• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.12 s.214
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• pp.79-96
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to explore the conceptions of children and their activities in everyday lives during the late period of the Goryo Dynasty. The historical method was used and the materials for analysis were the literatures written from the late thirteenth century to the fourteenth century in the Goryo Dynasty, such as 'the Ikjaijip'(익재집), 'Mokeunjip'(목은집), 'Yangchonjip'(양촌집). According to the results, the perspective on the nature of a chad was that children were inherently good with the true character which was given from natural laws and that each child was born with different natural endowment. Also, the notions on child development were that the infancy was a pure and perfect period which us not contaminated by temperament and worldly desires, instead of the developmental model that childhood is as a stage and the child must develop from the state of incompetence to the state of maturity. In addition, there were the principles for development that were keeping the innate ideal state and fostering it from the earliest time as infants were born with innate ideal state or ability. The concepts of children's characteristics were considered that they were inclined to make much noise and movement, but to have the plain and straightforward expressions and consistency in their feelings and everyday activities. And intelligent abilities for learning were often considered as desirable traits. In everyday lives, children did the household chores such as caring for livestock and silkworms or embroidering. Among their games were exploring activities, free plays using natural materials, pretend-plays, bamboo-stilts riding, and Yutnori.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.491-498
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• 2009

The critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the counter ion binding constant (B) for the mixed micellizations of DBS (sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate) with Brij 30 (polyoxyethylene(4) lauryl ether) and Brij 35 (polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ehter) at 25 ${^{\circ}C}$ in pure water and in aqueous solutions of n-butanol were determined as a function of $\alpha$1 (the overall mole fraction of DBS) by the use of electric conductivity method. Various thermodynamic parameters (Xi, $\gamma$i, Ci, aiM, $\beta$, and ${\Delta}H_{mix}$) were calculated and compared for each mixed surfactant system by means of the equations derived from the nonideal mixed micellar model. There sults show that the molecules of DBS interact more strongly with Brij 35 than Brij 30 and that the DBS/Brij35 mixed system has greater negative deviation from the ideal mixed micellar model than the DBS/Brij 30mixed system.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.21
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• pp.409-452
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• 2013

This paper aims to cast light on the theoretical characteristics of Korean new religions' utopian theory from the perspective of theology and apply the findings to the utopian theory of the new religions in Korea. The utopian theory of the new religions in Korea occurred to meet people's aspiration towards a new world on the background of the national ordeal and its consequential psychology in the late Chosun dynasty. As a result, it has the characteristics of a shift from a pure religious framework to participation in reality to realize religious ideals 'right here, right now'. Thus, it basically defined an utopian theory as the product of a society and history, and explained the utopian theory as the projection of the thoughts about current conflicts. However, an approach in this way may leave the likelihood that the individual characteristics of Daesoonjinrihoe would be overlooked and the utopian theory would be limited to the byproduct of the age, only. Thus, this paper has dealt with the religious experience of the founders as the lead of discussion, not a sociological approach. In this context, the religious experience of founders can be more significant clues to view the characteristics of an utopian theory. This directivity of a study can be understood as an attempt to improve the previous sociological methodologies, the leading discourses, and to contribute to the different perspectives on an understanding of the utopian theories of Daesoonjinrihoe. Furthermore, this paper is anticipated to give salience to the individual characteristics reflected in the new religions in Korea and to enhance its status in the history of thoughts, not as the trend of the thought limited to the past.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.140-140
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• 1999

