 저농도 투여군(5mg/kg BW, 15mg/kg BW) 에서는 활성 변화가 없었다.

• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제7권2_3호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2013

Mistletoe (Viscum album) has been widely used as a functional food material for various therapeutic purposes from ancient time. In this study, we examined anti-diabetic and cytotoxic activities of heated-treated mistletoe and the effects of gamma-irradiation on its activities. Heat-treated mistletoe extract was prepared by heating during different time (3, 6, 9 and 12 h) and gamma-irradiated with different doses of 0, 10, 30, 50, 70 and 100 kGy. Heat-treated mistletoe extracts showed a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity on rat insulinoma RINm5F cells and the effect was gradually decreased as heating time increased up to 12 h. 12 h heat-treated extract was no cytotoxic. Gamma-irradiation enhanced the reduction of heat-treated mistletoe-induced cytotoxicity and the decreasing effect was an irradiating dose-dependent. In particular, all of 70 kGy irradiated and heat-treated mistletoe extracts did not showed the cytotoxicity and the effect was comparable to 12 h heat-treated mistletoe extract. Among those extracts, 3 h heat-treated mistletoe extract gradually increased the insulin secreting activity by gamma-irradiation and the effect was the best at 70 kGy, whereas 12 heat-treated extract was no effect. On the test of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity, 3 h heat-treated mistletoe extract showed the concentration dependent effects and gamma-irradiation induced more activity at 70 kGy, compared to non-irradiated 3 h and 12 h heated mistletoe extracts. These results suggest that the combination of heat treatment and gamma-irradiation might be more effective than only heat-treatment for improving the anti-diabetic activity of mistletoe extract and reducing its cytotoxicity.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.37-45
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• 1993

생물학적 선량평가를 위한 생화학적 지표 연구로서 흰쥐 혈액 내 효소활성도의 변화를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) Alkaline phosphatase 활성도는 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 2, 4Gy의 방사선 조사후 24시간까지 혈액내 활성도가 증가하였고 72시간 경과시에는 대조군과 비슷한 활성도를 보였다. Creatine kinase는 2, 4Gy 방사선 조사후 혈액내에서 활성도가 72시간까지 증가하였으나 0.1, 0.25Gy 방사선 조사시에는 커다란 변화를 보이지 않았다. 2) Malate dehydrogenase 활성도는 0.1, 025, 0.5Gy 방사선 조사시에는 커다란 변화가 없었으며 lactate dehydrogenase는 방사선 조사후 활성도가 감소하였다. 3) GOT의 활성도는 선량률 0.1Gy/min.로 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 2, 4Gy 조사후에는 어떠한 변화도 없었으며 선량률 0.5 Gy/sec.로 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 5, 7 Gy로 조사후에는 증가현상을 보이고 있다. Acid phosphatase활성도는 상기의 어떠한 선량에서도 나타나지 않고 있다. 잠재적으로 이러한 효소들은 방사선 피폭의 지표물질로 사용될 수 있으며 생화학적 지식과 기술을 이용한 좀더 나은 지표물질을 찾기 위하여 계속적인 조사가 필요하다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.19-24
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• 2007

The cause and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease remain unknown and no definitetherapy exists until now. The present study was conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory effectsof a herbal preparation (HemoHIM) in colitis induced by 30 mg of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups. Each group was treated with 1 mg ofHemoHIM/ml of drinking water, 4 mg of HemoHIM/ml of drinking water, 50 mg of HemoHIM/kgof body weight (i.p. once every other day) or 10 mg/kg of HemoHIMof body weight (i.p. onceevery other day) from the next day. After 2 weeks, rats were sacrificed and morphologic featuresof colons were examined. Ulceration, adhesion, thickening and dilatation were noticed in the colonicmucosa after TNBS instillation. Intraperitoneal injection of HemoHIM (50 and 100 mg/kg of bodyweight) showed the anti-inflammatory effect on adhesion, thickening, dilatation, ulceration, and theinhibition effect on damage score by 72.7% and 90.9%, respectively. Histologically, the colon of TNBS-treated rat showed inflammatory cell infiltration by polymorphonuclear cells, multiple erosive lesionsignificant improvement in these symptoms. The results obtained suggest marked anti-inflamatoryactivity of the HemoHIM at the dose levels examined.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.66-74
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• 2003

