본 연구는 경험가치척도(EVS; Experiential Value Scale)를 바탕으로 측정된 쇼핑가치차원이 쇼핑점포에 대한 소비자 반응에 미치는 효과를 분석하는데 그 목적이 있다. 또한 각 쇼핑가치차원이 쇼핑점포에 대한 소비자반응에 미치는 상대적 효과가 백화점과 할인점에 따라 다르게 나타나는지도 분석했다. 실증분석결과 점포에서 제공하는 실용적 쇼핑가치와 쾌락적 쇼핑가치는 점포에 대한 호의적 태도와 점포에 대한 감정적 반응에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 구체적으로 실용적 쇼핑가치의 하위차원인 서비스우수성, 효율성, 경제적 가치가 증가할수록, 소비자들의 점포에 대한 호의적 태도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 쾌락적 쇼핑가치의 하위차원인 시각적 매력, 오락적 가치, 일상탈출, 내재적 즐거움이 높은 것으로 지각할수록, 쇼핑과정에서 소비자들의 긍정적인 감정이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 쾌락적 쇼핑가치는 소비자들이 점포에 대한 호의적 태도를 형성하는데 있어서 직접적 영향이 아닌 점포에 대한 소비자들의 감정적 반응을 통해 간접적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 점포에 대한 호의적 태도와 점포에 대한 긍정적 감정형성은 점포충성도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 흥미롭게도 쾌락적 쇼핑가치가 점포에 대한 긍정적 감정반응에 미치는 영향은 백화점보다 할인점에서 높게 나타났다.
포스트 코로나 시대에 접어들면서 그 동안 움츠렸던 경제활동들이 다시 활발해지고 있다. 특히 4차 산업혁명 시대 디지털 전환의 기회에 따른 기술창업이 증가되는 추세이지만 창업 교육 콘텐츠는 기술적인 변화의 속도를 따라가지 못하고 있다. 본 연구는 기술창업의 수요 증가로 변화와 발전이 요구되는 창업교육 콘텐츠 중에서 창업 멘토링의 중요성을 확인하고자 한다. 창업 멘토링은 예비창업자와 초기창업자들의 창업 성공을 위해 전문 역량을 보유한 멘토가 멘티들의 수준에 맞게 맞춤형으로 성취 동기, 경영 기술, 문제 해결에 도움을 주는 행동으로 이미 대부분의 창업교육 프로그램에 구성요소로 포함되어 있다. 이를 위해 멘토링 기능 중 멘티의 창업지식과 자기 효능감을 독립변수로 설정하고, 창업의지와 멘토링 만족도를 종속변수로 설정한 후 교육생의 창업 여부를 예비 창업가와 초기 창업가로 분류, 조절변수로 설정하여 연구모형을 설계하고 가설을 설정하였다. 그리고 ICCE 창업스쿨 및 오퍼스 창업스쿨에서 창업 멘토링 교육생들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 실증적 분석을 진행하였다. 실증 분석 결과를 요약해보자면 첫 번째, 창업 멘토링 기능 중 창업지식과 자기 효능감은 창업의지에 유의적인 정(+)의 영향을 주는 것으로 분석되었다. 두 번째, 창업 멘토링 기능 중 창업지식과 자기 효능감은 멘토링 만족도에 유의적인 정(+)의 영향을 주는 것으로 분석되었다. 세 번째, 창업 여부는 창업지식과 창업의지에 유의미한 조절효과가 없다고 분석되었다. 네 번째, 창업 여부는 멘토링 만족도에 유의미한 조절효과가 없다고 분석되었다. 다섯 번째, 창업 여부가 자기 효능감과 창업의지 사이에 유의미한 조절효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 연구 분석 결과를 통해 본 시사점은 첫 번째로 창업교육에서 멘토링기능은 초기 창업가와 예비 창업가 모두에게 창업의지와 만족도에 유의미한 성과를 내는 것으로 분석되어 앞으로도 모든 창업교육에서 멘토링을 적극적으로 활용해야 할 것으로 보인다. 두 번째로 창업 여부와 멘토링기능 및 효과는 대체로 별다른 관련이 없는 것으로 분석되었다. 하지만 멘토링을 통한 자기 효능감 향상을 통한 창업의지는 창업 여부와 유의미한 관련이 있는 것으로 분석되었고, 멘토들이 멘토링을 진행할 때 멘티의 창업 여부를 확인하고 맞춤형 멘토링을 하는 것이 더 큰 자기 효능감과 창업의지를 갖게 하는데 도움이 된다고 나타났다. 현재 국내에서 진행되는 많은 창업교육들은 편의성 등을 이유로 초기 창업가와 예비 창업가를 동시에 교육하고 있다. 하지만 본 연구결과를 통해 소규모로 진행되는 창업 멘토링에서라도 멘티의 창업 여부와 같은 세부적인 분류를 통해 맞춤형 멘토링을 진행하는 것이 멘티의 성공적인 창업과 높은 만족도를 위한 방법이 될 수 있다는 방안을 제시하였다.
