• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.25-39
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• 2015

$CO_2$ geological storage plays an important role in reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, but there is a lack of research for CCS demonstration. To achieve the goal of CCS, storing $CO_2$ safely and permanently in underground geological formations, it is essential to understand the characteristics of them, such as total storage capacity, stability, etc. and establish an injection strategy. We perform the impedance inversion for the seismic data acquired from the Ulleung Basin in 2012. To review the possibility of $CO_2$ storage, we also construct porosity models and extract attributes of the prospects from the seismic data. To improve the quality of seismic data, amplitude preserved processing methods, SWD(Shallow Water Demultiple), SRME(Surface Related Multiple Elimination) and Radon Demultiple, are applied. Three well log data are also analysed, and the log correlations of each well are 0.648, 0.574 and 0.342, respectively. All wells are used in building the low-frequency model to generate more robust initial model. Simultaneous pre-stack inversion is performed on all of the 2D profiles and inverted P-impedance, S-impedance and Vp/Vs ratio are generated from the inversion process. With the porosity profiles generated from the seismic inversion process, the porous and non-porous zones can be identified for the purpose of the $CO_2$ sequestration initiative. More detailed characterization of the geological storage and the simulation of $CO_2$ migration might be an essential for the CCS demonstration.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.551-557
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• 2008

In order to investigate the effect of different ingredients on the quality of Korean rice wines, 30% of rice were substituted by malt, corn, potato, soybean, glutinous millet, unpolished rice, glutinous rice, or non-glutinous rice, when rice wines were prepared. Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the rice wines from the varying ingredients were evaluated. Sample rice wines were analyzed for ethanol, pH, total acid, amino acid, soluble solid, coloring degree, UV absorbance, reducing sugar, organic acids, and free sugars. After fermentation for 16 days, the ethanol contents ranged from 13.28 to 16.23%, while the total acid levels were within the range of 0.27 to 0.32%. The amino acid contents in eight samples ranged from 0.18 to 0.36%, while the soluble solid contents were within the range of 8.35 to $11.1^{\circ}$Bx. Among the eight samples tested, rice wine prepared with malt showed the highest level of coloring degree, UV absorbance, and reducing sugar levels, while rice wine prepared with potato showed the lowest value. Organic acid contents of rice wines prepared with soybean, glutinous rice, and non-glutinous rice showed the highest levels of succinic acid followed by acetic acid, citric acid, malic acid, and pyroglutamic acid. Free sugar contents of all rice wines showed the higher levels of glucose followed by fructose and maltose. Rice wines prepared with unpolished rice and corn showed the same highest overall sensory preference. By descriptive analysis, the overall mean sensory intensities of samples prepared with glutinous rice and non-glutinous rice, showed similar levels of 'sweetness', 'fruitiness', and 'freshness of aroma', while those samples prepared with soybean, glutinous millet, and potato showed stronger intensities of 'nuruk', 'grain aroma', and 'yellowness'. Rice wine prepared with corn showed middle ranges in all sensory attributes tested.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.E
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• pp.1-17
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• 2000

In this study, the concentrations of particulate organic constituents of environmental tobacco smoke(ETS) were determined using an environmental smog chamber, where ETS is the sole source of target compounds. ETS was generated in a 30 ㎥ environmental chamber by a number of different cigarettes, including the Kentucky 1R4F reference cigarette and eight commercial brands. A total of 12 experimental runs was conducted, and target analytes included a group of ETS markers both in vapor and particulate phase and a class of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbos(PAHs) associated with ETS particles. The mass concentrations of PAH in ETS particles were also determined. The average contents of benzo(a) pyrene and benzo(a) anthracene in ETS particles for the commercial brands were 12.8 and 21.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, respectively, There values are all somewhat higher than those determined previously by other studies. Results form the chamber study are further used to estimate the average and variability of cigarette yields for target compounds associated with ETS. Finally, ratios of RSP to the surrogate standards of UVPM, FPM and solanesol were calculated for each sample. The average conversion factors factors for the eight commercial brands were 7.3, 38, and 41 for UVPM, EPM, and solanesol, respectively. The UVPM and FPM factors are in good agreement with the recently published values. Whereas there might be a substantial difference in the solanesol content among cigarettes produced in different countries, the variability is somewhat greater than those of UVPM and FPM, Unfortunately, comparison of the PAH yield data from this study with literature values was complicated by a lack of consistency in cigarette smoke generating methodology. Validation of the PAH yields was also difficult due to a lack of information on the ETS related PAH in the literature. From and engineering viewpoint , however, these data on the cigarette yields of ETS components may still provide useful information to studies on the mathematical modeling of indoor air quality management regarding tobacco smoke as a source of interest, or to studies on the assessment of human exposure to ETS.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.60-71
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• 2007

