• 자원환경지질
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.259-275
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• 2023

Pan African granitoids of Kaiama is comprised of K-feldspar rich granites, porphyritic granites, and granitic gneiss that are intruded by quartz veins and aplitic veins and dykes which trend NE-SW. In order to establish the geochemical signatures, petrogenesis, and tectonic settings of the lithological units, petrological, petrographical, and geochemical studies was carried out. Petrographic analysis reveals that the granitoids are dominantly composed of quartz, plagioclase feldspar, biotite, and k-feldspar with occasional muscovites, sericite, and opaque minerals that constitute very low proportion. Major, trace, and rare earth elements geochemical data reveal that the rocks have moderate to high silica (SiO₂=63-79.7%) and alumina (Al₂O₃=11.85-16.15) contents that correlate with the abundance of quartz, feldspars, and biotite. The rocks are calc-alkaline, peraluminous (ASI=1.0-<1.2), and S-type granitoids sourced by melting of pre-existing metasedimentary or sedimentary rocks containing Al, Na, and K oxides. They plot dominantly in the WPG and VAG fields suggesting emplacement in a post-collisional tectonic setting. On a multi-element variation diagram, the granitoids show depletion in Ba, K, P, Rb, and Ti while enrichment was observed for Th, U, Nd, Pb and Sm. Their rare-earth elements pattern is characterized by moderate fractionation ((La/Yb)_N=0.52-38.24) and pronounced negative Eu-anomaly (Eu/Eu^*=0.02-1.22) that points to the preservation of plagioclase from the source magma. Generally, the geochemical features of the granitoids show that they were derived by the partial melting of crustal rocks with some input from greywacke and pelitic materials in a typical post-collisional tectonic setting.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.553-566
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• 1997

Origin, behavior and enrichment of environmental toxic elements from the Deokpyeong area were investigated on the basis of major, trace and rare earth element geochemistry. Coaly metapelites of the Deokpyeong area are subdivided into grey phyllite, dark grey phyllite, coaly slate and black slate, which are interbedded along the Ogcheon Supergroup. The coaly slate had been mined for coal, but mining is closed. The coaly and black slates are lower contents of $SiO_2$ and $Al_2O_3$, and higher contents of LOI, CaO, $Na_2O$ and BaO as compared with the phyllitic rocks. Rare earth elements are highly enriched in the coaly and black slate. Average compositions (ppm) of minor and/or environmental toxic elements in the coaly and black slate are revealed as As=127, Ba=30,163, Cd=18, Cr=740, Cu=84, Mo=378, Pb=43, Sb=12, Se=44, U=144, V=8,147 and Zn=292, which are extremely high concentrations than those in the NASC compositions. Major elements (average enrichment index; 5.34) in the coaly metapelites are mostly depleted, excepting $P_2O_5$ and BaO, normalized by NASC. Rare earth elements (average enrichment index; 1.48) are enriched in the coaly slate. On the basis of NASC, minor and/or environmental toxic elements in the coaly metapelites were strongly enriched of all the elements with the exception of Co, Cs, Ni and Sr. Average enrichment index of trace elements in coaly metapelite is 31.51 (coaly slate; 51.94 and black slate; 15.46). Especially, enrichment index of potentially toxic elements (As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Sb, Se, U, V and Zn) of the rock is 46.10 (grey phyllite; 7.15, dark grey phyllite; 4.77, coaly slate; 88.96 and black slate; 22.11). These coal formations were deposited in basin of boundary between terrestrial and marine environments deduced to carbon, sulfur (C/S=2.2 to 275.7), trace and rare earth elements characteristics. Irregular behavior and dispersion between major, minor and rare earth elements of those metapelites indicates a variable source materials, incomplete mixing of differential source and/or reequilibrium of diagenesis and metamorphism.

• Geosciences Journal
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.955-973
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• 2018

Twenty-eight beach sand samples from the shorelines of Aegean islands adjacent to the plutonic rocks of the Atticocycladic zone were analyzed for major and rare earth element (REE) contents. Results are compared with the adjacent plutonic rocks, in order to determine relative enrichments or depletions and assess the potential for REE exploitation. Among the samples, several are significantly enriched in REE, being deposits of heavy minerals and their concentrations are controlled by the sea waves and local winds. These samples contain Th, U and REE rich minerals such as zircon, xenotime and allanite. The available geochemical characteristics were also used to confirm the parent rocks of the beach sands. The heavy fractions (total, total magnetic and total non-magnetic) of the beach sands are very well correlated with the Heavy REE (HREE) concentrations. Among the minerals of the heavy magnetic fraction, allanite seems to control the REE content in the heavy mineral-enriched samples, while from the heavy non-magnetic fraction, zircon controls mainly the HREE fraction. One site from Mykonos and 3 from Naxos could have potential for REE exploitation as they present the highest ${\Sigma}REE$ and HREE contents than other beach sand placers measured in Greece (Kavala, Sithonia, Maronia, Samothraki, NE Chalkidiki).

