• International Journal of Railway
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2016

In spite of recent advances in ballasted railway track, the correct choice of ballast for rail track is still considered critical because aggregates progressively deteriorate under traffic loading and environmental exposures. Various ballast requirements, functions and duties have been defined by researchers, railway companies and countries' regulations even though it needs to be integrated to make following proper decision during track operation and maintenance. A proper understanding of ballast properties and suitable tests are prerequisites for minimizing maintenance costs. This paper presents a capable classification for ballast characteristics which need to be investigated beforehand to such a way, firstly to assign ballast functions, secondly need to clarify ballast requirements, thirdly to map appropriate tests to evaluate ballast characteristics and then it must be such that if ballast cannot carry out one of these duties, be able to call there is ballast defect. The paper is structured in order to achieve these objectives.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.563-570
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• 2018

Ballast layer has an important role in vertical stiffness and stability of railway track. In most of the Middle East countries and some of the Asian ones, significant parts of railway lines pass through desert areas where the track (particularly ballast layer) is contaminated with sands. Despite considerable number of derailments reported in the sand contaminated tracks, there is a lack of sufficient studies on the influences of sand contamination on the ballast vertical stiffness as the main indicator of track stability. Addressing this limitation, the effects of sand contamination on the mechanical behavior of ballast were experimentally investigated. For this purpose, laboratory tests (plate load test) on ballast samples with different levels of sand contamination were carried out. The results obtained were analyzed leading to derive mathematical expressions for the strain modulus ($E_V$) as a function of the ballast level of contamination. The $E_V$ was used as an index for evaluation of the load-deformation characteristics and bearing capacity of track substructure. The critical limit of sand contamination, after which the $E_V$ of the ballast reduces drastically, was obtained. It was shown that the obtained research results improve the current track maintenance approach by providing key guides for the optimization of ballast maintenance planning (the timing of ballast cleaning or renewal).

• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.195-220
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• 2017

Nowadays, railway system plays a significant role in transportation, conveying cargo, passengers, minerals, grains, and so forth. Railway ballasted track is a conventional railway track as can be seen all over the world. Ballast, located underneath the sleepers, is the most important elements on ballasted track, which has many functions and requires routine maintenance. Ballast needs to be maintained frequently to prevent rail buckling, settlement, misalignment so that ballast has to be modelled accurately. Continuum model was introduced to model granular material and was extended in ballast. However, ballast is a heterogeneous material with highly nonlinear behaviour. Hence, ballast could not be modelled accurately in continuum model due to the discontinuities nature and material degradation of ballast. Discrete element modelling (DEM) is proposed as an alternative approach that provides insight into constitutive model, realistic particle, and contact algorithm between each particle. DEM has been studied in many recent decades. However, there are limitations due to the high computational time and memory consumption, which cause the lack of using in high range. This paper presents a review of recent ballast modelling with benefits and drawbacks. Ballast particles are illustrated either circular, circular crump, spherical, spherical crump, super-quadric, polygonal and polyhedral. Moreover, the gaps and limitations of previous studies are also summarized. The outcome of this study will help the understanding into different ballast modelling and particle. The insight information can be used to improve ballast modelling and monitoring for condition-based track maintenance.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.151-159
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• 2006

It analyzed the mechanical behaviors of non-ballasted railway bridge (steel plate girder type) with ballast reinforced on the finite element analysis, field test and laboratory test far the static and dynamic responses. The major objective of this study is to investigate the effects and application of reinforcement for steel plate girder railway bridge by the external post-tensioning method. The reinforcement of non-ballast railway bridge had obviously stable dynamic behaviors due to the additional dead force which was ballast. But in case of static behaviors, static displacements and stresses had increased nearly the allowable values. Therefore we analyzed the mechanical behaviors of non-ballasted railway bridge with ballast reinforced and external post-tensioning reinforced on the finite element analysis and laboratory test for the static and dynamic behavior. As a result, the reinforcement of ballasted railway bridge the external post-tensioning method are obviously effective for the additional dead force which is ballast. The analytical and experimental study are carried out to investigate the post-tension force decrease bending behavior and deflection in composite bridge for serviceability. The servicing railway bridge with ballast reinforced has need of the reasonable reinforcement measures which could be reducing the effect of additional dead load that degradation phenomenon of structure by an unusual. stresses and a drop durability.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제61권6호
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• pp.775-784
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• 2017