Groundwater from public wells was monitored during one year with two month interval for hydrogeochemical parameters and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as environmental tracers in Jeju Island. Concentrations of major cations and $SiO_2$ show variation less than 10% whereas $NO_3$ and dissolved oxygen (DO) showed larger variation though DO variation did not change oxic or suboxic condition. $NO_3$ concentration has no consistent seasonal pattern with the largest variation of 35%. Groundwater ages determined by CFCs became temporarily younger by 5 years in October for groundwater with ages of 15 to 25 years, which can be attributed to infiltrating water in rainy season. Compared to air temperature, groundwater temperature has much smaller variation with no phase difference, which can be accounted for by a two-component model consisting of infiltrating water from surface and deeper groundwater with negligible temperature variation. The relatively small variation in groundwater age and temperature indicates that groundwater recharge through fast flow-paths is much smaller compared with basal groundwater in terms of aquifer storage.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.341-353
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of pollutants overflow on storm events and the first flush analysis in industrial complex. Eight sub-basins in the Chongju industrial complex were selected for sampling and study with different characteristics during the period from June 1997 to August 1998. Water quality parameters of stormwater runoff such as $BOD_5$, COD, SS, TKN, $NO_3-N$, $PO_4-P$, TP, n-Hexane extracts, Cr, Cu, Pb and Fe were analyzed. During the storm events, measured concentration ranges of $BOD_5$, COD, SS, $NO_3-N$, TKN, $PO_4-P$, TP, r-Hexane extracts, Cr, Cu, Pb and Fe were 2~324 mg/L, 5~810 mg/L, 1~1,110 mg/L, 0.01~10.89 mg/L, 0.1~59.8 mg/L, 0.08~7.02 mg/L, 0.1~7.8 mg/L, 0.1~1,723.6 mg/L, 0.001~0.363 mg/L, 0.001~0.488 mg/L, 0.001~1.28 mg/L, and 0.26~18.91 mg/L, respectively in the industrial complex watersheds. And a quantitative of first flush has been presented. First flush occurs more frequently as the ratio of impervious area increases.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.126-139
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• 2014

In order to estimate the influence of sources on $PM_{2.5}$ in the industrial area of Japan, we carried out a source analysis using chemical component data of $PM_{2.5}$. $PM_{2.5}$ samples were collected intermittently at an industrial area in Japan from July 2010 to November 2012. Water soluble ions ($Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $Na^+$,$NH_4{^+}$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$), elements (Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sb, Pb), and carbonaceous species (OC, EC) of the $PM_{2.5}$ (a total of 198 samples) were analyzed. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model was applied to the data of those chemical components to identify the source of $PM_{2.5}$. At this observation site, nine factors were extracted. The major contributors of $PM_{2.5}$ were secondary sulfate 1, in which loading factors of $SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $NH_4{^+}$ were large (percentage source contribution: 20.9%), traffic, in which loading factors of OC (organic carbon) and EC (elemental carbon) were large (20.8%), secondary sulfate 2, in which loading factors of K and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ were large (8.0%), steel mills (7.8%), secondary chloride and nitrate (7.0%), soil (5.0%), heavy oil combustion (3.8%), sea salt (3.8%), and coal combustion (2.3%). The conditional probability function (CPF) and the potential source contribution function (PSCF) were carried out to examine the influence of a regional source and a broad-based source, respectively. CPF results supported local source influences such as steel mills, sea salt, traffic, coal combustion, and heavy oil combustion. PSCF results suggested that ships in the East China Sea, an industrial area of the east coastal region of China, and an active volcano in the Kyushu region of Japan were potential regional sources of secondary sulfate 1. Secondary sulfate 2 was affected by the burning of biomass fields and by coal combustion in Chinese urban areas such as Beijing, Hebei, and western Inner Mongolia. Source characterization using continuous data from one site showed a potential source representing fossil fuel combustion is affected both by regional and broad-based sources.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.64-69
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• 2016

Pleurotus eryngii is one of the most widely cultivated and important edible mushrooms. However, the shelf life of the fruiting body is short, which. To solve this problem, a new cultivar, DanBi 5Ho, of Pleurotus eryngii was developed by mono-mono crossing between monokaryotic strains derived from KNR2598 and KNR2610. The optimum temperature formycelial growth was 25 and that forfruiting body development was 15-16. The quality did not change after a period of 40.0 d at 4. This result was significantly different compared to that ofthe control strain Knneuari 2 Ho. Analysis of genetic characteristics of the new hybrid strain DanBi 5Ho revealeda different profile thanthat of the parental and control strains when random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers we used. The results obtained from this study show that DanBi 5Ho is a new hybrid strain, characterized by improved storability after harvesting.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.223-238
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• 2015

