• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.429-444
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between bone density and dietary intake for college women in their twenties. This study was performed on 160 female college students residing in Gangwon-do. It was conducted using ultrasound measurement of calcaneus bone density, anthropometric checkup and food-frequency questionnaires (FFQ) comprising 94 kinds of commonly consumed foods. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the T-score of bone density: a normal group (n = 113 persons, T-score ${\geq}1$) and a risk group (n = 47, T-score < 1.0). The average age of the subjects was 20.17 years and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Body weight and body fat percentage of the normal group were significantly higher than those of the risk group. The mean daily energy intake of the normal group was significantly higher than that of the risk group. Also, protein, fat, vitamin A, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron and zinc intake for the normal group were significantly higher than for the risk group. For the intake of the commonly consumed foods (or dishes) listed in FFQ, the mean daily intake amount of loaf bread, rice cake, potatoes, spicy beef soup, cucumber, seasoned spinach perilla leaves, crown daisy, stir-fried mushroom, sea mustard, beef rib, ham, chicken, mackerel, common squid, drink type curd yogurt, oriental melon and chocolate in the normal group was significantly higher than in the risk group. While, the mean daily intake of ramyun (instant noodle) and carbonated beverage by the normal group was significantly lower than that of the risk group. In conclusion, 20 something female college students showed a higher rate (26.9%) of the bone mineral density risk group (osteopenia or osteoporosis). For the risk group, the levels of nutrient and food intake were lower than in the normal group. Therefore, the bone density risk group needs to increase their nutrient intake and diet quality by increasing the intake of various foods. In addition, they should decrease the intake of foods, which are negative for skeletal health such as instant noodles and carbonated beverages.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2021

'Gwangyoung', a winter forage triticale cultivar (X Triticosecale Wittmack), was developed at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2018. The cultivar 'Gwangyoung' has leaves of wide width, medium length, and green color, and spikes of medium length and yellowish-brown color, and a large grain of yellowish-brown color. The heading date of the cultivar 'Gwangyoung' was April 22 which was similar to check cultivar 'Shinyoung'. Its tolerance or resistance to cold, lodging, wet injury powdery mildew, and leaf rust were also similar to those of the check cultivar. The leaf blade ratio of 'Gwangyoung' (27.5%) was higher than that of 'Shinyoung' (21.2%). The average forage fresh and dry matter yield of cultivar 'Gwangyoung' at milk-ripe stages were 50.0 and 17.6 MT ha-1, respectively, which were higher than those (47.7 and 17.1 MT ha-1) of the check cultivar. The silage quality of 'Gwangyoung' was lower than that of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' in crude protein content (5.3%) and total digestible nutrients (61.3%), while was higher than the check cultivar in neutral detergent fiber (58.2%) and acid detergent fiber (34.9%). 'Gwangyoung' showed the silage of 1 grade and a grain yield of 6.03 MT ha-1.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.434-440
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• 2017

In order to understand the characteristics of phosphorus in the paddy field, this study analyzed $PO_4-P$ and T-P concentrations of irrigation water, flooding water, and runoff from 2008 to 2010. The variation of phosphorous form within hydrologic cycle around the rice paddy field was investigated using the ratio of $PO_4-P$ to TP. In addition, the correlation between pH, EC, and DO in flooding water was analyzed and the factors affecting phosphorus form in paddy field were investigated. The concentration of T-P in flooding water was high during the survey period, and the concentration of T-P in runoff was assumed to be decreased by dilution due to irrigation and rainfall. On the other hand, the ratio of $PO_4-P$ to T-P was lower in flooding water than those of irrigation water and runoff, which was interpreted to be due to the fact that the phosphorus fertilizer was applied in the paddy field but the adsorption was rapidly occurred to the paddy field by the soil. The similar proportions of $PO_4-P$ to T-P in flooding water and runoff suggest that the form of phosphorus outflowed from the paddy is influenced by the form of phosphorus in the flooding water of paddy field. In addition, DO concentration in flooding water showed negative correlation with the concentrations of $PO_4-P$ and T-P. The effort to survey frequent irrigation water quality data is required for the analysis of phosphorus behavior in the paddy water system since concentration of phosphorous and DO in irrigation water would influence rhe form of phosphorous in flooding water and subsequent runoff.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.273-283
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• 2018

