• 안보군사학연구
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• 통권8호
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• pp.49-168
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• 2010

Just before the Korean War, the total number of the North Korean troops was 198,380, while that of the ROK(Republic of Korea) army troops 105,752. That is, the total number of the ROK army troops at that time was 53.3% of the total number of the North Korean army. As of December 2008, the total number of the North Korean troops is estimated to be 1,190,000, while that of the ROK troops is 655,000, so the ROK army maintains 55.04% of the total number of the North Korean troops. If the ROK army continues to reduce its troops according to [Military Reform Plan 2020], the total number of its troops will be 517,000 m 2020. If North Korea maintains the current status(l,190,000 troops), the number of the ROK troops will be 43.4% of the North Korean army. In terms of units, just before the Korean War, the number of the ROK army divisions and regiments was 80% and 44.8% of North Korean army. As of December 2008, North Korea maintains 86 divisions and 69 regiments. Compared to the North Korean army, the ROK army maintains 46 Divisions (53.4% of North Korean army) and 15 regiments (21.3% of North Korean army). If the ROK army continue to reduce the military units according to [Military Reform Plan 2020], the number of ROK army divisions will be 28(13 Active Division, 4 Mobilization Divisions and 11 Local Reserve Divisions), while that of the North Korean army will be 86 in 2020. In that case, the number of divisions of the ROK army will be 32.5% of North Korean army. During the Korean war, North Korea suddenly invaded the Republic of Korea and occupied its capital 3 days after the war began. At that time, the ROK army maintained 80% of army divisions, compared to the North Korean army. The lesson to be learned from this is that, if the ROK army is forced to disperse its divisions because of the simultaneous invasion of North Korea and attack of guerrillas in home front areas, the Republic of Korea can be in a serious military danger, even though it maintains 80% of military divisions of North Korea. If the ROK army promotes the plans in [Military Reform Plan 2020], the number of military units of the ROK army will be 32.5% of that of the North Korean army. This ratio is 2.4 times lower than that of the time when the Korean war began, and in this case, 90% of total military power should be placed in the DMZ area. If 90% of military power is placed in the DMZ area, few troops will be left for the defense of home front. In addition, if the ROK army continues to reduce the troops, it can allow North Korea to have asymmetrical superiority in military force and it will eventually exert negative influence on the stability and peace of the Korean peninsular. On the other hand, it should be reminded that, during the Korean War, the Republic of Korea was attacked by North Korea, though it kept 53.3% of troops, compared to North Korea. It should also be reminded that, as of 2008, the ROK army is defending its territory with the troops 55.04% of North Korea. Moreover, the national defense is assisted by 25,120 troops of the US Forces in Korea. In case the total number of the ROK troops falls below 43.4% of the North Korean army, it may cause social unrest about the national security and may lead North Korea's misjudgement. Besides, according to Lanchester strategy, the party with weaker military power (60% compared to the party with stronger military power) has the 4.1% of winning possibility. Therefore, if we consider the fact that the total number of the ROK army troops is 55.04% of that of the North Korean army, the winning possibility of the ROK army is not higher than 4.1%. If the total number of ROK troops is reduced to 43.4% of that of North Korea, the winning possibility will be lower and the military operations will be in critically difficult situation. [Military Reform Plan 2020] rums at the reduction of troops and units of the ground forces under the policy of 'select few'. However, the problem is that the financial support to achieve this goal is not secured. Therefore, the promotion of [Military Reform Plan 2020] may cause the weakening of military defence power in 2020. Some advanced countries such as Japan, UK, Germany, and