The $PM_{2.1}$ was collected by LVCI (low volume cascade impactor) during Group-A Period (September 1990 to December 2012) and the $PM_{2.5}$ was collected by HVAS (high volume air sampler) during Group-B Period (September 2009 to April 2012) at Kyung Hee University, Global Campus located on the boarder of Yongin and Suwon. The 8 water-soluble ions ($Na^+$, $NH_4{^+}$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cl^-$, $ NO_3{^-}$, and $SO_4{^{2-}}$) were analyzed by IC, and the 14 inorganic elements (Al, Mn, Si, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, V, Cd, Ba, Zn, Ti, Ag) were analyzed by XRF and ICP-AES after performing proper pre-treatments of each sample filter. The average total mass fractions of $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $NH_4{^+}$+ to $PM_{2.5}$ samples during Group-B Period were 0.39 in normal days, 0.44 in haze days, and 0.27 in Asian dust days, respectively; however, the average total mass fractions of Al, Fe, and Si to $PM_{2.5}$ mass were 0.043 in normal days, 0.021 in haze days, and 0.036 in Asian dust days, respectively. Especially the concentration of Pb was significantly decreased during Group-B Period rather than during Group-A Period, while Cr and Ni was increased during Group-B Period. In this study, we intensively compared the annual and seasonal patterns of major chemical species among normal days, haze days, and Asian dust days. Further we developed mass fraction profiles by collecting episode cases of haze days and Asian dust days, which were consisting of 22 chemical species. Those profiles are considered to be useful when applying various receptor models and establishing air quality management plans near future.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2002

Pine bark was carbonized by using a small-scale experimental kiln and three different types of large-scale kilns (simple (400-$500^{\circ}C$), improved (600-$700^{\circ}C$) and special kiln (800-$1,000^{\circ}C$). The physical properties and pore structures of the bark charcoals prepared were analyzed. When the bark was carbonized at various temperatures ranging from 500 to $900^{\circ}C$in the presence of nitrogen, carbonization yield decreased rapidly with increasing carbonization temperature and it remained constant from 700 to $900^{\circ}C$. The carbonization yield of the bark was 16 - 18% higher than that of pine wood. The BET specific surface areas and iodine values increased with a decrease in carbonization yield. The BET specific surface areas of the bark charcoals reached about 400 -$500m^2／g$ for carbonization yield of 32-40%. The pine wood charcoal prepared at $600^{\circ}C$ for 30 min resulted in a more microporous structure, whereas the bark charcoal prepared at the same condition was more mesoporous. The carbonization yields and physical properties such as iodine values and BET specific surface areas of bark charcoals prepared by using the large-scale kilns were very similar to those of the small-scale kiln. The results indicated that the pine bark could be used as starting material to produce good quality charcoal having a large specific surface area and a high carbonization yield.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1340-1349
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• 2017

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological and cellular milk profile for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in female buffaloes and to assess risk factors for predisposition of the disease. Methods: Analyses were carried out by standard plate count (SPC), identification of species and antibiotic resistance, somatic cell count (SCC), electrical electrical conductivity of milk (ECM), and lactoferrin content in milk. Teat cups were swabbed to evaluate risk factors, observing hyperkeratosis, milking vacuum pressure and cleanliness of the site. Hence, 30 female buffaloes were randomly selected (15 from a group in early lactation and 15 in late lactation). Results: The most common bacteria in the microbiological examination were Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Corynebacterium sp. In the antibiotic sensitivity test, 10 (58.82%) of the 17 antibiotics tested were sensitive to all isolates, and resistant bacteria were Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus haemolyticus, and Escherichia coli. It was observed that positive samples in the microbiological examination showed total bacterial count between $9.10{\times}10^3$ to $6.94{\times}10^6$ colony forming units/mL, SCC between 42,000 to 4,320,000 cells/mL and ECM ranging from 1.85 to 7.40 mS/cm. It was also found that the teat cups had high microbial counts indicating poor hygiene, and even faults in the cleanliness of the animals' waiting room were observed. It is concluded that values of SCC above 537,000 cells/mL and ECM above 3.0 mS/mL are indications of mammary gland infection for this herd; however, the association of these values with a microbiological analysis is necessary to more accurately evaluate the health status of mammary glands with subclinical mastitis. Conclusion: Through phenotypic characterization of bacteria involved in the samples, the genera Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Corynebacterimum bovis were the most prevalent in this study. Faults in environment and equipment hygienization are factors that are directly associated with mastitis.