• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.87-95
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• 2005

The vertical profiles of radiative flux and heating rate at King Sejong Station in West Antarctica were calculated with radiative transfe model by Chou and Suarez (1999) and Chou et al (2001). To run this model, the profiles of temperature, mixing ratios of water vapor and ozone at King Sejng Station were derived from ECMWF Reanalysis data. The surface temperature and albedo were also derived from NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis and CERES data. The radiative flux strongly depends on the cloud optical path length that was calculated using the measured W-h data and model by Chou and Lee(1996). Durins the period of $2000{\sim}2001$ (12 and 18 UTC), the correlation coefficient between calculated and measured downward solar fluxes at surface was 0.90 and the coefficient for downward longwave flux was 0.61. The calculated net heating rates of surface layer decreased during the same period, the trend of which was in accordance with the decrease of measured temperature.

• 천문학회보
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.66.1-66.1
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• 2010

Using two-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic simulations, we investigate the star formation rate (SFR) in turbulent, multiphase, galactic gaseous disks. Our simulation domain is axisymmetric, and local in the radial direction and global in the vertical direction. Our models include galactic rotation, vertical density stratification, self-gravity, radiative heating and cooling, and thermal conduction, but do not include spiral-arm features. Turbulence in our models is driven by momentum feedback from supernova explosion events occurring in localized dense regions formed by thermal and gravitational instabilities. Self-consistent radiative heating, representing enhanced/reduced FUV photons from the star formation, is also taken into account. By controlling three parameters (the gas surface density, the stellar disk density, and the angular rotation rate) that characterize local galactic disks, we explore how the SFR depends on the background environmental state. We also discuss the relation between the SFR and the gas surface density found in our numerical models in comparison with observations.

• 대기
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2013

2001년 4월 제주 고산기후관측소에서 AERONET sun/sky radiometer와 MPL을 통해 관측된 에어로졸 광학적 두께, 단산란 알베도, 비대칭 변수, 에어로졸 소산계수 프로파일 등을 대기복사모델의 입력 자료로 이용하여 대기가열효과를 산정하고, 이들 광학변수가 대기복사가열률에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 NCAR Climate Community Model (CCM-3.6)에 포함되어 있는 복사 모듈인 Column Radiation Model (CRM-2.1.2)을 연직 54층으로, AERONET sun/sky radiometer로부터 관측된 4 파장 (440, 670, 870, 그리고 1020 nm)에서의 관측 자료를 19개의 파장에서 계산 가능하도록 수정하였다. 에어로졸층이 존재하지 않은 맑은 날 (4월 14일과 16일)은 지표면과 대기상단에서의 에어로졸 직접복사강제력이 각각 $-20{\sim}-25\;W\;m^{-2}$와 $-10{\sim}-15\;W\;m^{-2}$로, 대기 중 흡수는 $+10{\sim}+15\;W\;m^{-2}$였다. 에어로졸층이 관측된 4월 15일과 4월 17~18일의 경우 지표면, 대기, 대기상단의 에어로졸 복사강제력이 맑은 날에 비해 3~4배 정도 크게 나타났다. 4월 14일과 16일에의 대기복사가열률 (${\Delta}H$)는 $1{\sim}2\;K\;day^{-1}$ 범위에서 산출되었으며, 4월 15일과 4월 17~18일에는 MPL 관측에서 보여지는 에어로졸층에서의 ${\Delta}H$와 ${\Delta}H_{aerosol}$가 각각 $3\;K\;day^{-1}$ 이상과 $1{\sim}3\;K\;day^{-1}$ 범위에서 산정되었다. 에어로졸 광학적 두께와 비대칭 변수의 변화에 따른 에어로졸층의 ${\Delta}H$ 변화는 미미하였으나, 단산란 알베도의 10% 변화는 지표면과 대기상단에서의 에어로졸 직접복사강제력의 30%, 대기복사강제력의 약 60%, 그리고 에어로졸층 ${\Delta}H$의 약 35% 변화를 유발하였다. 이는 에어로졸 광학적 두께 10% 변화와 비교하여 대기흡수 또는 에어로졸층의 가열 및 냉각 효과가 6배 가량 큰 결과로, 태양복사를 효과적으로 잘 흡수하는 에어로졸의 양에 의해 대기 가열 또는 ${\Delta}H$가 크게 좌우됨을 의미한다. 2001년 4월부터 2008년 3월까지 제주 고산기후관측소에서의 AERONET sun/sky radiometer 관측 자료를 이용하여 계산한 ${\Delta}H$와 ${\Delta}H_{aerosol}$의 월변화를 보면, ${\Delta}H$는 4~8월 사이에 대류권 하부에서 약 $1.0\;K\;day^{-1}$ 이상으로 뚜렷하게 나타났으나, ${\Delta}H_{aerosol}$의 경우 2월부터 6월까지 고도 2 km 이하에서 약 $0.8\;K\;day^{-1}$ 이하의 범위에서 나타나는데, 이는 대부분의 에어로졸이 지표면 부근의 대기경계층에 존재하며, 봄철 황사와 오염 에어로졸의 증가에 의한 영향으로 판단된다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.276-285
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• 1991