France have promoted the policy of 'select few'. However, what is to be noted is that the national security situation of those countries is much different from that of Korea. With the collapse of the Soviet Unions and European communist countries, the military threat of those European advanced countries has almost disappeared. In addition, the threats those advanced countries are facing are not wars in national level, but terrorism in international level. To cope with the threats like terrorism, large scaled army trops would not be necessary. So those advanced European countries can promote the policy of 'select few'. In line with this, those European countries put their focuses on the development of military sections that deal with non-military operations and protection from unspecified enemies. That is, those countries are promoting the policy of 'select few', because they found that the policy is suitable for their national security environment. Moreover, since they are pursuing common interest under the European Union(EU) and they can form an allied force under NATO, it is natural that they are pursing the 'select few' policy. At present, NATO maintains the larger number of troops(2,446,000) than Russia(l,027,000) to prepare for the potential threat of Russia. The situation of japan is also much different from that of Korea. As a country composed of islands, its prime military focus is put on the maritime defense. Accordingly, the development of ground force is given secondary focus. The japanese government promotes the policy to develop technology-concentrated small size navy and air-forces, instead of maintaining large-scaled ground force. In addition, because of the 'Peace Constitution' that was enacted just after the end of World War II, japan cannot maintain troops more than 240,000. With the limited number of troops (240,000), japan has no choice but to promote the policy of 'select few'. However, the situation of Korea is much different from the situations of those countries. The Republic of Korea is facing the threat of the North Korean Army that aims at keeping a large-scale military force. In addition, the countries surrounding Korea are also super powers containing strong military forces. Therefore, to cope with the actual threat of present and unspecified threat of future, the importance of maintaining a carefully calculated large-scale military force cannot be denied. Furthermore, when considering the fact that Korea is in a peninsular, the Republic of Korea must take it into consideration the tradition of continental countries' to maintain large-scale military powers. Since the Korean War, the ROK army has developed the technology-force combined military system, maintaining proper number of troops and units and pursuing 'select few' policy at the same time. This has been promoted with the consideration of military situation in the Koran peninsular and the cooperation of ROK-US combined forces. This kind of unique military system that cannot be found in other countries can be said to be an insightful one for the preparation for the actual threat of North Korea and the conflicts between continental countries and maritime countries. In addition, this kind of technology-force combined military system has enabled us to keep peace in Korea. Therefore, it would be desirable to maintain this technology-force combined military system until the reunification of the Korean peninsular. Furthermore, it is to be pointed out that blindly following the 'select few' policy of advanced countries is not a good option, because it is ignoring the military strategic situation of the Korean peninsular. If the Republic of Korea pursues the reduction of troops and units radically without consideration of the threat of North Korea and surrounding countries, it could be a significant strategic mistake. In addition, the ROK army should keep an eye on the fact the European advanced countries and Japan that are not facing direct military threats are spending more defense expenditures than Korea. If the ROK army reduces military power without proper alternatives, it would exert a negative effect on the stable economic development of Korea and peaceful reunification of the Korean peninsular. Therefore, the desirable option would be to focus on the development of quality of forces, maintaining proper size and number of