• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.63-78
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• 2018

This study examined the insolvency of debtors using multiple-indicator approaches and compared the outcomes across income levels with the 2016 'Household Financial and Welfare Survey'. This study used (1) the total debt to total assets ratio (DTA), (2) the total debt service ratio (DSR), and (3) the Household Default Risk Index (HDRI) recently developed by the Bank of Korea. Households in the lowest income quintile were more likely to be insolvent than any other income group. Demographics, such as age and gender of the household head, and most of the financial variables significantly increased the likelihood of insolvency based on the DTA. The number of household members and job status increased the likelihood of insolvency based on the DSR. Also, age, gender of the household head, and most of the financial variables increased the likelihood of household insolvency based on the HDRI after controlling for other demographics and financial variables.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.664-676
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• 2018

본 연구는 의약품 지출 비용에 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위하여 한국의료패널조사의 2014년 원자료를 분석자료로 이용하여, 의약품 지출 비용이 있는 자 3,107명을 최종 분석 대상으로 하였다. 분석은 빈도분석, 교차분석, 회귀분석 및 t-test를 실시하였고, 모든 검증은 p=.05를 유의수준으로 하였다. 처방전 비용은 72.4%가 지출 경험이 있었고, 최소 비용은 84원, 최대 비용은 270,653원 이었고, '3천원 이상~1만원 이하'가 31.7%로 가장 많았다. 일반의약품 비용은은 81.8%가 지출 경험이 있었고, 최소 비용은 800원, 최대 비용은 2,718,000원 이었고, '2만원 이하'가 31.4%로 가장 많았다. 한약 및 첩약 비용은 9.4%가 지출 경험이 있었고, 최소 비용은 4,000원, 최대 비용은 2,700,000원 이었고, '10만원 초과'가 37.8%로 가장 많았다. 의약품 지출 총 비용은 최소 비용은 84원, 최대 비용은 2,760,093원 이었고, '10만원 초과'가 27.0%로 가장 많았다. 의약품 지출비용에 미치는 요인은 성별, 혼인상태, 소득분위, 지역권, 주관적 건강상태 이었다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.68-77
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• 2012

Flavan-3-ols are a subclass of flavonoids found in a variety of foods including teas. The effects of flavan-3-ols on the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been investigated, generally focusing on tea catechins or individual flavan-3-ol rich foods, but there is little information on dietary flavan-3-ols intake and risk of MetS in population-based studies. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the association between dietary flavan-3-ols intake and the risk of MetS in Korean adults. Subjects comprised 1,827 men and 2,918 women aged 20-69 years whose data was included in the 2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. This survey was conducted between January 2008 and December 2008. Total flavan-3-ols intakes were calculated from 24-hour dietary recalls using a flavonoids database. Thirty percent of the male subjects and 24% of the female subjects were reported as having MetS. In the female subjects, flavan3-ols intake was inversely associated with the risk of MetS after adjusting for potential confounders (5th vs. 1st quintile, OR=0.64, 95% CI=0.45-0.91, P for trend=0.384). The main food source of flavan-3-ols was green tea followed by apples and grapes. Among MetS components, flavan-3-ols intake was inversely associated with the risk of high blood pressure after adjusting for potential confounders (5th vs. 1st quintile, OR=0.64, 95% CI=0.45-0.90, P for trend=0.005). No significant association between flavan-3-ols intake and risk of MetS was found in the male subjects. After stratified analysis by obesity (BMI ${\geq}$ 25 or BMI < 25), however, flavan3-ols intake was inversely related to the risk of hypertension in non-obese men. These results suggest that dietary flavan-3-ols intake may have beneficial effects on MetS risk by reducing the risk of hypertension. The effects of flavan-3-ols intake dependent on obesity need further investigation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.451-459
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• 2006