Ti/Ni multilayered films (MLF) are ideal for neutron optics particularly in neutron guides and focusing devices. This system also possesses the tendency of amorphization through a solid-state reaction (SSR). This behaviors are closely related to the electronic structures and both magneto-optical (MO) and optical properties of metals depend strongly on their electron energy structures. Mutual inter-diffusion of the Tin and Ni atoms in the MLF caused by a low temperature annealing should decrease the thickness of pure Ni, as well as change the chemical and atomic order in the reactive zone. The application of the MO spectroscopy to the study of SSR in the MLF allows us to obtain an additional information on the changes in the atomic and chemical orders in the interface region. The optical one has no restriction on the magnetic state of the constituent sublayers. Therefore, the changes in magnetic, MO and optical properties of the Ti/Ni MLF due to SSR can be expected. To the best of our knowledge, the MO and optical spectroscopies were not used for this purpose. SSR has been studied in the series of the Ti/Ni MLFs with bilayer periods of 0.65-22.2nm and constant ratio of the Ti to Ni sublayers thickness by using MO and optical spectroscopies as well as an x-ray diffraction. The experimental MO and optical spectra are compared with the computer-simulated spectra, assuming various interface models. The relative changes in the x-ray diffraction spectra and MO properties of the Ti/Ni MLF caused by annealing are bigger for the multilayers with "thick" sublayers, or the SSR with the formation of amorphous alloy takes place mainly in the Ti/Ni multilayers with "thick" sublayers, while in the nominal threshold thickness of the Ni-sublayer for the observation of the equatorial Kerr effect in the as-deposited and annealed Ti/Ni MLFs of about 3.0 and 4.5nm thick is explained by the formation of amorphous alloy during the deposition or the formation of the nonmagnetic alloyed regions between pure components as a result of the SSR. For the case of Ti/Ni MLF the MO approach is more sensitive for the determination of the thickness of the reacted zone, while x-ray diffraction is more useful for structural analyses.structural analyses.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.233-239
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• 2010

Pure macroporous silica matrix using a template of polystyrene (PS) was prepared by the sol-gel method. Macroporous Ag-$SiO_2$ composite materials, which were homogeneously dispersed with Ag particles in the macropores, were successfully fabricated. The pure porous silica had ordered pore sizes of 100 nm and 200 nm, which was adjusted under consideration of the template size. The macroporous Ag-$SiO_2$ composite showed the ideal ordered distribution of the pore in case of the adding of 3 wt% $AgNO_3$ under consideration of controlling of the pore size as well as microstructural observation of $AgNO_3$concentration. The macroporous Ag-$SiO_2$ composites had ordered 100 nm and 200 nm pores, and the Ag particles within the matrix showed the size of 15~20 nm.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.2 no.3 s.3
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• pp.83-95
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• 2004

In order to investigate female workers' recognition of image making, this study conducted a survey of female workers in Daegu and obtained results as follows. First, according to the result of analyzing recognition of image making, many of female workers, 82.3% of whom were between 20s and 40s, replied that they were 'pure and lively'(41.8%) or 'elegant and womanly'(32.3%) but what they sought for in their mind was an elegant and womanly image. However, the image that a majority of female workers wanted to have in the future was 'elegant and womanly' (53.3%) and 'sexy and attractive'(27.4%). This suggests that our society still demand women to be womanly as well as sexy and attractive. Second, with regard to outward image by age, most female workers regardless of age thought that outward image is important for social life. This suggests that younger women recognize more the influence of image and, consequently, the necessity of image making. Thus, the recognition of the importance of outward image appears to result in the proportional enhancement of the consciousness of image management. Third, younger women have a great difference between their current image and the image they seek for and such a difference may be related to mental immaturity between ideal and reality. Fourth, as for the relationship between image making and occupation, those who engaged in service and beauty art highly recognized the importance of image making as they were greatly influenced by their outward image in their social life.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.311-321
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• 2022

The interfacial bond strength of partially encased composite (PEC) structure tends to 0, therefore, the cast-in-place concrete theoretically cannot embody better composite effect than the fabricated structure. A total of 12 specimens were designed and experimented to investigate the energy dissipation and damage of fabricated PEC beam through unidirectional cyclic loading test. Because the concrete on both sides of the web was relatively independent, some specimens showed obvious asymmetric concrete damage, which led to specimens bearing torsion effect at the later stage of loading. Based on the concept of the ideal elastoplastic model of uniaxial tensile steel and the principle of equivalent energy dissipation, the energy dissipation ductility coefficient is proposed, which can simultaneously reflect the deformability and bearing capacity. In view of the whole deformation of the beam, the calculation formula of energy dissipation is put forward, and the energy dissipation and its proportion of shear-bending region and pure bending region are calculated respectively. The energy dissipation efficiency of the pure bending region is significantly higher than that of the shear-bending region. The setting of the screw arbors is conducive to improving the energy dissipation capacity of the specimens. Under the condition of setting the screw arbors and meeting the reasonable shear span ratio, reducing the concrete pouring thickness can lighten the deadweight of the component and improve the comprehensive benefit, and will not have an adverse impact on the energy dissipation capacity of the beam. A damage model is proposed to quantify the damage changes of PEC beams under cyclic load, which can accurately reflect the load damage and deformation damage.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.877-887
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• 1996