troops and units under the technology-force combined military system. The tableau above shows that the advanced countries like the UK, Germany, Italy, and Austria spend more defense expenditure per person than the Republic of Korea, although they do not face actual military threats, and that they keep achieving better economic progress than the countries that spend less defense expenditure. Therefore, it would be necessary to adopt the merits of the defense systems of those advanced countries. As we have examined, it would be desirable to maintain the current size and number of troops and units, to promote 'select few' policy with increased defense expenditure, and to strengthen the technology-force combined military system. On the basis of firm national security, the Republic of Korea can develop efficient policies for reunification and prosperity, and jump into the status of advanced countries. Therefore, the plans to reduce troops and units in [Military Reform Plan 2020] should be reexamined. If it is difficult for the ROK army to maintain its size of 655,000 troops because of low birth rate, the plans to establish the prompt mobilization force or to adopt drafting system should be considered for the maintenance of proper number of troops and units. From now on, the Republic of Korean government should develop plans to keep peace as well as to prepare unexpected changes in the Korean peninsular. For the achievement of these missions, some options can be considered. The first one is to maintain the same size of military troops and units as North Korea. The second one is to maintain the same level of military power as North Korea in terms of military force index. The third one is to maintain the same level of military power as North Korea, with the combination of the prompt mobilization force and the troops in active service under the system of technology-force combined military system. At present, it would be not possible for the ROK army to maintain such a large-size military force as North Korea (1,190,000 troops and 86 units). So it would be rational to maintain almost the same level of military force as North Korea with the combination of the troops on the active list and the prompt mobilization forces. In other words, with the combination of the troops in active service (60%) and the prompt mobilization force (40%), the ROK army should develop the strategies to harmonize technology and forces. The Korean government should also be prepared for the strategic flexibility of USFK, the possibility of American policy change about the location of foreign army, radical unexpected changes in North Korea, the emergence of potential threat, surrounding countries' demand for Korean force for the maintenance of regional stability, and demand for international cooperation against terrorism. For this, it is necessary to develop new approaches toward the proper number and size of troops and units. For instance, to prepare for radical unexpected political or military changes in North Korea, the Republic of Korea should have plans to protect a large number of refugees, to control arms and people, to maintain social security, and to keep orders in North Korea. From the experiences of other countries, it is estimated that 115,000 to 230,000 troops, plus ten thousands of police are required to stabilize the North Korean society, in the case radical unexpected military or political change happens in North Korea. In addition, if the Republic of Korea should perform the release of hostages, control of mass destruction weapons, and suppress the internal wars in North Korea, it should send 460,000 troops to North Korea. Moreover, if the Republic of Korea wants to stop the attack of North Korea and flow of refugees in DMZ area, at least 600,000 troops would be required. In sum, even if the ROK army maintains 600,000 troops, it may need additional 460,000 troops to prepare for unexpected radical changes in North Korea. For this, it is necessary to establish the prompt mobilization force whose size and number are almost the same as the troops in active service. In case the ROK army keeps 650,000 troops, the proper number of the prompt mobilization force would be 460,000 to 500,000.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.283-296
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• 2006

