• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제32권6호
• /
• pp.790-794
• /
• 2003

본 연구에서는 국내에서 재배되고 있는 컴프리의 형태학적 특성 및 pyrrolizidine alkaloids을 분석하기 위해서 수행되었다. 국내에서 채취한 12개 지역의 컴프리를 대상으로 형태학적 인 연구를 실시한 결과 모두 한 종류의 Symphytum officinale임을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 이들 시료를 hot methanol과 ultra-sonification으로 추출하여 pyrrolizidine alka loids 함유 여부를 확인하기 위하여 TLC 시험을 실시한 결과, 12개 시료의 컴프리는 o-chloranil과 Ehrlich's reagent의 발색시약이 pyrrolizidine alkaloids와 반응하여 특이적인 purple spot을 나타내었다. 그러나 치커리, 호박잎 및 깻잎을 사용하여 동일한 시험을 실시한 결과 purple spot이 관찰되지 않음을 알 수 있었다. HPLC 패턴을 분석 결과, 12개 시료의 컴프리는 retention time 30 부근에 특이적인 peak를 나타내었으나, 치커리, 호박잎 및 깻잎은 peak를나타내지 않았다. 따라서 국내 재배중인 컴프리 12종은 형태학적 특성 및 pyrrolizidine alkaloids로 조사한 결과, S. officinale 종임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 분석과학
• /
• 제32권6호
• /
• pp.252-261
• /
• 2019

피롤리지딘 알칼로이드(Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, PAs)는 식물이 포식자로부터 자신을 방어하기 위해 생산하는 2차 대사산물이다. 현재까지 약 6,000 여종 이상의 식물에서 660 여개의 피롤리지딘 알칼로이드가 확인되었으며 주로 국화과, 지치과, 콩과 식물에 분포한다. 본 연구에서는 UPLC-MS/MS를 이용하여 벌꿀 속 자연독소의 일종인 피롤리지딘 알칼로이드 7 종에 대한 분석방법을 확립하고 유통중인 벌꿀제품 84건에 대하여 PAs 함유량을 모니터링하였다. 정량은 전자분무이온화 과정에서 벌꿀에 대한 matrix effect를 줄이기 위해 matrix-matched 검량선을 사용하였다. 직선성은 R² ≥ 0.998, PAs 7 종에 대한 회수율은 81-108 % 수준이었다. 7종 동시분석법으로 국내 유통중인 벌꿀 84건을 검사한 결과, 7.1 % (6/84건)의 검출률을 보였으며 검출량은 평균적으로 47.19 ㎍/kg이었다. 또한 검출된 PA 성분은 주로 Lycopsamine과 Echimidine으로 확인되었으며 1.76-202.1 ㎍/kg의 검출범위를 나타내었다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제27권5호
• /
• pp.547-553
• /
• 2004

The pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), contained in a number of traditional remedies in Africa and Asia, show wide variations in metabolism between animal species but little work has been done to investigate differences between animal strains. The metabolism of the PA senecionine (SN) in Fischer 344 (F344) rats has been studied in order to compare to that found in the previously investigated Sprague-Dawley (SO) rats (Drug Metab. Dispos. 17: 387, 1989). There was no difference in the formation of ($\pm$) 6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP, bioactivation) by hepatic microsomes from either sex of SO and F344 rats. However, hepatic microsomes from male and female F344 rats had greater activity in the Noxidation (detoxication) of SN by 88% and 180%, respectively, when compared to that of male and female SD rats. Experiments conducted at various pH showed an optimum pH of 8.5, the optimal pH for flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), for SN N-oxidation by hepatic microsomes from F344 females. In F344 males, however, a bimodal pattern was obtained with activity peaks at pH 7.6 and 8.5 reflecting the possible involvement of both cytochrome P450 (CYP) and FMO. Use of specific inhibitors (SKF525A, 1-benzylimidazole and methimazole) showed that the N-oxide of SN was primarily produced by FMO in both sexes of F344 rats. In contrast, SN N-oxide formation is known to be catalyzed mainly by CYP2C11 rather than FMO in SD rats. This study, therefore, demonstrated that there were substantial differences in the formation of SN N-oxide by hepatic microsomes from F344 and SD rats and that this detoxification is catalyzed primarily by two different enzymes in the two rat strains. These findings suggest that significant variations in PA biotransformation can exist between different animal strains.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.141-152
• /
• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the toxic effect of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from symphytum officinale i n rat. For this experiment, 120 male and female rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were used. The experimental groups were divided into five: Group CM and CF served as normal control with its gender. Group EM1 and EF1 were fed a 1% Symphytum officinal extract diet for 8 weeks. Group EM2 and EF2 fed a diet containing 2% extract diet. 4% extract diet into group EM3 and EF3 and 8% extract diet into group EM4 and EF4 were given. The results were as follows: 1. The major alkaloids of Symphytum officinale extract were symphytine, echmidine, and lasiocarpine. The amounts of total alkaloid were 168 $\mu\textrm{g}$ PAs/$m\ell$ extract. And contents of Pas in leaves were 0.05% wt.. 2. Total serum bilirubin concentrations increased significantly in group EM2, EM3, and EM4. Group EF1, EF2, EF3, and EF4 showed statistical significance for the group CF (p<0.05). 3. Aspartate transaminase activities were increased significantly in group EM3 and EM4 (p<0.05). Aspartate transaminase activities of EF1, EF2, EF3, and EF4 showed statistical significance for the group CF (p<0.05). 4. Alanine transaminase activities increased significantly in group EM3, EM4 (p<0.05). Alanine transaminase activities of EF1, EF2, EF3, and EF4 showed statistical significance for the group CF (p<0.05). 5. Alkaline phosphatase activities increased significantly in group EM2, EM3, and EM4 (p<0.05). Alkaline phosphatase activities of EF1, FE@, EF3, and EF4 showed statistical sigmificance for the group CF (p<0.05). 6. istopathological analysis of liver specimens from group EM3 and EM4 showed focal necrosis, periportal necrosis and apoptpsis. Hepatocytes obtained from group EM2 showed fatty change and hydropic degeneration in group EM3 and EM4. Chromatolysis and chromatin margination was shown in group EF2 and EF3. With the above results, it was demonstrated that the Symphytum officinal extract could induce functional change of liver, and histopathological change of liver in rats fed a diet containing extract. In conclusion, because of the risk of intoxication or adverse effect, the composition, dosage and mode of administration of herbal products should be monitored strictly. And this study serves as a reminder that herbal as well as orthodox medications may have serious side effects.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
• /
• pp.375.1-375.1
• /
• 2002