The purpose of our study was to evaluate an association between milk consumption and bone mineral density (BMD) of female college students in Korea. The dietary data of 1,410 Korean college students living in the vicinity of Seoul area were collected through the Food Frequency Questionnaire. The mean age, height, weight and 8MI of the subjects were 20.4 years, 162.1 cm, 52.7 kg, and $20.0\;kg/m^2$ respectively. The mean intakes of energy, protein, and phosphorus were 2,398.7 kcal, 95.2 g, and 1,302.9 mg respectively, which were above their EER or Recommended Intake (RI), but the mean intake of calcium was 657.8 mg which was below its RI, and 44.0% of the subjects did not meet Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of calcium. The daily milk consumption was 131.1 g, and the total consumption of milk and dairy product was 228.7 g. Forty five percent of the subjects consumed $50{\sim}200\;g$ of milk or dairy products. After the analysis of their dietary intakes, the subjects were divided into quintiles of total consumption of milk and dairy product, which were considered as major source of dietary calcium. Ninety two subjects from the upper quintile (UQ) and 85 subjects from the lower quintile (LQ) were selected and their bone mineral densities (BMD) of lumbar spine (L1-L4) and the femur were examined by the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The BMD $(g/cm^2)$of L1, L2, L3, and average of femur were 1.065, 1.150, 1.187, and 0.988 for the UQ subjects, which were significantly higher than those of the LQ subjects, 1.010, 1.090, 1.146, and 0.942 respectively. Moreover, the T-scores of the UQ were significantly higher than those of the LQ. The prevalence rates of osteopenia classified according to WHO's criterion were 12.0% in the UQ. and 20.0% in the LQ group which showed non significant. Blood levels of calcium, and phosphorus of UQ and LQ group were both within the normal range, and were not significantly different. Our results showed that UQ group presented the better status of bone mineral density and bone health. Therfore our results suggest that continuous consumption of more than one and a half cups of milk per day, which corresponds to the least amount of UQ group's consumption, would affect positively on the bone health of Korean adults.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.20-29
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• 2012

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become a global epidemic. In particular, it is known that there is a dramatic increase in the prevalence of MetS among women during the postmenopausal period. Recently, accumulating studies have suggested that vitamin D deficiency may be inversely associated with the risk factors regarding MetS. However, evidence from postmenopausal women is limited. In this study, we examined the association between the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and the MetS in Korean adult women aged 20-69 years (n = 2,618) by using the 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. The geometric mean of plasma 25(OH)D were $17.16{\pm}6.28\;ng$/mL and $20.20{\pm}7.69\;ng$/mL for premenopausal and postmenopausal women, respectively. The percentages of vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D < 12 ng/mL] were 22.5% and 14.4%, respectively. MetS was more prevalent in postmenopausal women (43.0%) compared with premenopausal women (11.2%). When serum concentrations of 25(OH)D were categorized in quintiles, there was no relationship in the prevalence of MetS in both premonopausal and postmenopausal women. However, in premenopausal women, compared with the lowest 25(OH)D quintile, the odds ratio for hypertriglyceridemia in the highest quintile was 0.57 (95% CI 0.34-0.95, $P_{trend}$ = 0.041) and for low serum HDL cholesterol 0.60 (95% CI 0.42-0.85, $P_{trend}$ = 0.014) after adjusting for all potential confounders. On the other hand, we observed the tendency of an inverse relationship for 25(OH)D regarding low serum HDL cholesterol (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.50-1.22, $P_{trend}$ = 0.029) and a direct relationship with abdominal obesity (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.01, 3.74, $P_{trend}$ = 0.049) in postmenopausal women. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings in other research settings.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권15호
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• pp.6697-6704
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• 2015