The transient heat transfer characteristics in the radiant heating panel were predicted by numerical analysis. Thermal behaviors of panel, such as temperature distributions in panel and convective and radiative heat fluxes in panel surface with respect to time were obtained. Heating hours per day, rate of energy supplied and maximum temperature differences at panel surface were also compared for several important parameters. The performance and thermal comfort of heating panel were studied and compared for various operating and design conditions such as pipe pitch, pipe location, pipe diameter and flow rate of hot water for the purpose of producing useful data, which can be used for the test and decision of efficient operating condition of the conventional heating systems or the optimal design of the new panel heating systems.

• 대기
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.429-439
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• 2008

The lower-stratospheric polar temperature in winter and spring for both hemispheres is investigated based on the NCEP/NCAR 50-year reanalysis data with respect to the strength of the stratospheric eddy heat flux. Both the polar temperature and the eddy heat flux show significant variation on the decadal and year-to-year time scales except during the Southern Hemisphere winter. The year-to-year variation in the polar temperature is mainly determined by the eddy heat flux convergence. The eddy heat flux convergence is compared with the diabatic heating rate obtained from a two-dimensional model. Radiative heating caused by absorption of solar radiation is comparable to the heating caused by the eddy heat flux convergence in the Southern Hemisphere. The effect of ozone depletion on diabatic heating has been found to be secondary in the Northern Hemisphere, even in March 1997 when the record depletion of ozone took place.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제49권8호
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• pp.1654-1659
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• 2017

The boundary layer of a two-dimensional forced convective flow along a persistent moving horizontal needle in an electrically conducting magnetohydrodynamic dissipative nanofluid was numerically investigated. The energy equation was constructed with Joule heating, viscous dissipation, uneven heat source/sink, and thermal radiation effects. We analyzed the boundary layer behavior of a continuously moving needle in Blasius (moving fluid) and Sakiadis (quiescent fluid) flows. We considered Cu nanoparticles embedded in methanol. The reduced system of governing Partial differential equations (PDEs) was solved by employing the Runge-Kutta-based shooting process. Computational outcomes of the rate of heat transfer and friction factors were tabulated and discussed. Velocity and temperature descriptions were examined with the assistance of graphical illustrations. Increasing the needle size did not have a significant influence on the Blasius flow. The heat transfer rate in the Sakiadis flow was high compared with that in the Blasius flow.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.51-60
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• 2006