As part of a research program on the bioactive terpene constituents of Korean compositae plants. we have investigated Cacalia koraiensis (compositae). collected from Gangwon Province on August 2001. On reviewing the literatures of this species. triterpenes and pyrrolizidine alkaloids were isolated and some pharmacological activities were investigated. This species have been used for tinea and spasmolysis However. chemical constituents of this plant have not been reported. (omitted)

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.155-161
• /
• 1998

The hairy roots of Crotalaria sessiliflora were induced from the tissue segments infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC 15834. The induced hairy roots were subjected to paper electrophoresis fro the detection of opine-positive clones which were considered to have been transformed. Mannopine and agropine were presented in hairy root clones while mannopine was presented in two hairy root clones. Eight hairy root clones were selected and cultured in MS, B5 and WP media. Each of hairy root clones was showed a difference in branch pattern and growth rate. The best culture medium and culture conditions of hairy roots were in $\frac{1}{2}$MS(3% sucrose, pH 5.7) liquid medium at 25$^\circ C$, 70 rpm under dark, the growth rate in $\frac{1}{2}$MS liquid medium was increased with 210-fold more than that of inoculated hairy roots and with 2-fold more than that in MS liquid medium. Also, the adequate condition for hairy root growth was such that concentration of KH$_2PO$_4 was 1.25mM and the ratio of NH${_4}{^+}$ : NO${_3}{^-}$ was 1 to 3 in MS medium. The presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, monocrotaline, in the hairy roots was detected by TLC.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제48권1호
• /
• pp.1-15
• /
• 2005

농작물이 병해충 및 잡초 등에 의하여 피해를 받게 되면 농업생산성은 상당히 저하된다. 따라서 농업생산성을 높이기 위하여 합성농약을 과용해 왔고, 이로 인하여 토양의 질과 농업환경이 파괴되는 결과를 초래하고 있어서 지속적인 농업이 점차 어려워지고 있다. 오늘날의 농업은 농업환경의 파괴를 최소화하고 농산물의 안전성을 확보함과 동시에 생산성을 증대해야하는 복합적인 문제에 직면해 있다. 한편, 식물은 일반적으로 생존하기 위하며 외부의 침입으로부터 자신을 보호하거나 자신의 영역을 확보하기 위하며 다양한 종류의 2차대사물질을 생산하고 방출한다. 병원균이 침입했을 때 식물이 생산하는 항생물질인 phytoalexin으로는 화본과 식물의 경우 flavonoid계와 diterpenoid계의 물질을 생성하고, 쌍자엽 식물은 감염된 병원균의 종류에 상관없이 Leguminosae과는 flavonoids계, Cruciferae과는 indole 유도체, Solanaceae과는 sesquiterpenoid계, Umbelliferae과는 coumarin계 물질들을 생성하여 병원균에 저항성을 가진다. 곤충의 생리작용을 저해하거나 섭생을 싫어하게 하는 기능의 물질로는 terpene계의 pyrethrin, azadirachtin, limonin, cedrelanoid, toosendanin, fraxinellone/dictamnine 등이 있으며, alkaloid계로서는 terpenoid와 alkaloid가 결합된 sesquiterpene pyridine 및 norditerpenoids alkaloids와 azepine계, amide계, loline계, stemofoline계, pyrrolizidine계 alkaloids 등이 있다. 식물은 또한 자신의 영역을 확보하기 위하여 다른 식물의 생장을 저해하는 물질을 생성하는데 여기에는 terpene계의 essential oil 및 sesquiterpene lactone과 이외에 benzoxazinoids, glucosinolate, quassinoid, cyanogenic glycoside, saponin, sorgolennone, juglone 등 다수의 2차 대사물질들이 있다. 이와 같은 기능의 2차 대사물질을 병해충 및 잡초 방제에 직, 간접으로 이용하는 것은 친환경농업의 한 가지 방법일 수 있다. 그러나 천연물질들은 자연계에서 쉽게 분해되어 효율이 떨어지는 경우가 많고 식물을 통하여 생산하는데도 한계가 있다. 따라서 보다 안전성과 효율성이 뛰어난 2차 대사물질을 찾아내는 연구와 아울러 방제기능이 있는 물질의 생합성경로를 구명하고 대사공학적으로 이용하므로 병해충에 저항성이 있고 잡초 방제효과를 갖는 형질전환 식물을 육성하는 연구가 지속적으로 이루어져야 할 것이다.