Background: The burden of breast and cervical cancer is changing over time in developing countries. Regular screening is very important for early detection and treatment. In this study, we assessed inequalities in breast and cervical cancer screening rates in women according to household wealth status, and analyzed the potential predictors associated with a low cancer screening rate in Jordan. Materials and Methods: A nationwide populationbased cross-sectional survey collected information on different variables at the national level. All ever-married women (the phrase is used throughout the text to refer to women who had ever married) aged 15-49 years were included in the survey. Analysis of breast self-examination (BSE) and clinical breast examination (CBE) at least once in the previous year was carried out in 11,068 women, while lifetime Pap-smear testing was carried out in 8,333 women, aged 20-49 years. Results: Over 39% and 19% of ever-married Jordanian women reported having undergone a breast examination during the previous year and Pap smear examination at least once in their lifetime, respectively. The rate of BSE in the previous year was 31.5%, that of CBE in the previous year was 19.3%, and that of Pap smear examination at least once in life was 25.5%. The adjusted OR was higher for performing BSE (aOR 1.22, 95% CI 1.04-1.43), undergoing CBE (aOR 1.31, 95% CI 1.08-1.60) and undergoing Pap smear examination (aOR 2.38, 95% CI 1.92-2.93) among women in the highest wealth-index quintile as compared to those in the lowest quintile. The concentration index was 0.11 for BSE, 0.01 for CBE, and 0.27 for Pap smear examination. Women in their twenties, living in rural or the southern region of Jordan, with an elementary school education or less, who listened to the radio or read the newspaper not more than a few times a year, and nulliparous women were less likely to undergo breast and cervical cancer screening. Conclusions: The rates of breast and cervical cancer screening are low in Jordan. Reducing the sociodemographic and economic inequalities in breast and cervical cancer screenings requires concerted outreach activities for women living under socially deprived conditions.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.113-133
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• 2004

본인부담과 관련한 이전의 연구들을 살펴보았을 때 외래와 입원 또는 상병별로 환자개인의 본인부담이 진료비에서 차지하는 비율을 파악하여 우리나라 건강보험이 안고 있는 보장기능의 취약성을 거론하거나 이와는 반대로 의료수요의 가격탄력성을 측정, 소비자의 도덕적 해이의 가능성을 지적하는데 초점을 맞추고 있음을 알 수 있다. 그러나 현재 환자본인이 부담하여야 하는 진료비규모를 파악하여 평균 본인부담액의 실제규모와 본인부담률을 밝히는 동시에 만성질환 보유여부, 의료보장의 종류, 또는 의료서비스 기관에 따른 본인부담의 비형평성 문제에 대하여 직접적으로 논의하는 작업은 극히 미미한 실정이다. 높은 본인부담의 결과로 경제적으로 취약하거나 만성질환에 시달리는 계층이 가장 큰 피해를 입게 된다는 점에서 이에 대한 심도 있는 임상적 및 정책적 논의는 절실하다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 의료서비스에 대한 계층간 본인부담의 차이가 형평성에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 이에 관련된 정책적 함의를 도출하는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 결과에서 소득 5분위 대비 최하위 계층의 경우 월등히 높은 만성질환 유병률을 보이고 있음에도 불구하고 최상위층의 6배가 넘는 과중한 본인부담을 안고 있음이 밝혀졌다. 또한 최종적인 회귀분석모형 분석결과는 의료이용 빈도 이외에 환자본인의 인구학적 특성, 가구소득, 만성질환 수, 보험의 종류, 상용치료기관의 종류가 본인부담의 규모를 결정짓는데 있어 영향을 미치는 결정적 요인들로 드러났다.

• 사회복지연구
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.35-60
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• 2016

본 연구는 보육을 둘러싼 갈등이 계속적으로 심화되는 한국사회에서 공보육서비스, 부모휴가급여, 양육수당 등 대표적인 가족정책을 통한 급여가 가구소득, 엄마의 노동시장에서의 지위 등 계층에 따라 불평등하게 분배되고 있는 양상을 분위회귀분석(quantile analysis)을 통해 실증적으로 분석하였다. 분석의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 보육서비스와 휴가급여 측면에서 모두 가구소득과 여성의 노동시장에서의 지위에 따라 이용률에서의 차이가 발견되었다. 둘째, 가족정책을 통한 지원금의 수준이 가구소득 4분위, 어머니가 상용직인 집단에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 다중회귀분석 결과, 1분위를 기준으로 4분위, 맞벌이가구, 어머니가 상용직인 경우, 그리고 미취학 자녀수가 많고 부모 학력이 높을수록 가족정책을 통한 지원금의 수준이 증가하였다. 마지막으로 분위회귀분석을 통해 가족정책 지원금 불평등의 영향요인을 분석한 결과, 전업모를 기준으로 상용직이라는 엄마의 안정적인 근로형태가 가족정책 급여의 차이와 불평등을 심화시키는 대표적인 요인으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석 결과를 토대로 본 연구에서는 한국의 가족정책이 가진 보편성과 재분배 속성이 구현되기 위한 방안으로서 근로형태에 관계없이 정책 접근 권리에 대한 평등한 보장, 이전소득을 통한 저소득가구에 대하여 최저소득 보장, 정책의 보편적 적용의 보장 등을 제안하였다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.354-368
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• 2019

