• 생명과학회지
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• 제17권2호통권82호
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• pp.223-229
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• 2007

배추흰나비 날개 형성기 동안 용기 특이 큐티클 단백질의 국소부위에 따른 분포와 신생조직합성에 있어 이의 시공간적 역할을 조사하였다. 큐티클에서 27 kd 단백질은 국소 부위에 따른 질적 변화는 거의 없으나 용 초이게 비교적 높은 농도를 보이다가 성충기로 감에 따라 서서히 농도가 낮아지는 양적인 변화를 나타내고 있다. 지방체에서 27 kd 단백질은 용화 후 3일까지는 흉부와 복부에서 전시기에 걸쳐 확인되고 있지만 그 이후 부터는 농도가 감소하는 경향을 나타내고 있다. Western blot 상에서도 27 kd 큐티클 단백질의 흉부와 복부의 국소적인 분포에는 거의 차이가 없으나 용말기와 성충 날개큐티클에서는 동질성을 보여주고 있다. $^{3}H-leucine$은 흉부와 복부 큐티클의 27 kd 단백질에 시공간적인 차이를 두고 통합되고 있으며, 용말기와 우화직전 흉부 큐티클과 복부 큐티클의 27 kd 단백질에서는 확인되지 않았으나 우화직전과 직후의 날개큐티클에 통합되는 패턴을 보여주고 있다. 지방체와 표피에서도 27 kd 단백질에 대한 통합이 두드러지게 나타나고 있다. 27 kd 용기 특이 큐티클 단백질은 국소 부위에 따른 질적, 양적 차이는 나타나지 않았으나 날개 형성기 동안 부분적으로 27 kd 단백질이 포함된 endocuticle이 소화, 재흡수 과정을 통해 성충 날개 큐티클의 형성에 관여할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.144-152
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• 1998

Changes of biological components in haemolymph of Helicoverpa assulta Guenee were investigated during the development and pupae of cold-stress periods. Protein content was the highest in the larval stage, whereas it showed somewhat lower level at the cold-stressed pupae. The level of free amino acids was high in the larval and adult stages. Althougth decresed in pupal stage, the level of free amino acid remarkably increased at the cold-stressed pupae. Total lipids were a little increased at the pupal stage, after small quantity decreased in I-day old adults, and then remarkably decreased at the cold-stressed pupae. Glycogen was increased at the pupal stage, and somewhat decreased in the stage of adult, but remarkably decreased at the cold-stressed pupae. From thin layer chromatographic analysis, glucose was detected in small quantity at 1-day old pupae, one-day old adults, and cold-stressed pupae, respectively. Each .activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases was the highest in the 1 and 7-day old pupae, respectively, and both enzyme activities were increased about two-fold compared to the activity in the cold-stressed pupae. A total of 2 phosphatase isozymes were observed in throughout the developmental stage, and a new isozyme specific to cold-stressed pupae was identified.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.139-145
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• 1973

솔나방(Dendrolimus spectabilis)의 變態에 따른 acid 및 alkaline phosphatase의 活性度의 變化를 測定하였다. 두 酵素의 活性度는 幼蟲의 成長과 더불어 增加하고 전용기에서 減少하였다. Acid phosphatase는 용기의 初에, 그리고 alkaline phosphatase는 幼蟲8齡에서 각각 最高의 活性을 나타내었다. 전용기에서 두 酵素간의 活性度의 차이는 크게 나타나지 않았으나 幼蟲8齡에서 보다는 훨씬 낮았다. Acid phosphatase의 活性度는 용기초에 增加하고 용기말에서 減少하다가 成蟲에서 다시 上昇하였다. Total phosphatase의 活性度의 變化는 變態에 따른 生理的曲線인 U字型 pattern을 나타내었다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.284-288
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• 2018