과학기술의 발전과 더불어 보건의료분야는 괄목할 성장을 가져왔고 국민생활 수준의 향상과 건강에 대한 관심이 고조됨에 따라 의료서비스의 수요가 급증하고 있다. 이 과정에서 국민의 권리의식의 신장, 의료행위의 본질에 대한 이해부족, 의료기술에 대한 지나친 기대, 상업화된 의료공급체계, 의사의 윤리의식 저하 및 의료법리에 대한 무지 그리고 사회적 불신풍조의 만연, 분쟁해결을 위한 제도적 장치의 결여 등이 요인으로 작용하여 의료사고 및 분쟁이 급증하는 추세이다. 본 연구는 치과관련 단체에서 보유하고 있는 소송과 관련된 자료 및 연세대학교 치과대학병원 구강내과에서 신체감정을 시행한 재판기록을 중심으로 하여 판결전문을 확보할 수 있는 치과 의료사고 판례 중 1994년부터 2004년까지의 민사소송 30례의 판례를 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 소송의 연도별 분포에서 2000년 이후 급증하는 추세를 보였다. 2. 소송의 유형별 분포에서 발치와 관련된 소송이 전체의 36.7% 이었다. 3. 소송의 원인을 분석한 결과 불편감, 치료불만족과 관련된 것이 전체의 36.7%, 사망 및 영구손상이 각각 16.7% 이었다. 4. 원고의 소송결과 승소 및 강제조정, 화해권고결정이 60.0% 이었다. 5. 소송에 관련된 병원유형은 치과의원이 60.0%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 6. 소송의 심급별 구성비율에서 2,3심 이상 진행된 경우가 전체의 30.0% 이었다. 7. 손해배상 청구금액은 5천만원 이상 1억원 미만이 36.7%, 1억원 이상이 13.3% 이었고 손해배상 판결금액은 1천만원 이상 3천만원 미만이 40.0%, 1억원 이상이 6.7% 이었다. 8. 소송과 관련된 치과의사수는 2명 이상이 26.7%이었다. 9. 판결까지의 소요기간은 11개월에서 20개월이 46.7%, 21개월에서 30개월이 36.7% 이었다. 10. 의료과실 유무에서는 과실을 판정한 경우가 46.7% 이었고 소송과정에서 신체감정이나 사실조회가 이루어진 경우는 70.0% 이었다. 11. 의사패소 판례(18건)에서 판결의 주안점은 주의의무위반이 72.2% 이었고, 설명의무위반이 16.7% 이었다. 치과 의료분쟁의 경우 치료의 긴급성이 상대적으로 적어 의사의 설명의무 중요성이 폭넓게 요구되며, 주관적인 치료 만족도가 중요시되는 분야이기 때문에 결국 분쟁을 줄이는 방법으로 기술적인 과실도 줄여야 하지만 치과의사와 환자와의 신뢰 관계를 개선하는 것과 의사집단의 자율성(autonomy)의 회복이 중요하다. 그리고 불합리하게 시행되고 있는 의료배상책임보험의 보완과 함께 치과의사단체와 학계가 주도하는 교육 및 의료분쟁시 자문을 구할 수 있는 체계의 확립으로 의료분쟁에 대한 대처가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.219-230
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• 2010

数字内容在给公司带来机遇和挑战的同时也极大的改变了我们的生活. 创意企业整合视频, 图片, 文本和数据进行数字化过的音频, 开发新产品或服务, 创作数字经验推广自己的品牌. 大多数有关数字内容的文献是关于基本概念或者营销的发展. 其实, 比起普通产品或服务的传统价值链, 数字内容产业似乎有更多的潜在价值. 因为相当多的数字内容是免费的, 价格, 作为信息的质量或价值的指标, 不是必须被感知的(Rowley 2008). 很显然, 当前数字内容的主题是 "价值" 和关于消费者对数字内容的感知价值的研究. 本文讨论了体验价值在消费者评估数字内容时的优势. 本文在对数字内容 "价值" 的理解方面有两个不同但是相关的贡献. 第一, 基于数字内容与普通产品和服务的比较, 本文提出了两个关键特点使得体验战略适合数字内容: 无形和接近于零的再造成本. 最重要的是, 基于对公司的理想化的价值和客户的感知价值之间的差异的讨论, 本文强调了数字内容的价格和定价与普通产品和服务的不同. 无形的结果是, 价格可能并不反映顾客感知价值. 另外, 数字内容的成本处在发展阶段可能非常高但再造会大幅缩水. 而且, 由于前面提到的价值鸿沟, 这个价格政策改变因不同的数字内容而不同. 例如, 平价战略通常用于电影和音乐(Magiera 2001;Netherby 2002), 而有持续的需求的数字内容如在线游戏和杀毒软件的问题牵涉到一个更复杂的效用和极具竞争力的价格水平. 数字内容企业必须探索各种各样的策略来克服这个缺口. 对于广告, 形象, 口碑等常用的市场战略和他们对顾客感知价值的影响的研究变得至关重要. 中国数字内容产业正变得越来越国际化, 并引起了具有各自竞争优势的国家和地区的关注. 2008-2009中国数字内容产业年度发展报告(CCIDConsulting 2009)表明, 在国内需求和政府政策的大力支持下, 中国数字内容产业在2008年保持了大约30%的快速增长, 表明了这个产业在明显的初期扩张阶段. 在中国, 需要更新的杀毒软件和其他软件程序使用季度定价政策. 用户可以免费下载试用版, 用6个月或一年. 如果他们更久的使用, 连续的付款方式是必要的. 他们在试用阶段检测数字内容的优良度, 决定是否要付继续使用. 对于中国的音乐和电影工业的发展战略, 体验最初没有被广泛的应用, 虽然其他国家的公司注意到体验的重要性并探索了相关的战略(如客户在下载前有好几秒可以免费听听音乐). 由于上述原因, 杀毒软件在中国可以代表数字内容产业而且在中国杀毒市场探索了体验价值在顾客的数字内容感知价值中的优势. 为了提高调查数据的可靠性, 该研究集中在那些有使用杀毒软件经验的人群. 实证结果显示, 体验价值对顾客对数字内容的感知价值有积极的影响. 换句话说, 因为数字内容是无形的, 再造成本几乎为零, 客户的评估是根据他们的体验. 另外, 形象和口碑不产生积极的影响, 只对体验价值有影响. 这就是说, 数字内容价值链不同于普通产品或服务. 体验价值有显著的优势并调节形象和口碑对感知价值的作用. 这个研究结果有助于了解为什麽在发展中国家存在免费的数字内容下载. 客户只有通过体验它才可以感知数字内容的价值. 这也是为什么政府如此扶持发展数字内容. 其他发展中国家在起步阶段的数字内容企业可以借鉴这里的建议. 另外, 基于体验战略的优势, 公司应该更努力投资于客户的体验. 由于数字内容的特点和价值鸿沟的存在, 顾客只有经历了他们真正想要的才能感知更多的无形的数字内容的价值. 而且, 因为再造成本近乎为零, 公司可以使用体验战略, 以提高客户对数字内容的理解.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.861-869
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• 2012

향후 학교급식 식재료 공급업체에 대한 합리적인 관리 및 평가 체계 구축을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 본 연구에서는 공급업체 선정방법(경쟁입찰계약, 수의계약)에 따른 학교급식 식재료 구매실태와 공급업체 수행도를 비교 분석하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 창원시 관내 초 중 고등학교 영양(교)사를 대상으로 설문 조사를 실시하였다. 2010년 6월 29일부터 9월 28일까지 총 190부를 배부하여 167부(회수율: 87.9%)가 회수되었고, 이 중 응답 내용이 불충분한 16부를 제외하고 총 151부(분석율: 79.5%)를 최종 분석 자료로 사용하였다. 첫째, 조사대상자의 일반 사항으로서, 영양(교)사는 전부 여성이었으며 평균연령은 36.87세로 31~40세 이하가 49.0%로 가장 많았고, 직위는 영양교사가 52.3%로 약간 더 많았으며 54.3%가 초등학교에 근무하고 있었다. 학교근무경력은 평균 10.86년이었으며, 평균 1일 식수인원은 931.17명이었고 78.8%가 1일 1식을 급식하고 있었으며, 평균 1식 순수 식재료비는 1,937.50원이었다. 둘째, 경쟁입찰계약을 이용한 식재료 구매실태 조사 결과, 91.4%의 학교에서 경쟁입찰계약에 의해 식재료를 구매하고 있었고, 그중 제한경쟁입찰 계약 방법을 주로 사용하고 있었다. 경쟁입찰계약으로 구매하는 식재료는 일반 농산물, 일반 가공품, 친환경 농산물(과일), 친환경 가공품, 일반 가금류, 수산물, 친환경 곡류, 무항생제 가금류, 일반 곡류, 김치류, 육류, 우유류 순으로 많았다. 셋째, 수의계약 방법을 이용한 식재료 구매실태를 조사한 결과 78.8%의 학교에서 식재료를 수의계약으로 구매하고, 단일견적 계약이 59.7%로 조금 많았다. 수의계약을 사용하는 식재료는 육류 84.9%, 김치류 47.9%, 수산물 42.0%의 순으로 많이 이용하였다. 넷째, 식재료 구매 품목별로 경쟁입찰계약과 수의계약에 의한 구매 방법의 차이를 분석한 결과 김치류를 제외한 전 품목에서 유의한 차이가 있었다. 즉 육류(p<0.001)와 우유류(p<0.001)와 같은 단일품목은 주로 수의계약방법에 의해 구매가 이루어지고 있었으며, 일반 농산물(p<0.001), 수산물(p<0.001), 일반 가금류(p<0.001), 무항생제 가금류(p<0.001), 친환경 곡류(p<0.001), 친환경 농산물(과일)(p<0.001), 친환경 가공품(p<0.001), 일반 가공품(p<0.001), 일반 곡류(p<0.001)의 품목들은 주로 경쟁입찰계약에 의해 구매가 이루어지고 있었다. 