Two diet energy levels (high or low) and two bedding material (rice husk or saw dust) treatments were designed for either male or female slow-growing Korean meat-type chicken (Hanhyop 3) to make totally eight treatments for 11~75 d feeding trial. Body weight gain (BWG) were influenced by energy levels, sex of bird and bedding material type. There were interaction effect among those three factors. Feed intakes (FI) by male bird during each and overall periods were higher than those by female. Diet energy levels and bedding material affected the FI only during final 56~75 d period, of which FI of high energy diet was higher in male whereas that of low energy diet was higher in female. Although feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved by high energy diet, the better FCR has dissipated during 41~75 d, when the most of overall BWG were achieved. Apparent total tract retention (ATTR) of nutrients were higher in male than those in female birds with exception on fat ATTR. Fat ATTR was improved when fed low energy diet regardless of the sex of birds. Both energy levels and sex of bird influenced the color of breast. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value of female thigh was higher than that of male. Levels of moisture and P in female thigh were lower although level of fat in female breast was higher than those in male, respectively. This study showed that diet energy levels for Hanhyop 3 chicken, especially during 41~75 d, should be differently formulated between male and female bird.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 1983

For the purpose of implementing health and nutrition education for college women, we investigated changes in height, weight, and daily living schedule, as well as the relationship between energy intake and expenditure, and food and nutrients intake levels for the six years from 1977 to 1982. A special form of questionaires was prepared and distributed to well-trained subjects (total 213) in order to find out their general characteristics, daily living schedule and dietary intakes. The recovery of questionaires distributed to each subject was 90%. Then the quality of their living, energy balance, nutrient intake and food intake were evaluated and the F-test was used to test the statistical significances. It was found that : 1) The range of weights and heights of subjects were between 48-50 kg, 157-161cm respectively over the 6 year period. 2) In daily living schedule, that is, the average physiological activity time including sleeping ranged from 760 to 801 minutes. Free time decreased gradually, from 318 minutes per day in 1977 to 275 minutes in 1982. Average time for study and for house work was 196-280 minutes and 68 - 157 minutes respectively for 6 years, and study time was significantly varied in each year. 3) The energy intake of the subjects averaged 1762 Kcal, whereas the expended energy was 1892 Kcal. In the energy balance determined by the relationship between energy intake and expendituye, the ratio of subjects who maintained a negative energy balance gradually increased from 53% (1977) to 64%(1982). 4) The average nutrient intake was higher than the recommended dietary allowance except for calorie (1997 - 1982), calcium (1979) and iron (1979, 1980). The total calorie intake was composed of 59-63% carbohydrate, 19 - 24% fat and 15 - 18% protein Of the total protein intake the percentage of animal was 47 -51% for six years, showing acceptable nutritional status. 5) The average total food intake of the subjects increased from 1,080 g (1977) to 1,184g (1982), but this was not a significant difference. Cereal composed the highest proportion among the total food intakes, and rice intake was 58-78% of cereals. Cereal was followed in decreasing order by vegetables, dairy products, fruits, meat and fish products. The option available for the selection of cooking methods as well as the selection of food item was limited, so there were few changes over time.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2001

This research was conduced to 1) examine the influence of milk group intake on the dietary, considering dietary diversity and nutrient adequacy, 2) identify which foods truly contribute to the intake of specific nutrients 3) point out the dietary problems of this age group. The subjects were 664(male 357, female 307) healthy toddlers of the ages of 12-36 months, who had neither been taking any medicine-type supplements nor had any diseases that affect the dietary intakes, chosen among the outpatients of university and private hospitals in Seoul and Kyonggi province during Mach-August, 1999. The 24 hour recall method and CAN Pro(food analysis program) were used to analyze the amount of nutrient intake. The grouping of the subjects for the analysis by monthly age was based on the 98 Korean Child growth standard. The results that the milk group intake showed significant negative correlations with the grain group(r=-0.194, p<0.01), the vegetable group(r=-0.115, p<0.01) and the fruit group(r=-0.125, p<0.01). It also showed that the more the milk group intake, the lower the Dietary Diversity Score(r=-0.131, p<0.01), and the more the intake of raw milk, the more dificient the intake of iron(r=-0.211, p<0.01), vitamin A(r=-0.169,p<0.01), vitamin B$_1$(r=-0.078, p<0.05) and vitamin C(r=-0.187, p<0.01). Foods contributory to nutrient intake for of 12-14 months of were mostly infant formula, and the contribution ratio was high. In the age of 15-17 months, the subjects obtained most of the nutrients from raw milk., liquid-type yoghurt, soybean milk, cooked rice, etc. As for iron intake, the age of 21-23 month obtained the most from ionic drinks, and 24-29 months from raw milk, chocolate cakes, ionic drinks, etc. Though the NAR(Nutrient Adequacy Ratio) and MAR(Mean Adequacy Ratio) generally tended to increase accordingly with the DDs, as for nutrients Ca, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, and vitamin C the NAR marked the highest when the DDS marked the lowest(due to infant formula). And for iron, even when the DDS was 5 the NAR value was low. Im conclusion, the more the milk group intake, the lower was the dietary diversity. High dependency on infant formula and others from milk group over the age of 12 months proved to result in a decrease of nutritious solid food intake, iron deficiency and a low dietary diversity score, which can lead to an unbalanced diet. Therefore, nutrition education towards mothers/caretakers of toddler is of urgent need, in order to reduce the fluid milk group intake of low nutritional density and to provide various solid foods the children. (Korean J Nutrition 34(1):30-38, 2001)