Scuttle fly의 중추신경계는 알 시기와 애벌레 1령 시기는 애벌레의 크기가 너무 작아서 중추신경계를 분리하기 곤란하여 채취하지 못하여 형태를 관찰할 수 없었고, 애벌레 시기 2령(instar) 2~3일은 윗부분의 뇌가 좌측과 우측으로 분리되어 있었고 아래 부분에는 식도하신경절에 의해 복신경색이 "ㄴ"자 모양으로 연결되어 있었다. 애벌레 3령 3~5일은 2령에 비해 중추신경계가 약간 커져 있는 것을 제외하고는 동일한 특성을 가지고 있었다. 번데기 시기에는 중추신경계가 앞쪽 머리에 위치하고 있었고, 번데기 1~3일에는 애벌레 3령 시기의 모양과 형태가 거의 비슷했으며, 번데기 4~6일에는 좌측과 우측으로 분리되어 있었던 뇌 조직이 점점 밀착되어 합쳐져 있었으며 가장자리에 자리 잡은 시엽도 점점 발생하여 완성된 형태로 만들어지고 있었다. 번데기 7~9일에는 시엽 가장자리에 안구 색소(eyeball pigment)가 관찰되었고 식도하신경절이 뇌 조직과 결합되면서 복신경색 조직과 분리되기 시작하고 신경섬유(nerve fiber)도 많이 증가되고 있었다. 번데기 10~12일에는 중추신경계의 뇌와 복신경색이 뚜렷하게 분리되었고 시엽의 안구 색소도 진한 갈색으로 뚜렷이 관찰되었다. 번데기 13~15일에는 분리된 뇌와 복신경색 조직이 가느다란 신경섬유에 의해 겨우 연결되어 있었고 복신경색 조직도 위와 아래로 두 개로 분리되기 시작하였고 무수히 많은 신경섬유가 생성되어 있었다. 그리고 성충 시기에는 번데기 13~15일 시기와 거의 비슷한 특징을 가지고 있고, 특히 중추신경계 조직인 머리 부분의 뇌 조직과 가슴 앞쪽 부분의 복신경색 조직이 위치해 있는 것을 관찰하였다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.107-113
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• 1980

The concentration of total protein during the metamorphosis of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella $H\ddot{u}bner$ was measured using micro-Kjeldahl method by Oser(1965). Healthy specimens were chosen as samples at each developmental stages: the 1st instar larva, the 3rd inster larva, final instar larva, pupae 2, 6, 10 days and the adult 1 day. The total protein concentration decreased gradually until the two day pupal stage and increased at the six day pupal stage. In the one day dault stage, the concentration reached a maximum. In conclusion, changes of total protein concentation through the course of the physiological cycle form a U-shaped curve when graphed against the histolysis of larval organs and the histogenesis of adult organs. In view of controlling pest, the U-shaped pattern of physiological activity indicates that control will be the most effective at the time of the most physiological weakness manifested at the two day pupal stage.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.656-663
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was aimed to compare the nutritional content of the life stages of Tenebrio molitor. Methods: Nutritional element analysis comprised 12 minerals, 18 amino acids, 4 vitamins, and 12 fatty acids in larval, pupal, and adult stages. Nutritional element content was expressed as a percentage of 100 g of sample and determined in raw and freeze-dried samples to assess the food value of the insect. Results: Moisture, crude protein, and crude fat contents in raw samples were 63.5%, 23.19%, and 3.96%, respectively. Moisture content was significantly higher in the adult stage than in larval and pupal stages, whereas crude fat and crude ash contents were lower. Mineral composition of the mealworm showed K, P, and Mg in decreasing order of content, with no differences among life stages. Total amino acid content increased from adult, pupal to larval stages, in order with each stage's growth, without difference in amino acid composition. Seventy-six to 78% of total fatty acid corresponded to unsaturated fatty acids, with oleic acid as the most abundant. In addition, fatty acid content was high in the adult stage, and clear differences were observed between life stages. Finally, vitamins B1 and B3 showed similar content between life stages, whereas vitamin B2 showed a higher content the adult than larval and pupal stages. A higher folate content was observed in pupal and adult stages than in the larval stage. Although freeze-dried samples showed a higher nutritional content than raw samples, both samples were similar in composition and content between life stages, suggesting the suitability of freeze-dried samples for use as food materials. Conclusion: These results may provide a basis for more diversified industrial applications of the Tenebrio molitor.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.21-25
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• 2005