The duty shifts of hospital nurses not only affect nurses' physical and mental health but also present various personnel management problems which often result in high turnover rates. In this context a study was carried out from October to November 1995 for a period of two months to find out the status of hospital nurses' duty shift patterns, and preferred duty hours and fixed duty shifts. The study population was 867 RNs working in five general hospitals located in Seoul and its vicinity. The questionnaire developed by the writer was used for data collection. The response rate was 85.9 percent or 745 returns. The SAS program was used for data analysis with the computation of frequencies, percentages and Chi square test. The findings of the study are as follows: 1. General characteristics of the study population: 56 percent of respondents was (25 years group and 76.5 percent were "single": the predominant proportion of respondents was junior nursing college graduates(92.2%) and have less than 5 years nursing experience in hospitals(65.5%). For their future working plan in nursing profession, nearly 50% responded as uncertain The reasons given for their career plan was predominantly 'personal growth and development' rather than financial reasons. 2. The interval for rotations of duty stations was found to be mostly irregular(56.4%) while others reported as weekly(16.1%), monthly(12.9%), and fixed terms(4.6%). 3. The main problems related to duty shifts particularly the evening and night duty nurses reported were "not enough time for the family, " "afraid of security problems after the work when returning home late at night." and "lack of leisure time". "problems in physical and physiological adjustment." "problems in family life." "lack of time for interactions with fellow nurses" etc. 4. The forty percent of respondents reported to have '1-2 times' of duty shift rotations while all others reported that '0 time'. '2-3 times'. 'more than 3 times' etc. which suggest the irregularity in duty shift rotations. 5. The majority(62.8%) of study population found to favor the rotating system of duty stations. The reasons for favoring the rotation system were: the opportunity for "learning new things and personal development." "better human relations are possible. "better understanding in various duty stations." "changes in monotonous routine job" etc. The proportion of those disfavor the rotating 'system was 34.7 percent. giving the reasons of"it impedes development of specialization." "poor job performances." "stress factors" etc. Furthermore. respondents made the following comments in relation to the rotation of duty stations: the nurses should be given the opportunity to participate in the. decision making process: personal interest and aptitudes should be considered: regular intervals for the rotations or it should be planned in advance. etc. 6. For the future career plan. the older. married group with longer nursing experiences appeared to think the nursing as their lifetime career more likely than the younger. single group with shorter nursing experiences (
The success of the family planning program in Korea is reflected in the decrease in the growth rate from 3.0% in 1962 to 2.0% in 1971, and in the decrease in the fertility rate from 43/1,000 in 1960 to 29/1,000 in 1970. However, it would be erroneous to attribute these reductions entirely to the family planning program. Other socio-economic factors, such as the increasing age at marriage and the increasing use of induced abortions, definitely had an impact on the lowered growth and fertility rate. Despite the relative success of the program to data in meeting its goals, there is no room for complacency. Meeting the goal of a further reduction in the population growth rate to 1.3% by 1981 is a much more difficult task than any one faced in the past. Not only must fertility be lowered further, but the size of the target population itself will expand tremendously in the late seventies; due to the post-war baby boom of the 1950's reaching reproductive ages. Furthermore, it is doubtful that the age at marriage will continue to rise as in the past or that the incidence of induced abortion will continue to increase. Consequently, future reductions in fertility will be more dependent on the performance of the national family planning program, with less assistance from these non-program factors. This paper will describe various approaches to help to the solution of these current problems. 1. PRACTICE RATE IN FAMILY PLANNING In 1973, the attitude (approval) and knowledge rates were quite high; 94% and 98% respectively. But a large gap exists between that and the actual practice rate, which is only 3695. Two factors must be considered in attempting to close the KAP-gap. The first is to change social norms, which still favor a larger family, increasing the practice rate cannot be done very quickly. The second point to consider is that the family planning program has not yet reached all the eligible women. A 1973 study determineded that a large portion, 3096 in fact, of all eligible women do not want more children, but are not practicing family planning. Thus, future efforts to help close the KAP-gap must focus attention and services on this important large group of potential acceptors. 