• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.1375-1386
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• 2016

To decouple the secondary saliencies in sensorless permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) drives, a repetitive control (RC) in the angle domain is proposed. In this paper, the inductance model of a concentrated windings surface-mounted PMSM (cwSPMSM) with strong secondary saliencies is developed. Due to the secondary saliencies, the estimated position contains harmonic disturbances that are periodic relative to the angular position. Through a transformation from the time domain to the angle domain, these varying frequency disturbances can be treated as constant periodic disturbances. The proposed angle-domain RC is plugged into an existing phase-locked loop (PLL) and utilizes the error of the PLL to generate signals to suppress these periodic disturbances. A stability analysis and parameter design guidelines of the RC are addressed in detail. Finally, the proposed method is carried out on a cwSPMSM drive test-bench. The effectiveness and accuracy are verified by experimental results.

• BMB Reports
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.577-583
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• 2005

Subtilisin QK, which is newly identified as a fibrinolytic enzyme from Bacillus subtilis QK02, has the ability of preventing nitrotyrosine formation in bovine serum albumin induced by nitrite, hydrogen peroxide and hemoglobin in vitro verified by ELISA, Western-blot and spectrophotometer assay. Subtilisin QK also attenuates the fluorescence emission spectra of bovine serum albumin in the course of oxidation caused by nitrite, hydrogen peroxide and hemoglobin. Furthermore, subtilisin QK could suppress the transformation of oxy-hemoglobin to met-hemoglobin caused by sodium nitrite, but not the heat-treated subtilisn QK. Compared with some other fibrinolytic enzymes and inactivated subtilisin QK treated by phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, the ability of inhibiting met-hemoglobin formation of subtilisin QK reveals that the anti-oxidative ability of subtilisin QK is not concerned with its fibrinolytic function. Additionally, nitrotyrosine formation in proteins from brain, heart, liver, kidney, and muscle of mice that is intramuscular injected the mixture of nitrite, hydrogen peroxide and hemoglobin is attenuated by subtilisin QK. Subtilisin QK can also protect Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (ECV-304) from the damage caused by nitrite and hydrogen peroxide.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.192-198
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• 2016

The distributions of (or constraints for) amplitude and phase around C-points, including Lemon, Mon-Star and Star, are studied. A Cartesian coordinate system with origin at the C-point is established. Four curves, where the azimuthal angles of polarization ellipses are 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135° respectively, are used to determine the distributions. Discussions of these constraints illustrate why Mon-Star is rarer than Lemon or Star in experiments. The transformation relationships between these three polarization singularities (PSs) are also discussed. We construct suitable functions for amplitude and phase according to their constraints, and simulate several PSs of particular shapes. With the development of modulation techniques for amplitude and phase, it is clear that this work is helpful for generating arbitrarily shaped C-points in experiments.

• 한국철학논집
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• 제36호
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• pp.293-317
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• 2013

본 논문은 당송 시기 도통 내용의 전환 과정에 관한 소고이다. 본 문은 당송 시기 도통 내용의 변천 과정을 다음의 세 단계로 나누어 살펴보고자 한다. 첫째, 한유는 인의(仁義)를 도통의 내용으로 삼았다. 둘째, 손복 등 북송 초 유학자들은 보다 광범위한 의미상의 유가적 도를 도통의 내용으로 규정했다. 셋째, 계숭 및 북송 도학가들은 집중(執中)이 도통의 내용이 되어야 한다고 주장했다. 북송 도학가에 의해 유학의 도통론은 심성론 중심의 철학 논의로 그 성격이 변모되었다.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.109-122
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• 2018