As a means for year-round rearing of bumblebee, CO$_{2}$ -narcosis time favorable for colony development was identified in Bombus terrestris. CO$_{2}$ -narcosis time divided into five classes: 11 days of adult emergence (A-11), the day of adult emergence (A-0), late pupal stage (LP), middle pupal sta ge (MP), and early pupal stage (EP). In egg-laying characteristics, the oviposition rate of LP, A-11 and A-0 was over 76.0$\%$, but that of MP and EP was less than 61.1 $\%$. At the same time, the days needed to first oviposition shortened to 9.8 ­10.5 days in A-11, A-O and LP, comparing to 13.7 -16.1 days in MP and EP. The rate of colony foundation, progeny-queen produced and period of colony foundation of A-11 were the best results in among those at different CO$_{2}$-treatment time. The number of worker produced was 109.2 -110.5 in A-H, LP and A-H, comparing to 82.0 - 86.8 in MP and EP. Also, the number of progeny-queen produced of A-H, A-O and LP was 36.1, 41.0 and 71.3, respectively, which corresponded to 1.5 - 3.1 fold higher than MP and EP. Taken these together, CO$_{2}$-narcosis time favorable for colony development was determined to be 11 days of adult emergence. Also, the day of adult emergence and late pupal stage showed a positive effect on the oviposition and colony development in CO$_{2}$-narcosis time.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.117-120
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• 1971

이화명충의 유충, 번데기, 성충에 $Co^{60}$ gamma ray를 조사하여 웅성불임기술에 관한 자료를 얻기위한 실험결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 번데기의 성비는 암컷 2,903에 대해 숫컷은 2,924이었다. 2) 번데기의 $(LD_{50})$은 암컷이 26KR, 숫컷이 26.7KR이었다. 3) 처리한 숫컷성충과 교미한 암컷의 평균 산란수는 고선량일수록 감소하며 난괴수는 증가하였다. 4) 숫컷의 $(SD_{90})$은 23KR이었으며 30KR 이상에서는 거이 불임이 유기되었다. 5) 웅성불임을 유기 시키기 위하여 방사선을 조사시키는 시기는 번데기 시기가(3-6일령) 가장 적합하다고 본다

• BMB Reports
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.393-398
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• 2011

Polydnaviruses are a group of double-stranded DNA viruses and are symbiotically associated with some ichneumonoid wasps. As proviruses, the replication of polydnaviruses occurs in the female reproductive organ at the pupal stage. This study analyzed the effects of two developmental hormones, juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysteroid, on the viral replication of Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV). All 23 CpBV segments identified contained a conserved excision/rejoining site ('AGCTTT') from their proviral segments. Using quantitative real-time PCR based on this excision/rejoining site marker, initiation of CpBV replication was determined to have occurred on day 4 on the pupal stage. Pyriproxyfen, a JH agonist, significantly inhibited adult emergence of C. plutellae, whereas RH5992, an ecdysteroid agonist, had no inhibitory effect. Although RH5992 had no effect dose on adult development, it significantly accelerated viral replication. The results of immunoblotting assays against viral coat proteins support the effects of the hormone agonists on viral replication.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.107-113
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• 1997

Antisera against the myotropic neuropeptide leucokinin I, originally isolated from head extracts of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae, have been used to investigate the distribution of the leucokinin I-immunoreactive (LK I-IR) neurons in the brain of the common cutworm, Spodoptera Iitura, during postembryonic development. The LK I-IR neurons are found at the larval stages (excluding first instar larval stage), pupal stages, and adult stage, of which the brains have been examined in this experiment. The number of the LK I-IR neurons in the brain increases from the second instar larva to the fifth instar larva which has about 32, the largest number in all postembryonic stages. Thereafter, the LK I-IR neurons begin to decrease in number. During the pupal stages, smaller number of LK I-IR neurons persist in the brains; 6 or 4. At adult stage the brain contains 8 LK I-IR neurons. The LK I-IR cell bodies are distributed in each dorsal cortex of both cerebral hemispheres in the second instar larva and through all the neuromeres of the brain during later larval stages, despite of being a large number of the LK I-IR cell bodies in dorsolateral neuromeres. At pupal stages, most of the LK I-IR cell bodies are found in the pars intercerebralis. Extremely small number of the LK I-IR cell bodies are localized in the pars lateral is. Adult brain contains the LK I-IR cell bodies in the pars intercerebralis and the middle cortex of the posterior brain. The LK I-IR nerve processes can be easily found in the neuropils of almost all the neuromeres in the brains of third, fourth, fifth and sixth instar larvae. Most of the LK I-IR nerve fibers in those brains are originated from the LK I-IR cell bodies located in the brains. The LK I-IR cell bodies which have very weak reactivities to the antisera do not show projection of the LK I-IR nerve processes in the brains.