• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.23-38
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• 2012

There is a large difference between purchasing patterns in an online shopping mall and in an offline market. This difference may be caused mainly by the difference in accessibility of online and offline markets. It means that an interval between the initial purchasing decision and its realization appears to be relatively short in an online shopping mall, because a customer can make an order immediately. Because of the short interval between a purchasing decision and its realization, an online shopping mall transaction usually contains fewer items than that of an offline market. In an offline market, customers usually keep some items in mind and buy them all at once a few days after deciding to buy them, instead of buying each item individually and immediately. On the contrary, more than 70% of online shopping mall transactions contain only one item. This statistic implies that traditional data mining techniques cannot be directly applied to online market analysis, because hardly any association rules can survive with an acceptable level of Support because of too many Null Transactions. Most market basket analyses on online shopping mall transactions, therefore, have been performed by expanding the co-occurrence criteria of traditional association rule mining. While the traditional co-occurrence criteria defines items purchased in one transaction as concurrently purchased items, the expanded co-occurrence criteria regards items purchased by a customer during some predefined period (e.g., a day) as concurrently purchased items. In studies using expanded co-occurrence criteria, however, the criteria has been defined arbitrarily by researchers without any theoretical grounds or agreement. The lack of clear grounds of adopting a certain co-occurrence criteria degrades the reliability of the analytical results. Moreover, it is hard to derive new meaningful findings by combining the outcomes of previous individual studies. In this paper, we attempt to compare expanded co-occurrence criteria and propose a guideline for selecting an appropriate one. First of all, we compare the accuracy of association rules discovered according to various co-occurrence criteria. By doing this experiment we expect that we can provide a guideline for selecting appropriate co-occurrence criteria that corresponds to the purpose of the analysis. Additionally, we will perform similar experiments with several groups of customers that are segmented by each customer's average duration between orders. By this experiment, we attempt to discover the relationship between the optimal co-occurrence criteria and the customer's average duration between orders. Finally, by a series of experiments, we expect that we can provide basic guidelines for developing customized recommendation systems. Our experiments use a real dataset acquired from one of the largest internet shopping malls in Korea. We use 66,278 transactions of 3,847 customers conducted during the last two years. Overall results show that the accuracy of association rules of frequent shoppers (whose average duration between orders is relatively short) is higher than that of causal shoppers. In addition we discover that with frequent shoppers, the accuracy of association rules appears very high when the co-occurrence criteria of the training set corresponds to the validation set (i.e., target set). It implies that the co-occurrence criteria of frequent shoppers should be set according to the application purpose period. For example, an analyzer should use a day as a co-occurrence criterion if he/she wants to offer a coupon valid only for a day to potential customers who will use the coupon. On the contrary, an analyzer should use a month as a co-occurrence criterion if he/she wants to publish a coupon book that can be used for a month. In the case of causal shoppers, the accuracy of association rules appears to not be affected by the period of the application purposes. The accuracy of the causal shoppers' association rules becomes higher when the longer co-occurrence criterion has been adopted. It implies that an analyzer has to set the co-occurrence criterion for as long as possible, regardless of the application purpose period.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.6 s.113
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• pp.22-39
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• 2006

This paper is the study on the activity of citizen participation in the movement of Million Amenity Park's creation which was proposed by citizen participation for large scale's flat park within city. This park was proposed by the Busan Green Plan, commission study in 1999. The location of Park site was finally proposed at Dunchi-do, Bonglim-dong, Gangseo-gu, Busan and neighbor areas. The area of park site is approximately 500ha included the surface area of West-Nakdong River. Citizen's organization for Million Amenity Park which has 3,500 members, was established in 2001 in order to compose Million Amenity Park The development processes of this study were found to have quickening period, germination period, the 1st growing period, and the 2nd growing period, and then the results of this activity was also arranged by the researcher of this study. The movement for this park was found to have a positive activity for participating and understanding all the citizens during 7 years. And then the activities for this park were as follows: every information, fund-raising campaign, organization, purchase of park site, contribution of purchasing park site to Busan city. The results of this study, through the movement of citizen's participation such as this park movement were 1) respectively found to have the settlement in the movement of NGO, 2) the possibility of large scale's park fostering by public and civil partnership, and 3) the model presentation of frontier park in the citizen participation's types which will be able to introduce the development of city.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.116-129
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• 2013