• 자원환경지질
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.111-125
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• 1998

Dispersion, migration and enrichment of environmental toxic elements from the Samkwang Au-Ag mine area were investigated based upon major, minor and rare earth element geochemistry. The Samkwang mine area composed mainly of Precambrian granitic gneiss. The mine had been mined for gold and silver, but closed in 1996. According to the X-ray powder diffraction, mineral composition of stream sediments and soils were partly variable mineralogy, which are composed of quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase, amphibole, muscovite, biotite and chlorite, respectively. Major element variations of the host granitic gneiss, stream sediments and soils of mining and non-mining drainage, indicate that those compositions are decrese $Al_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3$, MgO, $TiO_2$, $P_2O_5$ and LOI with increasing $SiO_2$ respectively. Average compositional ranges (ppm) of minor and/or environmental toxic elements within those samples are revealed as As=<2-4500, Cd=<1-24, Cu=6-117, Sb=1-29, Pb=17-1377 and Zn=32-938, which are extremely high concentrations of sediments from the mining drainage (As=2006, Cd=l1, Cu=71, Pb=587 and Zn=481 ppm, respectively) than concentrations of the other samples and host granitic gneiss. Major elements (average enrichment index=6.53) in all samples are mostly enriched, excepting $SiO_2$, $Na_2O$ and $K_2O$, normalized by composition of host granitic gneiss. Rare earth element (average enrichment index=2.34) are enriched with the sediments from the mining drainage. Minor and/or environmental toxic elements within all samples on the basis of host rock were strongly enriched of all elements (especially As, Br, Cu, Pb and Zn), excepting Ba, Cr, Rb and Sr. Average enrichment index of trace elements in all samples is 15.55 (sediments of mining drainage=37.33). Potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) of the samples revealed that average enrichment index is 46.10 (sediments of mining drainage=80.20, sediments of nonmining drainage=5.35, sediments of confluent drainage=20.22, subsurface soils of mining drainage=7.97 and subsurface soils of non-mining drainage=4.15). Sediments and soils of highly concentrated toxic elements are contained some pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, galena and goethite.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.297-310
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• 1998

Geochemical characteristics of environmental toxic elements at the Narim mine area were investigated on the basis of major, minor, rare earth element geochemistry and mineralogy. Ratios of $Al_2O_3/Na_2O$ and $K_2O/Na_2O$ in soils and sediments range from 11.57 to 22.21 and from 1.86 to 3.93, and are partly negative and positive correlation against $SiO_2/Al_2O_3$ (3.41 to 4.78), respectively. These suggested that sediment source of host granitic gneiss could be due to rocks of high grade metamorphism originated by sedimentary rocks. Characteristics of some trace and rare earth elements of V/Ni (0.33 to 1.95), Ni/Co (2.00 to 6.50), Zr/Hf (11.27 to 53.10), La/Ce (0.44 to 0.55), Th/Yb (4.07 to 7.14), La/Th (2.35 to 3.93), $La_N/Yb_N$ (6.58 to 13.67), Co/Th (0.63 to 2.68), La/Sc (3.29 to 5.94) and Sc/Th (0.49 to 1.00) are revealed a narrow range and homogeneous compositions may be explained by simple source lithology. Major elements in all samples are enriched $Al_2O_3$, MgO, $TiO_2$ and LOI, especially $Fe_2O_3$ (mean=7.36 wt.%) in sediments than the composition of host granitic gneiss. The average enrichment indices of major and rare earth elements from the mining drainage are 2.05 and 2.91 of the sediments and are 2.02 and 2.60 of the soils, normalizing by composition of host granitic gneiss, respectively. Average composition (ppm) of minor and/or environmental toxic elements in sediments and soils are Ag=14 and 1, As=199 and 14, Cd=22 and 1, Cu=215 and 42, Pb=1770 and 65, Sb=18 and 3, Zn=3333 and 170, respectively, and extremely high concentrations are found in the subsurface sediments near the ore dump. Environmental toxic elements were strongly enriched in all samples, especially As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn. The level of enrichment was very severe in mining drainage sediments, while it was not so great in the soils. Based on the EPA value, enrichment index of toxic elements is 8.63 of mining drainage sediments and 0.54 of soils on the mining drainage. Mineral composition of soils and sediments near the mining area were partly variable being composed of quartz, mica, feldspar, amphibole, chlorite and clay minerals. From the gravity separated mineralogy, soils and sediments are composed of some pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, goethite and various hydroxide minerals.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.281-291
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• 1996