In order to examine the heat transfer characteristic of a soil warming system and effects of soil warming on the greenhouse heating load, control experiments were performed in two greenhouses covered with double polyethylene film. One treated the soil warming with an electric heat wire and the other treated a control. Inside and outside air temperature, soil temperature and heat flux, and heating energy consumption were measured under the set point of heating temperature of $5,\;10,\;15,\;and\;20^{\circ}C$, respectively. Soil temperatures in a soil warming treatment were observed $4.1\;to\;4.9^{\circ}C$ higher than a control. Heating energy consumptions decreased by 14.6 to 30.8% in a soil warming treatment. As the set point of heating temperature became lower, the rate of decrease in the heating energy consumptions increased. The percentage of soil heat flux in total heating load was -49.4 to 24.4% and as the set point of heating temperature became higher, the percentage increased. When the set point of heating temperature was low in a soil warming treatment, the soil heat flux load was minus value and it had an effect on reducing the heating load. Soil heat flux loads showed in proportion to the air temperature difference between the inside and outside of greenhouse but they showed big difference according to the soil warming treatment. So new model for estimation of the soil heat flux load should be introduced. Convective heat transfer coefficients were in proportion to the 1/3 power of temperature difference between the soil surface and the inside air. They were $3.41\;to\;12.42\;W/m^{2}^{\circ}C$ in their temperature difference of $0\;to\;10^{\circ}C$. Radiative heat loss from soil surface in greenhouse was about 66 to 130% of total heating load. To cut the radiation loss by the use of thermal curtains must be able to contribute for the energy saving in greenhouse.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.609-620
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• 1992

본 연구에서는 텅스텐 할로겐 램프를 이용한 급속 열처리 장치로 웨이퍼를 가 열할 때 시간에 따라 변하는 웨이퍼의 2차원 온도 분포와 온도 구배에 의해 발생하는 열응력을 실리콘 웨이퍼의 결정방향에 따라 다른 값을 갖는 탄성계수를 고려하여 계산 하고, 슬립의 발생 시기, 웨이퍼의 가열속도와 슬립량의 관계, 그리고 웨이퍼에 발생 한 슬립의 진전 특성에 대하여 살펴보고 실험결과와 비교하였다.

• 천문학회보
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.74.1-74.1
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• 2010

Using two-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic simulations, we investigate the regulation of star ormation rates in turbulent, multiphase, galactic gaseous disks. Our simulation domain is xisymmetric, and local in the radial direction and global in the vertical direction. Our models nclude galactic rotation, vertical stratification, self-gravity, heating and cooling, and thermal onduction. Turbulence in our models is driven by momentum feedback from supernova events ccurring in localized dense regions formed by thermal and gravitational instabilities. Self-onsistent radiative heating, representing enhanced/reduced FUV photons from the star formation, s also taken into account. Evolution of our model disks is highly dynamic, but reaches a quasi-teady state. The disks are overall in effective hydrostatic equilibrium with the midplane thermal ressure set by the vertical gravity. The star formation rate is found to be proportional pproximately linearly to the midplane thermal pressure. These results are in good agreement with the predictions of a recent theory by Ostriker, McKee, and Leroy (2010) for the thermal/dynamic equilibrium model of star formation regulation.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.17-26
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• 1995

In general existing air conditioning devices, which are carried out by convection heat transfer, are very popular compared with the radiation type air conditioning devices. But perconal convection tpe air conditioning units are unuseful air conditioning type because it handles amount of surrounded air to meet the temperature and humidity. In this view, this study is intended to develope personal dir conditioning units using a radiation type radiator. Liquid Droplet Radiator(L.P.R.) radiates the energy by means of thermal radiation. Radiative energy from L.P.R. is the infrared rays which heat the objects without lose of energy. It is a desirable heating method for the local area within the large room. In this study, the analysis uses the Monte Carlo methd to predict the temperature distribution in the droplet sheet and the net heat flux from the L.D.R.. And for this study and experiment was carried out to analyse the radiative and convective heat transfer characteristics in the L.D.R.. And the experiment was investigated the effects of inlet temperature, feed rate, optical thickness and droplet diameter on heat transfer characteristics of L.D.R.. The obtained results from the numerical and experimental studies of L.D.R. were as follows ; (1) The heat flux of L.D.R. was effected by extinction coefficient of droplet sheet, optical thickness and droplet temperature, surface area and emissivity of the droplet. And it was increased with the temperature, feed rate and optical thickness, on the other hand decreased with increasing of droplet diameter. (2) The experimental results for heat flux was ecalucted below 20% than that of the numerical solution by Monte Carlo method, but the tendency of the variation shows relatively good agreement.