다섯째, 경쟁입찰계약과 수의계약의 학교급식 공급업체의 수행도를 비교 분석한 결과 경쟁입찰계약이 수의계약보다 제품의 가격에 대한 수행도만 유의적으로 높았고(p<0.001) '전반적인 수행도(p<0.01)'와 '제품의 포장 상태(p<0.01)', '납품 시 제품 품질(p<0.001)', '제품의 위생(p<0.001)', '현품설명서와의 일치도(p<0.001)', '반품 및 교환의 신속함(p<0.001)', '비상시 배송 능력(p<0.001)', '배송직원의 서비스(p<0.05)', '불만사항에 대한 처리(p<0.001)'의 세부 항목에서 수의계약에 의한 공급업체의 수행도가 경쟁입찰계약에 의한 공급업체의 수행도 수준보다 높았다. 본 연구 결과를 토대로 향후 학교급식 식재료 공급업체의 공정한 선정과 합리적인 평가를 위해 제언을 하면 다음과 같다. 첫째 학교급식에 있어서 구매 관리에 대한 인식 전환이 필요하다. 즉 학교급식에서 구매 관리를 단순히 급식에 필요한 식재료를 구매하는 활동으로 인식하는 것이 아니라 급식 품질 경영도구 및 급식 운영의 핵심적인 기능으로써 인식되어야 할 것이다. 둘째, 학교급식 식재료 공급업체에 대한 합리적인 평가 기준과 평가 체계가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 기존의 위생관리 위주의 단면적인 평가에서 벗어나 학교급식 식재료 공급업체 수행도에 대한 다각적 측면에서의 평가를 하여야 할 것이다. 즉 현재 주로 이루어지고 있는 시설 설비 위주의 평가에서 벗어나 학교급식 식재료 공급 능력에 대한 전반적인 평가로 범위를 넓혀가야 할 것이다. 즉 조달 및 배송 능력(식재료 조달 능력, 배송 체계, 비상시 배송 능력 등), 식재료(품질, 가격, 위생, 포장상태, 구매명세서와의 일치도 등), 서비스(배송 직원의 서비스, 입고시간 준수, 반품 및 교환의 신속함, 불만사항에 대한 처리 등), 행정 사무(회계 관련 서류, 위생 관련 서류 등)의 다양한 측면에서의 평가가 이루어져야 하겠다. 그와 함께 주기적인 평가를 실시하여 학교급식 식재료의 공급이 안정적이고 효율적으로 이루어질 수 있도록 하여야 할 것이다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.191-207
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• 2021

오늘날 이동통신은 급증하는 데이터 수요에 대응하기 위해서 주로 속도 향상에 초점을 맞추어 발전해 왔다. 그리고 5G 시대가 시작되면서 IoT, V2X, 로봇, 인공지능, 증강 가상현실, 스마트시티 등을 비롯하여 다양한 서비스를 고객들에게 제공하기위한 노력들이 진행되고 있고 이는 우리의 삶의 터전과 산업 전반에 대한 환경을 바꿀 것으로 예상되고 되고 있다. 이러한 서비스를 제공하기위해서 고속 데이터 속도 외에도, 실시간 서비스를 위한 지연 감소 그리고 신뢰도 등이 매우 중요한데 5G에서는 최대 속도 20Gbps, 지연 1ms, 연결 기기 106/㎢를 제공함으로써 서비스 제공할 수 있는 기반을 마련하였다. 하지만 5G는 고주파 대역인 3.5Ghz, 28Ghz의 높은 주파수를 사용함으로써 높은 직진성의 빠른 속도를 제공할 수 있으나, 짧은 파장을 가지고 있어 도달할 수 있는 거리가 짧고, 회절 각도가 작아서 건물 등을 투과하지 못해 실내 이용에서 제약이 따른다. 따라서 기존의 통신망으로 이러한 제약을 벗어나기가 어렵고, 기반 구조인 중앙 집중식 SDN 또한 많은 노드와의 통신으로 인해 처리 능력에 과도한 부하가 발생하기 때문에 지연에 민감한 서비스 제공에 어려움이 있다. 그래서 자율 주행 중 긴급 상황이 발생할 경우 사용 가능한 지연 관련 트리 구조의 제어 기능이 필요하다. 이러한 시나리오에서 차량 내 정보를 처리하는 네트워크 아키텍처는 지연의 주요 변수이다. 일반적인 중앙 집중 구조의 SDN에서는 원하는 지연 수준을 충족하기가 어렵기 때문에 정보 처리를 위한 SDN의 최적 크기에 대한 연구가 이루어져야 한다. 그러므로 SDN이 일정 규모로 분리하여 새로운 형태의 망을 구성 해야하며 이러한 새로운 형태의 망 구조는 동적으로 변하는 트래픽에 효율적으로 대응하고 높은 품질의 유연성 있는 서비스를 제공할 수 있다. 이러한 SDN 구조 망에서 정보의 변경 주기, RTD(Round Trip Delay), SDN의 데이터 처리 시간은 지연과 매우 밀접한 상관관계를 가진다. 이 중 RDT는 속도는 충분하고 지연은 1ms 이하이기에 유의미한 영향을 주는 요인은 아니지만 정보 변경 주기와 SDN의 데이터 처리 시간은 지연에 크게 영향을 주는 요인이다. 특히, 5G의 다양한 응용분야 중에서 지연과 신뢰도가 가장 중요한 분야인 지능형 교통 시스템과 연계된 자율주행 환경의 응급상황에서는 정보 전송은 매우 짧은 시간 안에 전송 및 처리돼야 하는 상황이기때문에 지연이라는 요인이 매우 민감하게 작용하는 조건의 대표적인 사례라고 볼 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 자율 주행 시 응급상황에서 SDN 아키텍처를 연구하고, 정보 흐름(셀 반경, 차량의 속도 및 SDN의 데이터 처리 시간의 변화)에 따라 차량이 관련정보를 요청해야 할 셀 계층과의 상관관계에 대하여 시뮬레이션을 통하여 분석을 진행하였다.

• 벤처혁신연구
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.57-70
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• 2022

현대의 산업자본주의는 근로의 제공과 임금의 수령이라는 관계가 사회를 규율하는 중요한 원리로 자리 잡고 있다. 근로계약에 따라 자신의 노동력에 대한 처분권을 사용자에게 맡기고 제공받는 임금은 직접적인 보상이 되고 있으며, 적절한 휴식의 보장으로 인간다운 삶의 보장과 재생산을 할 수 있어야 한다. 자유계약에 의한 근로관계의 구축은 근로자 보호에 문제점을 나타내고 있으며, 이에 따라 근로자에 대한 최소한의 권리로 근로시간의 최대치를 정하고 최소휴식의 기준을 설정·부여하고 있다. 근로시간의 단축은 근로자의 삶의 질이라는 측면에서 매우 중요하지만 효율적인 기업활동에 있어서도 중요한 문제이다. 우리나라는 2020년 기준 연간 근로시간이 1,908시간으로 장시간 근로를 하고 있으며, UN산하 자문기구인 지속가능발전해법네트워크(SDSN)가 조사한 행복지수에서 OECD 37개국 중에서 하위 3번째로 나타나고 있다. 이에 따라 근로시간 단축의 필요성은 인정되어, 2018년부터 1주의 최대 근로시간이 52시간으로 제한하고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 기업의 부가가치 창출력을 유지하고, 근로자의 다양한 니즈에 부응하기 위한 방안으로 법적으로 다양한 근로시간의 예외를 두고 있으며, 우리나라 근로기준법은 3개월 이내의 탄력적 근로시간제와 3개월을 초과하는 탄력적 근로시간제, 선택적 근로시간제와 근로시간의 연장을 허용하는 연장근로의 제한을 두어 이를 허용하고 있다. 하지만 2021년 개정된 탄력적 근로시간제를 적용하는 것과 최근 논의되고 있는 정산 단위기간의 확대에 대한 논의에서 탄력적 근로시간제의 문제점이 있어 이에 대한 개선이 필요하다. 따라서 본 논문은 탄력적 근로시간제의 문제점과 이에 때한 개선방안을 살펴보고자 한다. 탄력적 근로시간제는 미리정한 기준에 따라 특정일 또는 특정주에 법정근로시간을 초과하더라도 근로기준법에서 정하고 있는 근로시간에 위배되는 것이 아님과 동시에 초과한 연장근로에 대한 가산임금을 지급하지 않아도 되는 제도로 주로 계절별 시기별 업무량 편차가 심한 제조업, 판매서비스업, 연속사업이나 장기간 조업을 위한 전기·가스·수도, 운수업 등에 있어 교대근무형태로 유용하게 활용되고 있으며, 운용에 따라 보다 짧은 근무일 설정을 통한 휴일 확대 등 근로시간 단축의 방편으로 활용되기도 한다. 하지만 정산 단위기간을 확대할 경우 근로자가 수령할 수 있는 가산임금을 수령하지 못하게 되어 근로자에게 불리하다. 따라서 첫째, 현재 논의되고 있는 정산 단위기간 확대를 하려면 현행 기준에서 확대되는 기간에 대하여 추가임금 지급을 하도록 하여야 한다. 둘째, 탄력적 근로시간제의 개별근로자에 대한 적용을 개선하여 근로자대표와의 서면합의에 있어 개별근로자와 충분한 협의를 하도록 하는 조치가 필요하고, 셋째, 정산 단위기간 동안 연장 근로의 허용시간을 명확히 하여야 하며, 넷째, 1일 최대근로시간이 정해지지 않고 있어 근로시간의 한도를 최대 근로시간으로 제한하거나 연속휴식에 대한 적용이 필요하며, 추가적으로 근로자대표의 서면합의가 탄력적 근로시간제의 적용에 있어 중요한 문제이므로 근로자대표의 대표성을 확보하여야 할 것이다.