Objectives : The teaching which states, "Pi is the source of the phlegm and lung is the container of the phlegm" is a sentence that is regarded to have been based on the understanding of the production and container of phlegm based on physiology and pathology of viscera and bowels. However, the author's suspicion that this sentence has not received enough research as to truly understand its meaning has led to further study into this sentence. Methods : Medical book database was searched and historic medical books were reviewed in order to understanding the true meaning of this sentence. First, the meaning of the sentence was pondered upon based on how it was introduced in the original text, and each of the two parts of the sentence were closely analyzed for its relations in order to get a clear meaning of the sentence. Results : The source of this sentence is Bencaogangmu, and it describes the phenomenon of cough in the phlegm appearing more than that from pi and lungs. Later, some disagreements on this sentence developed, claiming that kidney is the source of phlegm whereas stomach is the container. Pi deficiency derives from abnormality in the transportation and transformation of pi, and it originates from kidney deficiency. Thus, kidney can be understood as the origin of phlegm. When phlegm is dispersed all around the body, it's difficult to see the stomach as a container of the phlegm. Conclusions : The pathology of the production and container of phlegm is that deficiency in kidney qi leads to the malfunction of transportation and transformation of pi, and this creates the bodily fluid to become stagnant, making pathological products such as dampness, phlegm, and retained fluid. This can be expressed as "Kidney is the origin of the phlegm, and pi is the source of the phlegm." Here, phlegm is created and stored either when phlegm enters the lungs in the process of pi dissipating into the lungs, or when pi affects the lungs which inhibits the pi movement in the lungs. This is the true meaning of "lung is the container of the phelgm."

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.83-98
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• 2017

Objectives : The paper's objective is to study into the books dealing in the debate surrounding the existence, or nonexistence, of urinary bladder's upper gate and lower gate, a debate that ensured since the publication of Huangdineijing. Methods : Sikuquanshu and Zhongyishijia databases were searched to collect related materials, and these materials were reviewed to get an understanding of the historical development of the debate. Results : The upper gates of urinary bladder was first mentioned in Nanjing. Since then, Wanglu's Yijingsuhuiji asserted that the upper gate exists while the lower didn't, but many argued after the dawning of Ming Dynasty that the upper doesn't exist while the lower does. Additionally, some urged in relation to the assertion of the nonexistence of upper gate that water liquid pervades into the urinary bladder through sebaceous membrane or oil net. Conclusions : Behind the debate between the existence or nonexistence of the upper and lower gates in urinary bladder is the theory of qi transformation. Even the anatomical knowledge of urinary bladder was submitted as an evidence. In general, the debate developed depending on how the differences between Huangdineijing's osmotic opinion and Nanjing's existence of the upper gate were perceived.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.105-120
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• 2013

Objectives: Sasang Constitutional Medicine(SCM) is a Traditional Korean Medicine based on the natural human emotions of joy(喜), anger(怒), sorrow(哀), and pleasure(樂). Therefore, in this paper I would like to construct SCM as a Mind-Body Medicine by studying the relation between SCM and psychotherapy focusing on control of emotions. Methods : I have researched the psychological characteristics of the four human physical constitutions, as described by SCM, and psychotherapy with an emphasis on the natural human emotions of joy, anger, sorrow, and pleasure as discussed in the works of Lee Je-ma(李濟馬, 1837-1900). Results and Conclusions : The joy, anger, sorrow, and pleasure in SCM do not simply refer to human emotions. They have an inherent nature(性), emotion(情) and Qi(氣). They are tied to the psychological characteristics of the four human physical constitutions and the relationship between body and mind. The turning point in the transformation from Sasang philosophy to Sasang therapy lies in these emotions. Sasang Constitutional Medicine, which focuses on 'mind matter' and diagnosing illness, emphasizes medicine and food(藥餌), along with health maintenance(調養). In particular, health maintenance requires the following mental practices. First of all, through countinuous awarness(恒戒) and self-reflection(自反), one needs to practice moderation(中) and restraint(節) of the emotions of joy, anger, sorrow, and pleasure. Therefore, 'inward reflection while sitting(坐思)' is necessary. In SCM, this is very similar to meditation in that it enhances psychological self-control through mental training or practice.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.147-158
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• 2004