위스컨신주 북동부 지역에 분포하는 Badwater녹암의 암석학적인 특정과 그들이 생성될 당시의 지구조적인 환경을 유추하기 위하여 채취한 암석을 분석하여 지화학적 연구가 행하여 졌다. 암석들의 화학조성은 전형적인 대륙성 쏠레아이트이며, Mg값이나 Ni, Cr과 같은 호정적인 원소의 함량에 미루어 분출되기전에 많은 분별정출 작용을 받았음을 시사한다. 암석들의 불호정적원소의 변화를 살펴보면 이들은 지각과의 동화작용에 많은 영향을 받았다고 사료된다. 이 암석들은 다양한 화학조성을 보이고 있으나, 모마그마의 성분과 유사한 가장 덜 분화된 암석은 전이형 해양현무암과 유사한 화학조성을 가지고 있다. 이러한 점으로 미루어 전이형 해양현무암과 화학조성이 유사한 모마그마가 지각과의 동화작용으로 그들의 화학조성이 현재의 대륙성 쏠레아이트와 같이 변하였음을 시사한다. 암석들의 지화학적 특성을 살펴보면 분기지역과 같은 인장력을 받는 지구조적 환경에서 생성된 현무암과 유사한 화학적 특징을 나타낸다.

• 암석학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.57-70
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• 1999

울릉도의 화산암들은 매우 높은 알칼리 함량을 보이며 대부분 K2O/Na2O 비율이 높은 K-계열에 속한다. 울릉도의 화산암들은 매우 넓은 범위에 걸친 조성변화를 보여 총알칼리-실리카 분류도에 현무암으로부터 조면현무암, 현무암질 조면안산암, 조면안산암을 거처 조면암에 이르기까지의 범위를 차지한다. 이러한 조성의 일반적인 변화경향은 광물의 정출에 의한 분화에 의해 대체로 잘 설명되며 감람석, 단사휘석, 사장석, 티탄철석 및 인회석이 주된 정출광물로 판단된다. 울릉도 화산암의 Nb/U, Pb/Ce 값은 MORB, OIB등과 같은 해양성 화산암과 같으며 도호환경의 암석들과는 상당한 차이가 있어 이들의 생성이 일본열도를 연한 섭입작용과는 직접적인 관계가 없음을 말해준다. LREE가 HREE에 비해 매우 부화된 모슴을 보인다((La)N=193-420, (Lu)N=7.5-19.5). 다양한 암석중 조면암-1만이 두드러진 음의 뗘 이상치를 갖으며 상당한 사장석의 정출을 수반하여 만들어진 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 조면암-2와 조면암-3 및 포놀라이트와 부석등은 미량원소와 희토류원소의 변화경향이 조면암-1과 다르며, 별도의 마그마 솥에서 만들어져 서로 다른 분화경로를 갖고 진화한 것으로 판단된다. 울릉도 화산암에서는 성분의 양분화 및 중간 조성의 결핌 현상이 현저하게 나타난다.

• 암석학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.116-126
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• 2005

