• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.149-153
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• 2014

Nausea and emesis are a major side effect and obstacle for chemotherapy in cancer patients. Employ of antiemetic drugs help to suppress chemotherapy-induced emesis in some patients but not all patients. Ginger, an herbal medicine, has been traditionally used to treat various kinds of diseases including gastrointestinal symptoms. Ginger is effective in alleviating nausea and emesis, particularly, for cytotoxic chemotherapy drug-induced emesis. Ginger-mediated antiemetic effect has been attributed to its pungent constituents-mediated inhibition of serotonin (5-HT) receptor activity but its cellular mechanism of action is still unclear. Emetogenic chemotherapy drugs increase 5-HT concentration and activate visceral vagal afferent nerve activity. Thus, 5-HT mediated vagal afferent activation is essential to provoke emesis during chemotherapy. In this experiment, water extract of ginger and its three major pungent constituent's effect on 5-HT-evoked responses were tested on acutely dispersed visceral afferent neurons with patch-clamp methods. The ginger extract has similar effects to antiemetic drug ondansetron by blocking 5-HT-evoked responses. Pungent constituents of the ginger, [6]-shogaol, [6]-gingerol, and zingerone inhibited 5-HT responses in a dose dependent manner. The order of inhibitory potency for these compounds were [6]-shogaol>[6]-gingerol>zingerone. Unlike well-known competitive 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron, all tested ginger constituents acted as non-competitive antagonist. Our results imply that ginger and its pungent constituents exert antiemetic effects by blocking 5-HT-induced emetic signal transmission in vagal afferent neurons.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.293-300
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• 1985

Volatile components of Korean horseradish roots harvested at different dates were prepared by steam distillation. Samples were examined by gas chromatography (GC) and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major pungent constituent, allyl isothiocyanate was confirmed add tended to increase with delayed harvest time. Pungent principles also included allyl thiocyanate, 2-phenethyl, 2-butyl, 4- pentenyl, benzyl and 3-methylthiopropyl isothiocyanates. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy study showed that allyl isothiocyanate - thiocyanate interconversion did not occur under the condition of this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.54-59
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• 1995

Compositional changes in pungent components of Dolsan Leaf Kimchi during fermentation were investigated. Major volatile compounds identified in the kimchi were 3-isothiocyanate-1-propene(allyl isothiocyanate, AITC) di-2-propenyl disulfide, 1-methoxy-2-butanol, 4-isothiocyanate-1-butene and dimethyl trisulfide. The contents of allyl isothiocyanate and 4-isothiocyanate-1-butene decreased, while dimethyl trisulfide increased during fermentation and storage. 1-methoxy 2-butanol increased at the initial stage of fermentation, showing highest at 2~3 days, and decreased thereafter. Di-2-propenyl disulfide decreased after 5 days and increased after 10days of storage. Total glucosinolate content increased by 3days and decreased from 4days of storage.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.69-69
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• 2019

Pepper (Capsicum spp.) is one of the main quality features of this crop because of its sense of pungency, which is due to the presence of capsaicinoids. This compound is synthesized as a secondary metabolite and found only in the placental tissue of spicy fruit (Suzuki et al., 1980). Stewart et al. (2005) concluded that Pun1 encodes for the acyltransferase AT3 and they demonstrated its involvement in capsaicinoids metabolism. It was analyzed that the capsaicinoids content and PUN1 genotype in pepper genetic resources which were selected with excellent phenotype in field evaluation. The number of pepper genetic resources analyzed was 135, and species were C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens. The content of capsaicinoid ranged from 0 mg/100g to 828 mg/100g. The content of 0 mg/100g was the sweet pepper type, the highest content is IT 158530, the capsaicinoid content of which was 828 mg/100g and species was C. annuum. PUN1 gene analysis showed 117 pungent, 5 hetero, and 13 non-pungent. PUN1 analysis showed that 5 out of 13 non-pungent accessions were detected with low levels of capsaicinoid.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.16-20
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• 1986

The major pungent component from Korean radish roots was purified by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC), and characterized as 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate on the basis of the sensory test (pungency), UV spectrum and mass spectrum analysis. The purified isothiocyanate moved as a single peak(retention time, 5.2 min) in RP-HPLC analysis, and as a single spot(Rf, 0.9) in TLC analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.27 no.1 s.53
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• pp.134-140
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was the discrimination of different tobacco types by the E-Nose/tongue and the analysis of what human sensory attributes are correlated with e-instrument's sensors. Samples were made from five groups of Korean domestic tobacco leaves, aged burley and not aged, aged flue-cured and not aged and blending types of the four. Instrumental tests were conducted to discriminate characteristics among different tobacco samples by the E-Nose and the E-Tongue. Sensory attributes of tobacco tastes were impact, irritation, bitterness, hay-like, tobacco taste, smoke volume, smoke pungent and mouth cleanness. STATISTICA software was used to analyze correlation between the human sensory data and the raw data of e-instruments. Discrimination analysis can be achieved using principal components analysis (PCA) and discriminant factorial analysis(DFA). As a result, impact, bitterness, irritation, smoke volume and smoke pungent of human sensory attributes were correlated with data from the several clustered E-Nose sensors(p < 0.10). And bitterness, irritation, and smoke pungent of human sensory attributes were correlated with data from the E-Tongue sensors(p < 0.10). PCA plot by the E-Nose shows that aged tobacco and not aged were discriminated and DFA plot shows that three groups(aged burley, not aged burley and flue-cured) were discriminated. PCA plot by the E- Tongue shows that flue-cured tobacco was separated from burley. Our results indicated that the e-instruments are sensitive enough to distinguish among tobacco types and their several sensors are reacted to the human sensory attributes.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.8-19
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• 2017