본 연구는 2013 ~ 2016년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 우리나라 만 19세 이상 성인의 식사내 다량영양소 및 식이섬유 구성성분을 이용하여 혼합식 섭취에 따른 혈당반응인 당흡수지수를 추정하였고, 1일 총 당흡수지수를 이용하여 한국 성인의 영양소 및 식품군 섭취량을 평가하고, 당흡수지수와 대사질환 지표와의 연관성을 확인하였다. 당흡수지수는 탄수화물 및 식이섬유 섭취량과는 양의 상관관계를 나타냈고, 지방 및 단백질 섭취량과는 음의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 당흡수지수가 증가할수록 탄수화물 섭취량이 두드러지게 증가하였으나, 탄수화물에 비해 식이섬유가 차지하는 비율은 현저히 감소하였다. 또한, 연구대상자의 곡류 및 과일류 섭취량은 당흡수지수가 증가함에 따라 유의하게 증가한 반면, 고기 생선 달걀 콩류의 섭취량은 당흡수지수가 증가함에 따라 유의하게 감소하였다. 당흡수지수는 이상지질혈증 위험도와 양의 연관성을 나타냈으며, 당흡수지수가 가장 높은 그룹의 남성은 가장 낮은 그룹의 남성에 비해 고콜레스테롤혈증 교차비가 유의하게 높았다. 이상과 같은 연구결과를 종합하여 보았을 때, 한국 성인의 혼합식 섭취에 기초한 당흡수지수는 다량 영양소 및 식이섬유의 섭취량을 함께 반영하므로 기존의 탄수화물 섭취량만을 평가한 지표에 비해 전반적인 식사계획 및 평가에 적합한 지표인 것으로 사료된다. 일부 대사질환 지표가 당흡수지수와 유의한 연관성을 나타냈으므로, 향후 식사의 질과 대사질환 지표와의 관련성을 고려한 당흡수지수의 적절한 수준이 모색된다면 식이 조절을 위한 식단계획, 영양교육 및 식품표시에 유용한 도구로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.143-155
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• 1998

This study was conducted to compare dietary intake and quality obtained by food frequency questionnaire(FFQ) and 24-hour recall method among 1249 Korean adults living in rural area. The survey was conducted twice; first with 65-items FFQ by interview and then with 24-hour recall method two years later. Nutrients intake estimated from two dietary methods showed significant difference. For nutrients except fat and iron, average intake value estimated from the FFQ were significantly higher than that from the 24-hour recall method(p<0.001). Ranking of the subjects by nutrient intake levels obtained by two methods were significantly correlated, but correlation coefficients were low. Percentage of subjects in the lowest or in the highest quintile by 24-hour recalls who belong to the nearest two categories by FFQ ranged from 45% to 61%, while the percentage falling into the opposite category ranged from 7% to 15%. Subjects' percentile rank of nutrient intake by 24-hour recall correlated with their average rank of nutrient intake by FFQ. Information on food groups by two method were not comparable because of the limited number of food items in FFQ. For most nutrients, RDA% or NAR from FFQ were higher than those from 24-hour recall, but INQ from 24-hour recall were higher than those from FFQ. From the results, results of 24-hour recall method seems to be useful in classifying subjects according to their nutrient intake if sample size is large enough.