경기도 파주시 월롱면, 광탄면, 조리면 지역에는 다중 습곡 작용을 받은 선캠브리아기 암석이 $N10^{\circ}E$ 방향의 습곡축을 갖는 2조의 U형 습곡구조(습곡 I과 II)를 따라서 분포한다. 습곡구조를 따라 분포하는 10여 매의 규암과 4 매의 석회질 편암은 기원 퇴적암이 순차적으로 반복 퇴적된 것인지, 혹은 $1\~2$의 동일한 규암과 석회질 편암이 등사습곡작용에 의하여 반복 분포되는 것인지에 관한 직접적인 증거(퇴적구조)는 발견되지 않는다. 이 논문에서는 U형 습곡이 습곡축을 중심으로 동측과 서측의 양 방향에 분포하는 규암의 상호 연결성을 희토류원소 분포도와 Nd 동위원소비와 같은 지구화학적 방법으로 대비하였다. 습곡구조를 형성하는 규암의 희토류원소 분포도 특성은 경희토류는 편평하고 중희토류가 약간 결핍되어 있다. 또한 Ce의 부(-)의 이상을 보여주는 반면에 Eu의 이상은 거의 존재하지 않는다. 희토류원소 분포도 양상은 습곡축을 중심으로 동서 양 방향의 규암에 있어서 매우 유사하게 나타났다 이들 규암의 Nd모델연대도 습곡축의 양쪽 외 곽부에서 내부로 들어오면서 젊어지는 경향을 보여준다. 이와 같이 유사한 희토류원소 분포특성과 Nd 모델연대는 연구지역내에서 습곡축을 중심으로 동측과 서측에 분포하는 규암이 동일한 기원물질로부터 유래되었음을 시사해주는 것으로서, 층서적 및 구조지질학적 연결과 대비되는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 규암과 호층을 형성하는 운모편암의 희토류원소 분포도 및 Sr, Ba, Eu, Rb과 같은 미량원소의 상관관계도는 운모편암이 규암의 근원 물질과는 다를 가능성을 지시한다. 이는 변성작용, 풍화작용과 같은 지질현상에 의해서도 전체적인 분포 특성이 거의 영향을 받지 않는 희토류원소 지구화학과, 지각내 체류시간을 지시해주는 Nd 동위원소 지구화학이 서로 떨어져 분포하는 퇴적층의 연결성을 추적하는데 유용하게 활용될 수 있음을 지시해준다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.181-193
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• 2017

철원 갈말-김화 지역의 쥐라기 복운모 화강암체 내 페그마타이트에서는 다양한 망간-철 인산염광물의 집합체가 산출되고 있으며, 후기 마그마 단계로부터 열수단계 및 지표 풍화 단계에서 다양한 광물상의 변화가 유도되었다. 철원 복운모 화강암은 낮은 대자율 값을 갖는 전형적인 S-형 화강암으로 중알루미나질~고알루미나질, 후-충돌대 환경을 나타내고 있다. 페그마타이트는 K-Ar 연대가 약 153 Ma로서 복운모 화강암의 K-Ar 연대($151{\pm}4Ma$)와 전반적으로 일치하고 있어 동일 기원의 마그마로 추정된다. 한편 갈말-김화 페그마타이트는 광물조성에 의한 분류기준에 의하면 백운모-희유원소 종, 리튬 세부종, 녹주석 유형에 속하는 녹주석-콜롬바이트-인산염광물으로 구분되며, LCT(Li-Cs-Ta) 계열에 해당한다. 망간 인산염광물 중 트리플라이트는 주로 후기 마그마 단계에 정출되었으며, 열수 단계에서는 망간 인산염광물의 변질광물인 루코포스파이트와 잔사이트로 정출되었다. 풍화 단계에서 트리플라이트는 포스퍼시더라이트와 망간 산화물로 교대되어 산출된다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.689-698
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• 1996

The coal-bearing metapelites from the Hoenam area are interbedded within the Ogcheon Supergroup, which are composed mainly of graphite, quartz, muscovite and associated with trace amount of biotite, chlorite, pyrite, rutile and barite. Although the formation was mined for coal, and the contents of V, U and Mo are a higher grade in coal formations than the host metapelites. The ratios of Al/Na and K/Na in coal formation are very heterogeneous and wide range from 10.28 to 90.91 and from 3.73 to 36.60, respectively. The V content increase with increasing Al and Ba contents, but the U and Mo are not related with other elements. Those are suggested that controlled of mineral compositions in coaly metapelites due to substitution, migration and reequilibrium of elements by regional metamorphism. These coal formation were deposited in basin of marine environments and the REE of these rocks are not influenced with metamorphism and hydrothermal alterations on the basis of Al content versus La, La against Ce, the ratios of La/Ce (0.23 to 0.73) and Th/U (0.03 to 16.6). These rocks also show much variation in $La_N/Yb_N$ (0.53 to 14.19), Th/Yb (0.51 to 6.00) and La/Th (0.15 to 18.92), and their origin is explained by derivation from a mixture of sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks. The wide range in trace and REE element characteristics as Co/Th (0.07 to 3.00), La/Sc (0.04 to 23.48), Sc/Th (0.06 to 7.57), V/Ni (2 to 3319), Cr/V (0.03 to 1.06) and Ni/Co (1.00 to 79.85) of these coaly metapelites argues for inefficient mixing of the various source lithologies during sedimentation.