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.955-960
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• 2012

In most agricultural soils, ammonium ($NH_4{^+}$) from fertilizer is quickly converted to nitrate ($NO_3{^-}$) by the process of nitrification which is crucial to the efficiency of N fertilizers and their impact on the environment. The salinity significantly affects efficiency of N fertilizer in reclaimed tidal soil, and the soil pH may influence the conversion rate of ammonium to nitrate and ultimately affect nitrogen losses from the soil profile. Several results suggest that pH has important effects on recovery of fall-applied N in the spring if field conditions are favorable for leaching and denitrification except that effects of soil pH are not serious under unfavorable conditions for N loss by these mechanisms. Soil pH, therefore, deserves attention as an important factor in the newly reclaimed tidal soils with applying N. However, fate of N studies in a newly reclaimed tidal soils have been rarely studied, especially under the conditions of saline-sodic and high pH. Therefore, understanding the fate of nitrogen species transformed from urea treated into the reclaimed tidal soil is important for nutrient management and environmental quality. In this article, we reviewed yields of rice and fate of nitrogen with respect to the properties of reclaimed tidal soils.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.68-74
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• 2019

'Choyoung', a winter forage triticale cultivar (X Triticosecale Wittmack), was developed at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2015. The cultivar 'Choyoung' has the leaves of medium width, long length and green color and a medium grain of brown color. The heading date of the cultivar 'Choyoung' was April 30 which was 2 days earlier than that of check cultivar 'Shinyoung'. Its tolerance or resistance to cold, wet injury, powdery mildew, and leaf rust was similar to those of the check cultivar. But the resistance to the lodging of cultivar 'Choyoung' was stronger than that of the check. The average forage fresh and dry matter yield of cultivar 'Choyoung' at milk-ripe stages were 40.5 and $15.7MT\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, which were similar to those (40.3 and $16.1MT\;ha^{-1}$) of the check cultivar. The silage quality of 'Choyoung' was higher than that of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' in crude protein content (5.9%), while was similar to the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' in acid detergent fiber (33.9%), neutral detergent fiber (57.3%), and total digestible nutrients (62.2%). It showed a grain yield of $5.59MT\;ha^{-1}$, which was 38% higher than that of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' ($4.05MT\;ha^{-1}$). This cultivar is recommended for fall sowing forage crops in areas in which average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than $-10^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.651-659
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• 2017

This study aimed to estimate the effects of replacing Mushroom By-Product (MBP) with Tofu By-Product (TBP) on the chemical composition, microbes, and rumen fermentation indices of Fermented Diets (FDs). The basal diet was formulated using MBP, TBP, rice bran, molasses, and inoculants. The MBP in the basal diet was replaced with TBP at 0, 5, and 10% on Dry Matter (DM) basis for the experimental diets. The experimental diets were fermented at $39^{\circ}C$ for 144 h. Chemical composition, pH, microbes, and rumen fermentation indices of the FDs were analyzed. With increasing TBP replacement, crude protein content of FDs increased (L, P < 0.001), whereas crude ash content decreased (L, P = 0.002). Lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus subtilis contents in the TBP-replaced FDs were higher than those in the control (P < 0.05), whereas pH level and mold count were lower (P < 0.05). With increasing TBP replacement, in vitro rumen digestibility of DM (L, P = 0.053) and neutral detergent fiber (L, P = 0.024) increased, wheres rumen pH changed (P = 0.026) quadratically. Rumen total volatile fatty acid (L, P = 0.001) and iso-butyrate contents (Q, P = 0.003) increased with increasing TBP replacement. In conclusion, this study indicates that the replacement of MBP with TBP could improve the quality of FD.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.269-274
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of seeding method on winter survival and dry matter yield of Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum Lam. "Kospeed") in paddy field for two years. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatment consisted of four different seeding methods, R-LS-P(rotary-line sowing-packing), R-BS-P(rotary-broadcast seeding-packing), R-BS(rotary-broadcast seeding), R-BS-TR(rotary-broadcast seeding-trifling rotary), BS-TR(broadcast seeding-trifling rotary). The emergence ratio of broadcast was decreased by 12% and winter survival was decreased by 17% compared with line sowing. The R-BS-TR treatment which was practical seeding method of rye was decreased seeding stand ratio by 65.2% and winter survival by 6.7% compared with others seeding methods. Dry matter yield of line sowing(8,151 kg/ha) was higher than that of broadcast(6,281 kg/ha) and R-BS-P treatment was the highest DM yield as 7,166 kg/ha. There was not found significant difference among seeding method in forage quality. The results of this experiment indicated that R-BS-P(rotary-broadcast seeding-packing) was recommendable the best seeding method after harvested whole crop rice in paddy field.