• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.791-802
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• 2015

The study was carried out to analyze vegetation structure of Mt. Eungbok located in Jochimryeong to Shinbaeryeong of the Baekdudaegan mountain range. The survey for 25 plots was conducted from April 2012 to August 2013 in the permanent plots using phytosociological analysis. As a result, the vegetations were classified into four vegetation units. In species composition, they were classified into Quercus mongolica community group divided into 2 community such as Ulmus laciniata community and Corylus sieboldiana var. mandshurica community, U. laciniata community was subdivided Rhododendron schlippenbachii group and Rubus crataegifolius group(into Viola albida subgroup, Rubus oldhamii subgroup). In terms of Importance values according to layer-specific and altitude of ridge, Q. mongolica was the highest importance value of tree layer and Acer pseudosieboldianum was highest importance value of sub tree layer. Therefore Q. mongolica and A. pseudosieboldianum could likely remain in the future of tree layer and sub tree layer respectively. Analysis of dominance most value of vegetation are on about 0.3. In ridge area was a species diversity result, vegetation unit 3 showed the highest value 0.974 and vegetation unit 1 showed the lowest value 0.725. Based on the interspecific association showed four types which were coincident with differential species and character species on the constancy table. Specially type I plant species were mostly differential species and the characteristic species, which appeared in the Rhododendron schlippenbachii community classified phytosociologically, and type III plant species were mostly the species appearing in the Corylus sieboldiana var. mandshurica community growing in the relatively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.3
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• pp.339-352
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• 2014

The study was carried out to analyze vegetation structure of Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica forests located in Jochimryeong to Shinbaeryeong of the Baekdudaegan mountain range. The survey for 50 plots was conducted from April 2012 to August 2013 in the permanent plots ($100m{\times}100m$) using phytosociological analysis. As a result, the vegetations were classified into five vegetation units. In species composition, they were classified into Q. mongolica community group divided into 2 community such as Fraxinus rhynchophylla community and Carpinus cordata community, F. rhynchophylla community was subdivided Pinus densiflor group (into Euonymus sachalinensis subgroup, Vitis coignetiae subgroup) and Juglans mandshurica group. C. cordata community was subdivided Acer komarovii group and Betula ermanii group. In terms of importance value, P. densiflora and Q. mongolica were more than 20% respectively. P. densiflora was found to have the highest relative coverage. Analysis of interspecific association showed four types which were coincident with differential species and character species on the constancy table. Based on the diameter class distribution, P. densiflora forest presented a normal distribution pattern except for other species which showed a reverse Jshaped distribution pattern, therefore P. densiflora forest would likely be replaced by Q. mongolica forests. While in Q. mongolica forest, diameter class distribution of all species population presented a reverse J-shaped distribution pattern, therefore Q. mongolica forest could likely remain in the future.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1715-1720
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• 2013

Background: The discovery that microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate proliferation, invasion and metastasis provides a principal molecular basis of tumor heterogeneity. Microvessel distribution is an important characteristic of solid tumors, with significant hypoxia occurring in the center of tumors with low blood flow. The distribution of miR-374a in breast tumors was examined as a factor likely to be important in breast cancer progression. Methods: Breast tissue samples from 40 patients with breast cancer were classified into two groups: a highly invasive and metastatic group (HIMG) and a low-invasive and metastatic Group (LIMG). Samples were collected from the center and edge of each tumor. In each group, six specimens were examined by microRNA array, and the remaining 14 specimens were used for real-time RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Correlation analysis was performed for the miRNAs and target proteins. Follow-up was carried out during 28 months to 68 months after surgery, and survival data were analyzed. Results: In the LIMG, the relative content of miR-374a was lower in the center of the tumor than at its edge; in the HIMG, it was lower at the edge of the tumor, and miR-374a levels were lower in breast cancer tissues than in normal tissues. There was no difference between VEGF-A and VCAM-1 mRNA levels at the edge and center of the tumor; however, we observed a significant difference between VEGF-A and VCAM-1 protein expression levels in these two regions. There was a negative correlation between miR-374a and target protein levels. The microvessel density (MVD) was lower in the center of the tumor than at its edge in HIMG, but the LIMG vessels were uniformly distributed. There was a significant positive correlation between MVD and the number of lymph node metastases (Pearson correlation, r=0.912, P<0.01). The median follow-up time was 48.5 months. LIMG had higher rate of disease-free survival (100%, P=0.013) and longer median survival time (66 months) than HIMG, which had a lower rate of 75% and shorter median survival time (54 months). Conclusions: Our data demonstrated miR-374a to be differentially distributed in breast cancer; VEGF-A and VCAM-1 mRNA had coincident distribution, and the distribution of teh respective proteins was uneven and opposite to that for the miR-374a. These data might explain the differences in the distribution of MVD in breast cancer and variation in breast cancer prognosis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.1901-1906
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• 2012