This research analyzes the status of clothes purchase and the size fit of the clothes for kindergarten children in the Daegu city area. The total of 344 questionnaires were analyzed. The summary and the conclusion are as follows: First, the frequency of accompanying children when purchasing appeared mostly 'sometimes accompany'. Second, the parents appeared 'sometimes reflect children's opinions'. Third, the main information source was 'store display'. The main place of purchase was large discount stores, internet home-shopping, and department stores (respectively) with significant differences in the age of the parent(p<.05) and monthly incomes(p<.001). In the clothes size selection, 72.1% of the parents selected 'one size larger' at time purchase and showed asignificant difference by monthly income. Repair-experience after purchase appeared in 31.4% of the samples because of the inadequate length and width of the clothes. The unfit clothes parts were in the order of pant length, sleeve length, waist part, jacket length, pant width, hip part, and crotch, which showed a significant difference in children based on gender. The salient purchasing point for child clothing was in the order of 'size fit', 'color and pattern', 'design' and 'convenience in action'. It is important to consider that kindergarten children need adequate size for growing and convenient pattern designs (that include materials at stretching parts) for positive acting because they are in a period of frequent activity and growth.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.340-354
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• 2017

Currently, the global furniture market can not overlook environmental problems due to changes in environmental regulations. In order to grow into a global corporation, environmentally friendly design became essential. In addition, domestic and foreign consumers are increasingly interested in and spending on children's furniture, and demand for environment - friendly furniture for children's health and emotional development is increasing. In the era of universal consumer tastes due to massive mass production, it has been changed into a multi-product small-volume production period that reflects the preferences of various consumers, so that various types of furniture that meet individual preferences are required. Therefore, in this study, we investigated various personal opinions, perception, preference, propensity to use furniture, purchasing points, etc. for environmentally friendly children's furniture, and provided basic data for environmentally friendly children's furniture development that reflects consumer preference and requirements. Accordingly, 243 parents who have more than one child living in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon were surveyed about the use of children's furniture and the perception and preference of environmentally friendly children's furniture. According to the survey results, 64.57% of the respondents knew about eco - friendly children's furniture and the most popular way to get to know eco-friendly furniture was Internet advertising (49.48%). The rate of recognizing eco-friendly furniture as healthy furniture with no emission of hazardous substances was high as 56.16%. The purchase intention of eco-friendly children's furniture was very high at 86.01% and the most important factor in purchasing was the harmlessness to the human body (56.88%). 59.50% said that it is not possible to distinguish environmentally friendly furniture, which means that there is not much information to consumers yet. In addition, the preferred price range is 500~1000 thousand won, and the preference for the rest furniture is high. In the preferred form type, unit type modular furniture is 36.13%, in the material, wood is 72.35%, in the color, the color of wood with wood grain is high as 45.56%.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.89-103
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• 2011

The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of the country of origin image of beef on consumers quality perception, attitude and purchase intention. In order to conduct the research, 300 questionnaires were distributed to consumers who have purchased beef in Seoul during a two-week period from December $27^{th}$, 2010 to January $10^{th}$, 2011, but only 244 were analyzed for this study. The results are as followed First, country - of-origin image of beef had significant relations with consumers quality perception, attitude and purchase intention. Second, consumers quality perception had positive relations with attitude and purchasing intention. Third, consumer's attitude had positive influence on purchasing intention. In order to enhance the country-of-origin image of beef, cows should be raised in an environmentally friendly way. Having regular checkups and using good quality feed would produce reliable products. As well, in order to strengthen the image of beef, aggressive marketing strategies are also recommended.

• Journal of Applied Tourism Food and Beverage Management and Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.29-41
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• 2002

Controlling food materials, is getting more significant in hotel management nowadays as the selling of food beverage continue to rise. F&B managers have been required to have new management of the food materials by a fierce competition, an increase in cost, the shortened span of product life and customer's demand that is becoming more various and sophisticated since Korea was placed under the influence of IMF. I'm going to analyze the factors that cause waste and loss through a series of the process to purchase inspect, store food materials, make a product with that materials and sell the product in order to make more profits by making the circulation of the food materials easier and more efficiently. I studied how 3 chain hotels of A group purchase, store the food materials and control stock. I made up questionnaires about the circulation and control of food materials to 107 cooks in order to know what the cooks who are working at the hotel regard as a real problem and a practical solution. This research indicates that purchasing, producing and selling departments don't establish the mutual connection, a professional purchasing manager is strongly needed and there is difficulty in predicting the proper timing to supply. Also the research shows that A hotel group controls the food materials by analyzing the amount of consumption, stock, setting up the period of validity and uses slowly moving food materials in stock mainly by introducing the menu that aims at four seasons. As a result, the research suggests that we should introduce the concept of food producing factory, as it were, Central Kitchen that is based on the network among various kitchens to improve the flow of the food materials.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1083-1094
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to provide a fundamental research data that is necessary in an education of dietary life so that the students have sound dietary life through a right food purchase after investigating perception of children's dietary habit and activity, food labelling, and nutrition labelling for 400 students of the 5 and 6th grades. The result of the study are as followings. In terms of perception questions over food labelling, on the whole, "know it little bit" was the highest. Girls and country was higher than boys and city. A list of item that is important in contents of food labelling were period of circulation, data of manufacturing, price, used ingredient, origin of product, nutrition contain labelling, manufacturer, quantity in contents(quantity, the number). A meaningful difference was shown in gender(p<.05) and area(p<.01). In 30 perception questions over nutrition labelling, "know it little bit" was the most, and girls and country were higher than boys and city. In ascertaining nutrition labelling at the time of purchasing the food, "look often" was the most. Girls and city were higher than boys and Gun in average but no difference was statistically shown in knowledge mark in utilization and perception of nutrition labelling. The response rate in girls(p<.01) and country(p<.05) was higher in a question of "if nutrition labelling is displayed, nutriment that is harmful for our body will be eaten less" and girls' response rate was higher in the question of "being educated for my health". Therefore, practice centered nutrition education is necessary to purchase the food after ascertaining food nutrition labelling out of an attitude in habitually purchasing the processed food. The students develop comprehensible food nutrition labelling the direction to emphasizing nutrition educational labelling and recognizing that the healthy nutriment is contained without conventional and food safety centered labelling should be changed.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.105-126
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• 2007