목적 : 금속단백효소(MMPs)는 세포외 기질의 분해가 주 기능이며 금속단백효소와 억제자(TIMPS)가 상처 치유 과정과 자외선 조사에 의한 피부노화에 관여한다는 것이 알려져 있다. 그러나 방사선조사 후 금속단백효소와 억제자의 발현에 관한 연구는 보고된 바 없다. 본 연구는 흰쥐의 소장에 방사선을 조사하여 금속단백효소와 억제자의 발현을 시간적으로 관찰하여 방사선에 의한 소장 점막 손상 및 재생과정과 금속단백효소와 억제자의 관계를 밝히고자하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 실험동물로 암, 수 구별 없이 생후 4~5개월, 체중 250~300 gm의 흰쥐(Spraque-Dawley) 30마리를 대상으로 하여 실험군으로 전복부에 8 Gy의 방사선을 조사한 후 1일, 2일, 3일, 5일, 7일, 14일에 각각 5마리씩 희생시켜 소장을 적출하여 사용하였고, 정상대조군은 각 시기별로 1마리씩 사용하였다. H&E 염색을 하여 조직병리검사를 하였고, MMP와 TIMP끌의 발현에 대해서는 면역조직화학염색, 면역블로팅, ELISA법으로 확인하였다. 결과 : 조직병리 소견상 방사선조사에 의한 소장 조직손상은 1일부터 관찰되어 2일과 3일에 현저하였고 재생은 3일에 관찰되어 5일에 현저하였다 면역조직화학염색 결과 MMP는 1일에 발현되어 3일, 5일에 가장 강하게 나타났으며 TIMP를는 1일에 나타나기 시작하여 5일에 가장 강하게 나타났다. 면역블로팅 결과 MMP◎는 3일과 5일에강하게 나타났으며 TIMP끌는 1, 3, 5, 7일에 같은 정도의 양성반응을 보였다. 혈액에서의 MMP와 TIMP의 ELISA 검사법에서는 대조군에 비해 방사선조사군에서 통계적으로 유의한 증가가 있었고 방사선조사 후 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14일 각각에서 유의한 차이가 있었으며 5일에 가장 높은 수치를 보였다. 결론 : 방사선조사 후 조직병리학적 검사에서 손상의 척도인 염증 반응과 재생의 척도인 유사분열 수의 변화가 면역조직화학염색, 면역블로팅, ELISA검사에 의한 MMP-2, TIMP의 증가와 일치하는 것으로 나타나 이들이 방사선 조사 후 조직 손상과 재생 기전에 역할을 하고 있음을 보여주었다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.1-14
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• 1992

This experiment was performed to study the morphological responses of the parafollicular cells of rat following X-ray irradiation. Male rats were divided into normal and experimental groups. The head and neck region of the rat, under sodium thiopental anesthesia, was exposed to 3,000 rads or 6,000 rads of radiation in a single dose, respectively. The source was a Mitsubishi Linear Accelerator ML-4MV. The target to skin distance was 80 cm, and the dose rate was 200 rads/min. The rate of experimental groups were sacrificed on the 6th hour, 2nd and 6th day after X-ray irradiation. Pieces of the tissue taken from the thyroid gland were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde (0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3), and in 1% osmium tetroxide (0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3), and embedded in araldite mixture. The ultrathin sections stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate were observed with JEM 100 CX-II electron microscope. The results were as follow; 1. Two types of the parafollicular cells, according to their electron densities, were found, i. e., light cells and dark cells. 2. Three types of the parafollicular cells, according to their sizes of secretory granules were found, i.e., small granule cells ($85nm{\pm}20.1;64{\sim}102nm$), medium granule cells ($120nm{\pm}26.5;77{\sim}179nm$), and large granule cells ($165nm{\pm}25.7;128{\sim}189nm$). 3. The differential ultrastructural changes of the cells according to their cell types, i.e., dark and light cell, or small, medium and large granule cells, were hardly observed in the time and dose range covered by this study. 4. The morphological changes of the parafollicular cells were not pronounced after exposure to 3,000 rads of X-ray. 5. Swollen cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum and partial cytolysis were observed after exposure to 6,000 rads of X-ray. 6. Above results suggest that the parafollicular cells showed the alterations of mitochondrial and granular endoplasmic reticular swelling, and partial cytolysis, but only in doses of 6,000 rads.