2. CONTINUATION RATES Dissatisfaction with the loop and pill has resulted in high discontinuation rates. For example, a 1973 survey revealed that within the first six months initial loop acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts, and that within the first four months of inital pill acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts. These discontinuation rates have risen over the past few years. The high rate of discontinuance obviously decreases the contraceptive effectiveness. and has resulted in many unwanted births which is directly related to the increase of induced abortions. In the future, the family planning program must emphasize the improved quality of initial and follow-up services. rather than more quantity, in order to insure higher continuation rates and thus more effective contraceptive protection. 3. INDUCED ABORTION As noted earlier. the use of induced abortions has been increase yearly. For example, in 1960, the average number of abortions was 0.6 abortions per women in the 15-44 age range. By 1970. that had increased to 2 abortions per women. In 1966. 13% of all women between 15-44 had experienced at least one abortion. By 1971, that figure jumped to 28%. In 1973 alone, the total number of abortions was 400,000. Besides the ever incre.sing number of induced abortions, another change has that those who use abortions have shifted since 1965 to include- not. only the middle class, but also rural and low-income women. In the future. in response to the demand for abortion services among rural and low-income w~men, the government must provide and support abortion services for these women as a part of the national family planning program. 4. TARGET SYSTIi:M Since 1962, the nationwide target system has been used to set a target for each method, and the target number of acceptors is then apportioned out to various sub-areas according to the number of eligible couples in each area. Because these targets are set without consideration for demographic factors, particular tastes, prejudices, and previous patterns of acceptance in the area, a high discontinuation rate for all methods and a high wastage rate for the oral pill and condom results. In the future. to alleviate these problems of the methodbased target system. an alternative. such as the weighted-credit system, should be adopted on a nation wide basis. In this system. each contraceptive method is. assigned a specific number of points based upon the couple-years of protection (CYP) provided by the method. and no specific targets for each method are given. 5. INCREASE OF STERILIZA.TION TARGET Two special projects. the hospital-based family planning program and the armed forces program, has greatly contributed to the increasing acceptance in female and male sterilization respectively. From January-September 1974, 28,773 sterilizations were performed. During the same time in 1975, 46,894 were performed; a 63% increase. If this trend continues, by the end of 1975. approximately 70,000 sterilizations will have been performed. Sterilization is a much better method than both the loop and pill, in terms of more effective contraceptive protection and the almost zero dropout rate. In the future, the. family planning program should continue to stress the special programs which make more sterilizations possible. In particular, it should seek to add the laparoscope techniques to facilitate female sterilization acceptance rates. 6. INCREASE NUMBER OF PRIVATE ACCEPTORS Among the current family planning users, approximately 1/3 are in the private sector and thus do not- require government subsidy. The number of private acceptors increases with increasing urbanization and economic growth. To speed this process, the government initiated the special hospital based family planning program which is utilized mostly by the private sector. However, in the future, to further hasten the increase of private acceptors, the government should encourage doctors in private practice to provide family planning services, and provide the contraceptive supplies. This way, those do utilize the private medical system will also be able to receive family planning services and pay for it. Another means of increasing the number of private acceptors, IS to greatly expand the commercial outlets for pills and condoms beyond the existing service points of drugstores, hospitals, and health centers. 7. IE&C PROGRAM The current preferred family size is nearly twice as high as needed to achieve a stable poplation. Also, a strong boy preference hinders a small family size as nearly all couples fuel they must have at least one or more sons. The IE&C program must, in the future, strive to emphasize the values of the small family and equality of the sexes. A second problem for the IE&C program to work. with in the: future is the large group of people who approves family planning, want no more children, but do not practice. The IE&C program must work to motivate these people to accept family planning And finally, for those who already practice, an IE&C program in the future must stress continuation of use. The IE&C campaign, to insure highest effectiveness, should be based on a detailed factor analysis of contraceptive discontinuance. In conclusion, Korea faces a serious unfavorable sociodemographic situation- in the future unless the population growth rate can be curtailed. And in the future, the decrease in fertility will depend solely on the family planning program, as the effect of other socio-economic factors has already been maximumally felt. A second serious factor to consider is the increasing number of eligible women due to the 1950's baby boom. Thus, to meet these challenges, the program target must be increased and the program must improve the effectiveness of its current activities and develop new programs.