• 대한간호
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.77-96
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• 1997

The duty shifts of hospital nurses not only affect nurses' physical and mental health but also present various personnel management problems which often result in high turnover rates. In this context a study was carried out from October to November 1995 for a period of two months to find out the status of hospital nurses' duty shift patterns, and preferred duty hours and fixed duty shifts. The study population was 867 RNs working in five general hospitals located in Seoul and its vicinity. The questionnaire developed by the writer was used for data collection. The response rate was 85.9 percent or 745 returns. The SAS program was used for data analysis with the computation of frequencies, percentages and Chi square test. The findings of the study are as follows: 1. General characteristics of the study population: 56 percent of respondents was (25 years group and 76.5 percent were "single": the predominant proportion of respondents was junior nursing college graduates(92.2%) and have less than 5 years nursing experience in hospitals(65.5%). For their future working plan in nursing profession, nearly 50% responded as uncertain The reasons given for their career plan was predominantly 'personal growth and development' rather than financial reasons. 2. The interval for rotations of duty stations was found to be mostly irregular(56.4%) while others reported as weekly(16.1%), monthly(12.9%), and fixed terms(4.6%). 3. The main problems related to duty shifts particularly the evening and night duty nurses reported were "not enough time for the family, " "afraid of security problems after the work when returning home late at night." and "lack of leisure time". "problems in physical and physiological adjustment." "problems in family life." "lack of time for interactions with fellow nurses" etc. 4. The forty percent of respondents reported to have '1-2 times' of duty shift rotations while all others reported that '0 time'. '2-3 times'. 'more than 3 times' etc. which suggest the irregularity in duty shift rotations. 5. The majority(62.8%) of study population found to favor the rotating system of duty stations. The reasons for favoring the rotation system were: the opportunity for "learning new things and personal development." "better human relations are possible. "better understanding in various duty stations." "changes in monotonous routine job" etc. The proportion of those disfavor the rotating 'system was 34.7 percent. giving the reasons of"it impedes development of specialization." "poor job performances." "stress factors" etc. Furthermore. respondents made the following comments in relation to the rotation of duty stations: the nurses should be given the opportunity to participate in the. decision making process: personal interest and aptitudes should be considered: regular intervals for the rotations or it should be planned in advance. etc. 6. For the future career plan. the older. married group with longer nursing experiences appeared to think the nursing as their lifetime career more likely than the younger. single group with shorter nursing experiences ($x^2=61.19.{\;}p=.000;{\;}x^2=41.55.{\;}p=.000$). The reason given for their future career plan regardless of length of future service, was predominantly "personal growth and development" rather than financial reasons. For further analysis, the group those with the shorter career plan appeared to claim "financial reasons" for their future career more readily than the group who consider the nursing job as their lifetime career$(x^2$= 11.73, p=.003) did. This finding suggests the need for careful .considerations in personnel management of nursing administration particularly when dealing with the nurses' career development. The majority of respondents preferred the fixed day shift. However, further analysis of those preferred evening shift by age and civil status, "< 25 years group"(15.1%) and "single group"(13.2) were more likely to favor the fixed evening shift than > 25 years(6.4%) and married(4.8%)groups. This differences were statistically significant ($x^2=14.54, {\;}p=.000;{\;}x^2=8.75, {\;}p=.003$). 7. A great majority of respondents(86.9% or n=647) found to prefer the day shifts. When the four different types of duty shifts(Types A. B. C, D) were presented, 55.0 percent of total respondents preferred the A type or the existing one followed by D type(22.7%). B type(12.4%) and C type(8.2%). 8. When the condition of monetary incentives for the evening(20% of salary) and night shifts(40% of. salary) of the existing duty type was presented. again the day shift appeared to be the most preferred one although the rate was slightly lower(66.4% against 86.9%). In the case of evening shift, with the same incentive, the preference rates for evening and night shifts increased from 11.0 to 22.4 percent and from 0.5 to 3.0 percent respectively. When the age variable was controlled. < 25 yrs group showed higher rates(31.6%. 4.8%) than those of > 25 yrs group(15.5%. 1.3%) respectively preferring the evening and night shifts(p=.000). The civil status also seemed to operate on the preferences of the duty shifts as the single group showed lower rate(69.0%) for day duty against 83. 6% of the married group. and higher rates for evening and night duties(27.2%. 15.1%) respectively against those of the married group(3.8%. 1.8%) while a higher proportion of the married group(83. 6%) preferred the day duties than the single group(69.0%). These differences were found to be statistically all significant(p=.001). 