This study on "Wenbingtiaobian" covers identifying pattern of prescription, understanding system of multiple syndrome differentiations, characteristics of treatment and medicinal substances. The source books are "Korean translation of Wenbingtiaobian", "Modern Shanghanlun", "Jinkuiyaolueyishi", "Chinese Medicine Formulas". "Wenbingtiaobian" has system of multiple patterns including three energizer syndrome differentiation, classification of disease, six meridian syndrome differentiation and wei-qi-ying-xue syndrome differentiation. That describes cause, location, nature, power and transmutation of disease. Wei-qi-ying-xue pattern is meaningful to warm-heat disease and three energizer pattern is relevant to dampness-heat disease. The warm disease shows mostly yang brightness bowel syndrome and patterns of three yin viscera. In aspect of the heat disease, qi aspect pattern makes up the largest number of syndrome differentiation and have sometimes with bowel excess or fluid deficiency. And treatment for wei aspect pattern is primarily 'outthrust the pathogen with pungent-cool'. Deficiency cold pattern and cold pattern with dampness occupy most of cold patterns. And many dampness patterns are dampness-heat pattern in middle energizer and 'inhibited lung qi transforming' is major mechanism. Patterns with fluid deficiency in qi aspect syndrome appear mostly in upper or middle energizer and in xue aspect syndrome appear mostly in lower energizer and they form 20% of all syndrome differentiations. The treatment of clearing heat uses pungent-cool(cold) for upper energizer, sweet-cold for middle energizer, sweet(salty)-cold for lower energizer. The treatment of tonifying yin uses mostly salty-cold for middle or lower energizer. The treatment of outthrusting pathogen is applied to all the wei-qi-ying-xue aspect combined with other treatments by using pungent-cool(cold) and light herbs. Understanding diseases in the respect of syndrome differentiation can enhance understanding of modern diseases from a perspective of Korean Traditional Medicinal(KTM) and can make clinical application of KTM treatments easy. Data from this study are expected to be basic for standardization and systemization of KTM.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.19-28
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• 2003

Sokmyeungtang was the representative prescription for Apoplexy under the rule of Tang and Song dynasty of which the cultures were thriving in the history of China. However, the clinical use of Sokmyeungtang has been gradually reduced since Geumwon dynasty of China because it was misunderstood that the dryness heat drugs of pungent in flavor and warm in property such as Ephedra, Pubescent Angelica Root, Chinese Cassia Tree-Bark, Divaricate Saposhnikovia Root, Prepared Aconite Root, Fresh Ginger, and Wildginger Herb included in the presciption for Apoplexy supplemented heat as damaging Yin flood. In fact, the drugs pungent in flavor and warm in property activate exterior and interior circulation, circulate channels and collaterals, promote blood circulation, and remove blood stasis with the side effect of relieving exterior syndrome with drugs warming channels. When treating Apoplexy with Sokmyeungtang, the cold drugs such as Gypsum, Baikai Skullcap Root, and Pueraria Root are prescribed to suppress fire of pungent dryness and to control excessive heat of people with Apoplexy as reducing the effects of hot drugs causing impairment of Yin. For treatment of Apoplexy, the above drugs accelerate blood and Qi circulation in channels and collaterals and then in necrotic tissue of human body as removing blood stasis. Consequently, these drugs improve disorders of capillary tube circulation. If Sokmyeungtang, an old prescription, is properly understood, it will be substantially helpful to all kinds of treatments in clinical cases

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.133-144
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• 2009

Objective : We try to find out the literature and clinical evidences of seasonal formula through the analysis of the addition and subtraction of medical herbs in the formula according to the season. Method : In this study, we analyzed 122 seasonal prescriptions from "Dong-uibogam(東醫寶鑑)", "Bang-yakhappyeon(方藥合編)", "Jeongchijunsueng(證治準繩)", "Dangyesimbeop(丹溪心法)", "Uihakimmun(醫學入門)", "Uihakjeongjeon(醫學正傳)", "Gyeong-akjeonseo(景岳全書)" and "Taepyeonghyeminhwajegukbang(太平惠民和劑局方)". Results : In spring, pungent-warm herbs such as the dried rhizome of cnidium officinale Makino, the dried root of SEdebouriella divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. are used. In summer, bitter-cold such as the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, the dried rhizome of Coptis chinensis Franch. or pungent herbs such as the dried aerial part of Elsholtzia splendens Nakai, the dried ripe seed of Dolichos lablab L. are added. In fall and winter, pungent-bitter-hot herbs such as the dried ripe fruit of Evodia rutaecarpa Benth., the dried rhirome of Zingiber officinale Rosc. are used. Conclusions : In this paper, we have shown that several medical herbs could be added and subtracted in the formula according to the season because they have the seasonal characteristic Gi or treat seasonal pathogens.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 2003

The optimum extraction condition of pungent component from Zanthoxylum piperitum D.C pericarps by using supercritical fluid extraction(SFE) was investigated. The optimum condition of SFE was $300kg/cm^2$ of pressure, $60\;^{\circ}C$ of extraction temperature, 80% of $CO_2$ fluid, 20% of modifier(methanol) volume and 20 min of extraction time. The extraction efficiency between the classical solvent extraction method and SFE was studied. About 40% of extraction efficiency was improved when SFE was applied.