Objectives : This study was aimed to investigate the methods for acupuncture and moxibustional treatment to insomnia Methods : The insomnia is classified by seven cause at main subject. According to this, arrange the acupuncture and moxibustional treatment for classical books, and explain eight meridian related to insomnia. Results : 1. Insomnia means deficiency of sleeping and it is the word generally used when a short period of sleeping, difficulty for deep sleeping and difficulty for recovery of original vital energy comes out. In oriental medicine, they understand that uneasiness condition occurred by abnormal operation of the internal organs as heart, liver, gallbladder, spleen, stomach, kidney, etc. caused by external affection or internal injury becomes Insomnia. 2. Cause of insomnia can be classified majorly as fire-transformation of liver and gallbladder , inner shaking of phlegm-heat , insufficiency of both the heart and the spleen, disharmony between heat and kidney, the dysfunction of the stomach, timidity of heart and gallbladder, the deficiency of Qi of the lung. They make insomnia with bad influence upon body and spirit. 3. The meridian system such as Heart Meridian of Hand Soeum, Pericardium Meridian of Hand Gworeum, Stomach Meridian of Foot Yangmyeong, Spleen Meridian of Foot Taeeum, Bladder Meridian of Foot Taeyang, Kidney Meridian of Foot Soeum, Gallbladder Meridian of Foot Soyang, Liver Meridian of Foot Gworeum and Lung Meridian of Hand Taeeum are used to treat insomnia. Sinmun acupoint and Naegwan acupoint are often used in particular because the they are good for calmming the spirit, the heart and purging the heart of (pathogenic) fire. 4. Especialy, Back-Su points of Bladder Meridian of Foot Taeyang was used by each causes. The Back-su Points was mainly used for heal the insomnia because the Back-Su points has good competent to control the ability of internal organs by direct effect to it. It is because the vitality flows through around back-Su. Conclusions : It comes to a conclusion as follows with research for relevancy of the main cause of insomnia and meridian system includes meridian point.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2010년도 정기총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.15-15
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• 2010

Ginseng contained many different kinds of saponin which was the most valuable for people, but its yield cannot satisfy the demand using traditional extract methods. Enzyme transformation is a conformable and highly performed method which was fit for today. A ${\beta}$-glucosidase producing bacterium ($DCY51^T$) was isolated from Korean fermented-vegetable food kimchi. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the strain $DCY51^T$ belongs to the genus Lactobacillus. The highest sequence similarity was found with Lactobacillus paracollinoides LMG $22473^T$ and Lactobacillus collinoides LMG $9194^T$ with levels of 16S rDNA similarity of 97.4% and 97.3%, respectively. Based on the above results the strain $DCY51^T$ placed in the genus Lactobacillus and proposed a new species, Lactobacillus kimchicus sp. nov. $DCY51^T$ (= KCTC $12976^T$ = JCM $15530^T$). It was culture solution reacted with Red Ginseng extract and $Rb_1$, respectively. The medium of bacteria was the liquid of MRS, the temperatures of growing and reacting between bacteria liquid and saponin were samely $37^{\circ}C$, there spective reacting time were 12 hours and 48 hours. Thus we got different saponins, and TLC and HPLC analysis showed that: enzyme respectively reacted with $Rb_1$ and Red Ginseng extract got the transformed saponin, respectively. The polarity position in TLC was a little higher than Rd; and the polarity position was the same as that of Compound K's, the saponin obtained from HPLC and other experimental results was not Compound K. The constitution of its saponin was hoped to be further confirmed.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.447-457
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• 2022

Notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Rg1 are the main active ingredients of Panax notoginseng, exhibiting anti-fatigue, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and other activities. In a previous study, a GH39 β-xylosidase Xln-DT was responsible for the bioconversion of saponin, a natural active substance with a xylose group, with high selectivity for cleaving the outer xylose moiety of notoginsenoside R1 at the C-6 position, producing ginsenoside Rg1 with potent anti-fatigue activity. The optimal bioconversion temperature, pH, and enzyme dosage were obtained by optimizing the transformation conditions. Under optimal conditions (pH 6.0, 75℃, enzyme dosage 1.0 U/ml), 1.0 g/l of notoginsenoside R1 was converted into 0.86 g/l of ginsenoside Rg1 within 30 min, with a molar conversion rate of approximately 100%. Furthermore, the in vivo anti-fatigue activity of notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenoside Rg1 were compared using a suitable rat model. Compared with the control group, the forced swimming time to exhaustion was prolonged in mice by 17.3% in the Rg1 high group (20 mg/kg·d). Additionally, the levels of hepatic glycogen (69.9-83.3% increase) and muscle glycogen (36.9-93.6% increase) were increased. In the Rg1 group, hemoglobin levels were also distinctly increased by treatment concentrations. Our findings indicate that treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 enhances the anti-fatigue effects. In this study, we reveal a GH39 β-xylosidase displaying excellent hydrolytic activity to produce ginsenoside Rg1 in the pharmaceutical and food industries.