Background: The discovery that microRNA (miRNA) regulates metastasis provide a principal molecular basis for tumor heterogeneity. A characteristic of solid tumors is their heterogenous distribution of blood vessels, with significant hypoxia occurring in regions (centers of tumor) of low blood flow. It is necessary to discover the mechanism of breast cancer metastasis in relation to the fact that there is a differential distribution of crucial microRNA in tumors from centers to edges. Methods: Breast tissues from 48 patients (32 patients with breast cancer) were classified into the high invasive and metastatic group (HIMG), low invasive and metastatic group (LIMG), and normal group. Samples were collected from both the centers and edges of all tumors. The first six specimens were detected by microRNA array, and the second ten specimens were detected by real-time qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Correlation analysis was performed between the miRNAs and target proteins. Results: The relative content of miR-20a and miR-20b was lower in the center of the tumor than at the edge in the LIMG, lower at the edge of the tumor than in the center in the HIMG, and lower in breast cancer tissues than in normal tissues. VEGF-A and HIF-1alpha mRNA levels were higher in the HIMG than in the LIMG, and levels were higher in both groups than in the normal group; there was no difference in mRNA levels between the edge and center of the tumor. VEGF-A and HIF-1alpha protein levels were higher in the HIMG than in the LIMG, and protein levels in both groups were higher than in the normal group; there was a significant difference in protein expression between the edge and center of the tumor. Correlation analysis showed that the key miRNAs (miR-20a and miR-20b) negatively correlated with the target proteins (VEGF-A and HIF-1alpha). Conclusions: Our data suggest that miR-20a and miR-20b are differentially distributed in breast cancer, while VEGF-A and HIF-1alpha mRNA had coincident distributions, and VEGF-A and HIF-1alpha proteins had uneven and opposing distributions to the miRNAs. It appears that one of the most important facets underlying metastatic heterogeneity is the differential distribution of miR-20a and miR-20b and their regulation of target proteins.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.2
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• pp.151-161
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• 1991

I tried to specify the taxa of Fagaceae in Korea by the character of their pollen grains. The light microscope(LM) and the Scanning electron microscope(SEM) were used to examine the pollen grains of 19 taxa, 5 genera. The result are as follows. 1. The pollen of Fagaceae in Korea could be grouped into four types and 4 subtypes. 1) Fagus type 2) Castanea type 3) Lithocarpus, Castanopsis type 4) Quercus type (1) Cyclobalanopsis subtype (2) Prinus subtype (3) Dentatae subtype (4) Cerris subtype. 2. The morphology of the granula on the pollen of Quercus was closely related to the differantiation of the shape of the cup scales. 1) The uniformity of branching granula on the pollen grain surface corresponds to the morphological features of the concentric arrangement of cup scales. 2) The morphological features of the pollen grain surface intermingled with large or small granula, simple-granula and tuber granula which have small points of circular prominence, corresponded to those of short cup scales. 3) The morphological features of the polllen grain surface intermingled with large or small granula, simple-granula and tuber granula with an apex of amoeba type corresponded to those of Q. dentata Thunb, with thin, fine and long cup scales. 4) The morphological features of the pollen grain surface intermingled with large of small granula of with only simple-granula, corresponded to those of Q. acutissima carr. with thick, fine and long cup scales. 3. The result of cluster analysis by coding the sculpture pattern of the pollen grain surface, the existence and nonexistence of surface perforate, the grain size and granula type were coincident with the system of classification of plants and showed an intimated relationship even under th level of species.