The ideal membranes for membrane-covered oxygen probes system should be selectively permeable for oxygen and chemically inert, and have good mechanical strength. Polysulfone(PSf) was selected to develop the membrane for membrane-covered oxygen electrodes system. PSf membranes have properties such as good reproducibility, good mechanical strength, chemical inertness, and high heat resistance. PSf membranes were cast from polymer solution on the glass plate at constant temperature, and casting solvents used were tetrahydrofuran(THF), methylene chloride, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP). Tricresyl phosphate(TCP) as plasicizer was added to PSf to increase the softness of membrane. The permeation characteristics were observed for pure oxygen and nitrogen through pure PSf membranes by variable volume method and membrane-covered electrode system. The permeability coefficients of oxygen and nitrogen measured by variable volume method were slightly decreased with increasing of upstream pressure. The permeation properties of PSf membrane using methylene choride as casting solvent were not affected by the PSf amount of polymer solution. The permeability coefficients of oxygen and nitrogen for PSf membrane containing TCP were very slightly lower than those for pure PSf membrane, but ideal separation factors were slightly higher. The flexibility of PSf membrane containing 2wt% TCP was better than that of pure PSf membrane. It was expected that this increase in flexibility would solve the difficulty of fixing the membrane to the cathode. The membrane-covered oxygen probes system was composed of anode, cathode and electrolyte. The type of the anode was Ag/AgCl half-cell, that of cathode was Ag, and the electrolyte was 4N KCl solution. The result of sampled current voltametry for PSf membrane showed the plateu region at -0.3V~-1.0V. The correlation coefficient of oxygen partial pressure versus current for PSf membrane was relatively high, 0.99949. It was concluded that PSf membrane was the good candidate for the membrane-covered oxygen probes system.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.612-615
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• 2006

Purpose: An ideal bony construct can be divided into two broad categories: (1) the design and fabrication of biodegradable, biomimetic scaffolds that provide correct signals to induce osteogenesis: (2) the identification of an ideal source of osteoprogenitor cells to seed onto the scaffold. We selected poly-glycolic acid as a synthetic scaffold among various scaffolds because of these properties. Meanwhile, culture medium is supplemented with fetal bovine serum(FBS): such serum contains essential elements such as proteins, hormones, growth factors and trace minerals. The composition of FBS can be ideal for various cell growth in vitro. We supposed that we could enhance bone growth at a fractured site if FBS was mixed with synthetic scaffold-PGA. Methods: We cultured human osteoblasts in five different prepared culture dishes made with FBS and PGA mixture. The mixtures contained different ratio of FBS, that is, 0, 1.5, 3, 7, and 10%. We cultured human osteoblasts for seven days and examined the growth and attachment of the cells at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th days, respectively. Results: In the mixture of 0% FBS and PGA, the growth of the cells lasted for one day. In 1.5 and 3% FBS and PGA, the growth of the cells was examined at the 3rd day, then minimally declined at the 5th and 7th days. In 7% FBS and PGA, the growth of the cells lasted for 5 days, then declined at the 7th day. In 10% FBS and PGA, the growth of the cells lasted for 5 days, then declined at the 7th day. Staining status of the osteoblasts with alkaline phosphatase showed pale pink color in 0% FBS and PGA groups, but bright pink color in 1.5, 3, 7, 10% FBS and PGA groups, especially in 3%, 7%. Conclusion: In consequence, the growth of human osteoblast was higher in the mixture of FBS and PGA groups than in pure PGA ones. It is assumed that the mixture of FBS and PGA affects the proliferation of human osteoblasts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.49-62
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to analyze the signification system between color and clothes systematically in black and white clothes. For this purpose, after examining the images of black and white clothes, we selected 55 clothes that represented as black and white and analyzed their meanings and the sources using semiotic framework, based on the work of Saussure and Barthes. The results as follows: First, the meaning in black and white clothes was generated from original color image. White clothes of religious person like Virgin Mary, Angel expressed pure and sacred color image. And black clothes like funeral dress expressed grief and death. Next, the meaning of black and white clothes was regenerated into modern color image by new environment. After industrial revolution, black was considered as a traditional men's fashion color. With diverse leisure activities, white sports wear appeared as active and clean image. Finally the source of the meaning of the clothes was the designer or the wearer. A little black dress by Chanel who was interested in simplicity and function represents an ideal of simple and sexy object. The situation is complicated by the fact that these three kinds of explanation may be found singly or mixed together.