9. The findings on preferences of three different types of fixed duty hours namely, B, C. and D(with additional monetary incentives) are as follows in order of preference: B type(12hrs a day, 3days a wk): day shift(64.1%), evening shift(26.1%). night shift(6.5%) C type(12hrs a day. 4days a wk) : evening shift(49.2%). day shift(32.8%), night shift(11.5%) D type(10hrs a day. 4days a wk): showed the similar trend as B type. The findings of higher preferences on the evening and night duties when the incentives are given. as shown above, suggest the need for the introductions of different patterns of duty hours and incentive measures in order to overcome the difficulties in rostering the nursing duties. However, the interpretation of the above data, particularly the C type, needs cautions as the total number of respondents is very small(n=61). It requires further in-depth study. In conclusion. it seemed to suggest that the patterns of nurses duty hours and shifts in the most hospitals in the country have neither been tried for different duty types nor been flexible. The stereotype rostering system of three shifts and insensitiveness for personal life aspect of nurses seemed to be prevailing. This study seems to support that irregular and frequent rotations of duty shifts may be contributing factors for most nurses' maladjustment problems in physical and mental health. personal and family life which eventually may result in high turnover rates. In order to overcome the increasing problems in personnel management of hospital nurses particularly in rostering of evening and night duty shifts, which may related to eventual high turnover rates, the findings of this study strongly suggest the need for an introduction of new rostering systems including fixed duties and appropriate incentive measures for evenings and nights which the most nurses want to avoid, In considering the nursing care of inpatients is the round-the clock business. the practice of the nursing duty shift system is inevitable. In this context, based on the findings of this study. the following are recommended: 1. The further in-depth studies on duty shifts and hours need to be undertaken for the development of appropriate and effective rostering systems for hospital nurses. 2. An introduction of appropriate incentive measures for evening and night duty shifts along with organizational considerations such as the trials for preferred duty time bands, duty hours, and fixed duty shifts should be considered if good quality of care for the patients be maintained for the round the clock. This may require an initiation of systematic research and development activities in the field of hospital nursing administration as a part of permanent system in the hospital. 3. Planned and regular intervals, orientation and training, and professional and personal growth should be considered for the rotation of different duty stations or units. 4. In considering the higher degree of preferences in the duty type of "10hours a day, 4days a week" shown in this study, it would be worthwhile to undertake the R&D type studies in large hospital settings.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.19-45
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• 2008

본 연구는 인터넷쇼핑몰 비주얼 머천다이징의 주요차원을 고객이 쇼핑몰에 진입한 후 정보탐색과 대안평가를 거치는 등의 쇼핑과정을 토대로 AIDA모형 관점에서 점포, 제품, 촉진에 초점을 맞추었다. VMD의 주요차원(primary dimensions)으로는 점포디자인, 머천다이징, 그리고 머천다이징단서로 구분하였다. 선행연구 결과를 토대로 점포다자인의 하위차원으로는 차별성, 간결성, 위치확인성을, 머천다이즈의 하위차원으로는 제품구색, 명성, 정보성을, 그리고 머천다이징단서의 하위차원으로는 제품추천 및 링크를 설정하여 VMD태도와의 관계를 탐색적으로 조사하였다. 연구결과 이들 세 차원은 종속변수에 유의한 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.27-36
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• 1975

The success of the family planning program in Korea is reflected in the decrease in the growth rate from 3.0% in 1962 to 2.0% in 1971, and in the decrease in the fertility rate from 43/1,000 in 1960 to 29/1,000 in 1970. However, it would be erroneous to attribute these reductions entirely to the family planning program. Other socio-economic factors, such as the increasing age at marriage and the increasing use of induced abortions, definitely had an impact on the lowered growth and fertility rate. Despite the relative success of the program to data in meeting its goals, there is no room for complacency. Meeting the goal of a further reduction in the population growth rate to 1.3% by 1981 is a much more difficult task than any one faced in the past. Not only must fertility be lowered further, but the size of the target population itself will expand tremendously in the late seventies; due to the post-war baby boom of the 1950's reaching reproductive ages. Furthermore, it is doubtful that the age at marriage will continue to rise as in the past or that the incidence of induced abortion will continue to increase. Consequently, future reductions in fertility will be more dependent on the performance of the national family planning program, with less assistance from these non-program factors. This paper will describe various approaches to help to the solution of these current problems. 1. PRACTICE RATE IN FAMILY PLANNING In 1973, the attitude (approval) and knowledge rates were quite high; 94% and 98% respectively. But a large gap exists between that and the actual practice rate, which is only 3695. Two factors must be considered in attempting to close the KAP-gap. The first is to change social norms, which still favor a larger family, increasing the practice rate cannot be done very quickly. The second point to consider is that the family planning program has not yet reached all the eligible women. A 1973 study determineded that a large portion, 3096 in fact, of all eligible women do not want more children, but are not practicing family planning. Thus, future efforts to help close the KAP-gap must focus attention and services on this important large group of potential acceptors. 2. CONTINUATION RATES Dissatisfaction with the loop and pill has resulted in high discontinuation rates. For example, a 1973 survey revealed that within the first six months initial loop acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts, and that within the first four months of inital pill acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts. These discontinuation rates have risen over the past few years. The high rate of discontinuance obviously decreases the contraceptive effectiveness. and has resulted in many unwanted births which is directly related to the increase of induced abortions. In the future, the family planning program must emphasize the improved quality of initial and follow-up services. rather than more quantity, in order to insure higher continuation rates and thus more effective contraceptive protection. 