This study is devoted to developing many new substructure models for ballasted railway track by using the pyramid model philosophy. As the effect of railway embankment has been less considered in the previous studies in the field of vehicle/track interaction, so the present study develops the pyramid models in the presence of railway embankment and implements them in vehicle/track interaction dynamic analyses. Considering a moving car body as multi bodies with 10 degrees of freedom and the ballasted track including rail, sleeper, ballast, subgrade and embankment, two categories of numerical analyses are performed by considering the new substructure systems including type A (initiation of stress overlap areas in adjacent sleepers from the ballast layer) or type B (initiation of stress overlap areas in adjacent sleepers from the subgrade layer). A comprehensive sensitivity analyses are performed on effective parameters such as ballast height, sleepers spacing and sleeper width. The results indicate that the stiffness of subgrade, embankment and foundation increased by increasing the ballast height. Also, by increasing the ballast height, rail and ballast vertical displacement decreased.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.997-1002
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• 2009

The local loosening of ballast supporting railway tract cause a differential vertical tract settlement. In the bridge, the temperature change make bridge deck to contract and expand, and this movement cause local loosening of ballast on the bridge expansion joint. Therefore, the evaluation of the status of ballast on the bridge expansion joint is important for the track maintenance of the high-speed railway. In this paper, hwaw method was applied to evaluate the status of ballast on the bridge expansion joint. HWAW method is non-destructive test to evaluate 2-D shear wave velocity map along the railway. Shear wave velocity is directly related with status of ballast. In this research, hwaw method was applied two different types of bridges and determine the degree and the range of the ballast loosening caused by movement of the bridge expansion joint.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.481-487
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• 2009

포장궤도에서는 프리팩 콘크리트방식으로 도상자갈을 충전층의 골재로 활용한다. 골재의 조건은 강도가 확보되어야 하고, 주입성 확보를 위한 입도가 확보되어야 하며, 모르터의 부착강도를 높이기 위하여 골재 표면의 불순물이 제거되어야 한다. 골재의 원활한 공급 측면에서 기존 도상자갈을 재활용하는 것이 유리하며 재활용성을 높이기 위하여 기존의 철도도상규격을 크게 벗어나지 않는 기준을 적용하는 것이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 포장궤도에서의 도상자갈 재활용성을 확보 할 수 있는 판단 기준을 마련하기 위하여 재활용 도상자갈의 재료 및 물리적 특성, 입도별 지지력 특성, 충전성, 강도특성 등을 검토하였으며, 그 결과를 바탕으로 골재 사용기준을 제안하고자 하였다.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.7-11
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• 2006

Ballast is an important component of railway track structures. The granular ballast can be modelled using [mite or discrete element methods. The DE method has advantages to enable us to analyze the microstructure of granular materials and to exhibit information which cannot be assessed using FE methods. In this paper, sleeper, the ballast, and ballast mat in the high-speed railroad line are modelled using two-dimensional discrete circle and line elements. The stress transferred from the sleeper via the ballast to the subgrade is analyzed. In addition, the shape and angle of stress distribution of ballast bed is evaluated with different boundary conditions for the high-speed railroad line.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.487-495
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• 2015

이 연구는 프랑스에서 사용되는 철도 밸러스트를 선정하는 규준에 대하여 논하고, 프랑스 북부에 위치하고 있는 한 채석장을 대상으로 철도 밸러스트 선정 효율성에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 철도 밸러스트의 품질은 대부분 입도분포와 마모 저항성으로 평가된다. 마모 저항성은 로스앤젤레스 마모 실험과 마이크로 드발 실험에 의해 평가되며, 고속철도와 일반철도용 밸러스트의 품질은 이들 두 마모 지수에 의해 결정된다. 이 연구는 채석장의 생산 과정에서 단계가 다른 3 종류의 골재를 채취하여, 각각에 대하여 마모 실험을 수행하여 획득한 마모지수들의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 로스앤젤레스 마모 지수(LA)와 마이크로 드발 지수(MDA) 사이에는 높은 상관도를 보이고 있고, 단계별 골재들 사이의 마모 지수도 높은 상관도를 보이고 있다. 특히, 발파 직후 현장에서 채취한 골재의 마모 지수(LA 및 MDA)와 최종 생산 단계에서 채취한 골재의 마모 지수 사이의 상관관계를 이용하면, 현장에서 빠른 시일 내에 최종 골재의 품질을 큰 오차 없이 예측할 수 있어 작업 효율성이 증대할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.174-178
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• 2003

This paper presents the development of 2-dimensional discrete element algorithm to generate circle and line elements for the simulation of the ballast and sleeper in railway. An example of randomly distributed circle elements show a good applicability of this algorithm for the modeling of the behaviors of ballast. The output about unbalaned force, particle velocity, and total energy conservation from the code is evaluated to check if the calculation is conducted properly.