The aims of this study were to examine the actual conditions surrounding the purchasing of online game items and Internet cyberspace items by adolescents the propensity of adolescents to consume these items, to determine the difference in the propensity for high and low consumption of these items among adolescents, and to investigate the characteristics of the adolescents who show a high propensity for the consumption of Internet items. The data for this study were collected from 483 adolescent consumers who were middle school and high school students in the city of Bucheon in Gyeonggi Province. The statistical methods used for the data analysis included frequency, percentage, standard deviation, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The results of the present study can be summarized as follows. The majority(79.5%) of the students surveyed had had the experience of purchasing items. Most students(67.5%) had a rare frequency of buying ($1{\sim}2$ times in a period of 6 months or less). Nearly half (47.9%) of the students spent less than 1000 won per month on the item(s) purchased. Most of the students purchased items with their parents' permission, but 26.6% of the students bought the items without their parents' permission. Most of the characteristics of the items purchased, such as the major item purchased, payment method, amount purchased per month, average amount spent per buying experience, and whether or not they had their parents' permission differed according to gender, grade level, record, and monthly allowance. The level of propensity to consume the items was not high. The propensity of imitation consumption (1.96) was lower than that of impulsive consumption (2.38) and conspicuous consumption (2.45). Most of the buying characteristics, including the major item purchased, payment method, amount purchased per month, average amount spent per buying experience, parents' permission, grade level, and monthly allowance were different between the high and low propensity for consumption groups.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate determinants of purchasing indemnity private health insurance and its impact on the healthcare utilization among outpatients with chronic disease. Methods: The study analyzed 4,997 chronic ill patients using 2015 Korean Health Panel data. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyze the factors affecting the purchase of indemnity private health insurance and multiple regression analysis was conducted to analyze the effect of private health insurance on the number of outpatient visits and outpatient expenditures. Findings: The age, education level, and number of chronic diseases were significant factors affecting the purchasing of indemnity private health insurance among chronic patients. As a result of analyzing the impact of indemnity private health insurance on healthcare utilization, the number of outpatient visits for those who enrolled in the indemnity private health insurance was higher than the number of outpatient visits for those who did not. But there was no statistically significant difference in outpatient medical expenses. Practical Implications: The results of this study shows that indemnity private health insurance may cause inequality in the healthcare utilization of the socially vulnerable. It is necessary to seek ways to strengthen the health security of chronic disease patients and high-risk elderly people who need more healthcare.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.131-154
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• 2021

This study is to in-depth analysis of the copyright issues related to the library's e-book service, which is the cause of the recent conflict between the publishing industry and the library industry. To this end, the purpose and outline of the copyright system were briefly summarized. Then, the jurisprudence of the Copyright Act applied to the borrowing of paper books and e-books was analyzed, and the position of the publisher's association and the library industry were reviewed together. In addition, problems of the current copyright act related to e-book services were diagnosed and directions for improvement were sought. Unlike in the case of paper books, first sale doctrine does not apply to e-book borrowing, so the library cannot acquire the right to service just by purchasing e-books. Based on the contract signed with the distributor in the process of purchasing the e-book, the library acquires the right to service the e-book. However, if the validity period of the exclusive publication right expires, the contract itself becomes invalid, which can cause serious problems in the stability of library services and preservation of resources. In order to solve this problem, it is suggested that the first sale doctrine needs to be extended to digital works.