3. INDUCED ABORTION As noted earlier. the use of induced abortions has been increase yearly. For example, in 1960, the average number of abortions was 0.6 abortions per women in the 15-44 age range. By 1970. that had increased to 2 abortions per women. In 1966. 13% of all women between 15-44 had experienced at least one abortion. By 1971, that figure jumped to 28%. In 1973 alone, the total number of abortions was 400,000. Besides the ever incre.sing number of induced abortions, another change has that those who use abortions have shifted since 1965 to include- not. only the middle class, but also rural and low-income women. In the future. in response to the demand for abortion services among rural and low-income w~men, the government must provide and support abortion services for these women as a part of the national family planning program. 4. TARGET SYSTIi:M Since 1962, the nationwide target system has been used to set a target for each method, and the target number of acceptors is then apportioned out to various sub-areas according to the number of eligible couples in each area. Because these targets are set without consideration for demographic factors, particular tastes, prejudices, and previous patterns of acceptance in the area, a high discontinuation rate for all methods and a high wastage rate for the oral pill and condom results. In the future. to alleviate these problems of the methodbased target system. an alternative. such as the weighted-credit system, should be adopted on a nation wide basis. In this system. each contraceptive method is. assigned a specific number of points based upon the couple-years of protection (CYP) provided by the method. and no specific targets for each method are given. 5. INCREASE OF STERILIZA.TION TARGET Two special projects. the hospital-based family planning program and the armed forces program, has greatly contributed to the increasing acceptance in female and male sterilization respectively. From January-September 1974, 28,773 sterilizations were performed. During the same time in 1975, 46,894 were performed; a 63% increase. If this trend continues, by the end of 1975. approximately 70,000 sterilizations will have been performed. Sterilization is a much better method than both the loop and pill, in terms of more effective contraceptive protection and the almost zero dropout rate. In the future, the. family planning program should continue to stress the special programs which make more sterilizations possible. In particular, it should seek to add the laparoscope techniques to facilitate female sterilization acceptance rates. 6. INCREASE NUMBER OF PRIVATE ACCEPTORS Among the current family planning users, approximately 1/3 are in the private sector and thus do not- require government subsidy. The number of private acceptors increases with increasing urbanization and economic growth. To speed this process, the government initiated the special hospital based family planning program which is utilized mostly by the private sector. However, in the future, to further hasten the increase of private acceptors, the government should encourage doctors in private practice to provide family planning services, and provide the contraceptive supplies. This way, those do utilize the private medical system will also be able to receive family planning services and pay for it. Another means of increasing the number of private acceptors, IS to greatly expand the commercial outlets for pills and condoms beyond the existing service points of drugstores, hospitals, and health centers. 7. IE&C PROGRAM The current preferred family size is nearly twice as high as needed to achieve a stable poplation. Also, a strong boy preference hinders a small family size as nearly all couples fuel they must have at least one or more sons. The IE&C program must, in the future, strive to emphasize the values of the small family and equality of the sexes. A second problem for the IE&C program to work. with in the: future is the large group of people who approves family planning, want no more children, but do not practice. The IE&C program must work to motivate these people to accept family planning And finally, for those who already practice, an IE&C program in the future must stress continuation of use. The IE&C campaign, to insure highest effectiveness, should be based on a detailed factor analysis of contraceptive discontinuance. In conclusion, Korea faces a serious unfavorable sociodemographic situation- in the future unless the population growth rate can be curtailed. And in the future, the decrease in fertility will depend solely on the family planning program, as the effect of other socio-economic factors has already been maximumally felt. A second serious factor to consider is the increasing number of eligible women due to the 1950's baby boom. Thus, to meet these challenges, the program target must be increased and the program must improve the effectiveness of its current activities and develop new programs.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.157-194
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• 2008

온라인 커뮤니티에 대한 연구는 학자들과 실무자들의 많은 관심을 받아온 분야이다. 과거 많은 연구자들이 온라인 커뮤니티를 통해 큰 상업적 성과를 거둘 수 있다고 했지만 현실은 그렇지 못하며, 마케팅 연구 분야에서도 상업적 성공을 이끄는 변수들에 대한 연구가 많이 이루어지지 못한 것이 사실이다. 이러한 점에서 본 연구는 온라인 커뮤니티 사이트들이 콘텐츠 관련 마케팅 노력을 통해 소비자들의 자아일치성을 높이고, 긍정적 체험을 유도하면서 커뮤니티 사이트 내에서 소비자 간 상호작용성 등을 높여 결국, 커뮤니티 사이트의 방문충성도 및 구매충성도를 실현시킬 수 있는 프레임 웍을 제시하였다. 연구결과 온라인 커뮤니티 사이트에서 소비자 간 상호작용성이 방문충성도 그리고 특히 구매충성도의 구축에 매우 중요한 요인으로 밝혀졌고, 온라인 커뮤니티 사이트에 대한 자아일치성 지각 및 긍정적인 소비자 체험 또한 소비자의 상호작용성, 방문충성도 그리고 커뮤니티에 대한 애정에 상당히 중요한 요인임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 이러한 매개변수에 주된 영향요소로서 콘텐츠 우수성, 사이트 생동감, 네비게이션용이성, 고객화 등의 콘텐츠 관련 마케팅 노력의 역할의 중요성을 강조하였다.