• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.517-527
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• 2021

본 논문에서는 단일칩 마이컴을 이용한 위상변위 방식 직류-직류 전력변환기를 제안한다. 제안한 전력변환기의 1차측은 위상변위 방식에 의하여 단극성 펄스폭변조(unipolar PWM)로 동작하는 풀브리지 전력구조이며, 2차측은 4개의 다이오드로 구성된 풀브리지 전파정류기이다. 제안한 전력변환기의 제어는 단일칩 마이컴에 의해 수행되고, 그 MOSFET 스위치들은 부트스트랩 회로에 의해 구동된다. 그래서 전력변환기의 전체 시스템은 간단하다. 제안한 전력변환기는 공진회로와 저지커패시터를 이용하여 고효율을 달성한다. 본 논문에서는 먼저, 제안한 전력변환기의 전력회로의 동작을 각 동작모드를 따라 설명한다. 그리고 제안한 전력변환기의 전력회로 설계방식을 보이고 제안한 전력변환기를 동작시키는 마이컴 상의 소프트웨어 제어 알고리즘과 피드백 및 스위치 구동 회로에 관하여 간략히 설명한다. 그 후, 본 논문에서 제시한 설계와 구현방식에 의하여 설계하고 제작된 시제품 전력변환기의 실험결과를 통하여 제안한 전력변환기의 동작 특성을 입증한다. 실험결과에서 약 92% 정도의 최고 효율을 얻었다.

• 한국정보기술학회논문지
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.115-121
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• 2018

근적외선을 이용한 형광 영상은 방사능에 대한 걱정이 없고 수술 중 실시간으로 영상 확인이 가능한 장점이 있다. 따라서 감시림프절 생검에 형광 영상을 이용하는 실험이 활발히 진행되고 있다. 형광 영상장비는 LED, 카메라와 같은 고발열 부품이 사용되어 안정적인 발열 억제 수단으로 수랭 방식의 쿨링 시스템을 사용하고 있다. 형광 영상장비에서 수랭 쿨링 시스템은 큰 부피를 차지하여 장비의 소형화 측면에서는 단점이 된다. 장비의 소형화를 위해 공랭 쿨링 방식을 이용할 경우 발열이 문제가 된다. 본 논문에서는 장비의 소형화를 위해 PWM 제어를 이용한 공랭 방식을 적용하여 실험을 했고, 장비를 장시간 사용해도 문제가 없는 일정한 품질의 형광 영상과 발열 억제 성능을 확인했다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.451-458
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• 2008

After more than 10 years construction, KSTAR (Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research) had finally completed its assembly in June 2007, and then achieved the goal of first-plasma in July 2008 through the four month's commissioning. KSTAR was constructed with fully superconducting magnets with material of $Nb_3Sn$ and NbTi, and their operation temperatures are maintained below 4.5K by the help of Helium Refrigerator System. During the first-plasma operation, plasmas of maximum current of 133kA and maximum pulse width of 865ms were obtained. The KSTAR Integrated Control System (KICS) has successfully fulfilled its missions of surveillance, device operation, machine protection interlock, and data acquisition and management. These and more were all KSTAR commissioning requirements. For reliable and safe operation of KSTAR, 17 local control systems were developed. Those systems must be integrated into the logically single control system, and operate regardless of their platforms and location installed. In order to meet these requirements, KICS was developed as a network-based distributed system and adopted a new framework, named as EPICS (Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System). Also, KICS has some features in KSTAR operation. It performs not only 24 hour continuous plant operation, but the shot-based real-time feedback control by exchanging the initiatives of operation between a central controller and a plasma control system in accordance with the operation sequence. For the diagnosis and analysis of plasma, 11 types of diagnostic system were implemented in KSTAR, and the acquired data from them were archived using MDSpius (Model Driven System), which is widely used in data management of fusion control systems. This paper will cover the design and implementation of the KSTAR integrated control system and the data management and visualization systems. Commissioning results will be introduced in brief.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.2280-2288
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• 2014

기존의 고출력 LED의 디밍(Dimming) 제어 방법에는 펄스폭변조, 주파수변조, 아날로그 제어 방법이 있으며, 아날로그 디밍은 순방향 고출력 LED 전류를 조정하는 방법으로 0%~100%의 전 범위에서 선형 밝기 조절이 가능하나 순방향 전류를 변화시킴으로써 파장의 변화가 존재하고, 펄스폭변조 디밍 제어는 고출력 LED에 흐르는 정격 전류의 듀티를 가변하여 조도를 제어하는 방식으로 저 레벨(0%~10%)에서 선형 밝기 조정이 어렵다. 그리고 주파수변조 디밍 또한 저 레벨의 디밍에서 빛이 깜박거리는 문제를 내포하고 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 디밍 방식의 단점을 보완하고자 저 레벨 디밍 제어 시 아날로그 방식을 적용하고, 10%~100%의 디밍 제어 시에 펄스폭변조 방식을 적용하는 효율적인 디밍 제어 회로의 설계 및 구현을 제안한다. 전 범위에 걸쳐 선형 밝기 조절이 가능하고, 다양한 디밍 레벨에서 일정한 파장의 출력이 가능한 디밍 제어 회로를 구현하였으며, 실험 결과는 제안한 방법의 우수성을 보여주고 있다.

• 전자공학회논문지C
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• 제35C권11호
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• pp.21-30
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• 1998

본 논문에서는 FPGA를 이용하여 산업용 구동장치로 널리 사용되고 있는 유도 전동기의 디지털 전류 제어시스템을 구현하였다. 이를 위해 VHDL을 이용하여 FPGA를 설계하였으며 이 FPGA는 PWM 발생부, PWM 보호부, 회전속도 검출부, 프로그램 폭주 방지부, 인터럽트 발생부, 디코더 로직부, 신호 지연 발생부 및 디지털 입·출력부로 각각 구성되어있다. 본 FPGA의 설계시 고속처리의 문제점을 해결하기 위해 클럭전용핀을 활용하였으며 또한 40 MHz에서도 동작할 수 있는 삼각파를 만들기 위해 업다운 카운터와 래치부를 병렬 처리함으로써 고속화하였다. 특히 삼각파와 각종 레지스터를 비교 연산할 때 많은 팬아웃 문제에 따른 게이트 지연(gate delay) 요소를 줄이기 위해 병렬 카운터를 두어 고속화를 실현하였다. 아울러 삼각파의 진폭과 주파수 및 PWM 파형의 데드 타임 등을 소프트웨어적으로 가변 하도록 하였다. 이와 같은 기능들을 FPGA로 구현하기 위하여 퀵로직(Quick Logic)사의 pASIC 2 SpDE와 Synplify-Lite 합성툴을 이용하여 로직을 합성하였다. 또한 Verilog HDL 환경에서 최악의 상황들(worst cases)에 대한 최종 시뮬레이션이 성공적으로 수행되었다. 아울러 구현된 FPGA를 84핀 PLCC 형태의 FPGA로 프로그래밍 한 후 3상 유도전동기의 디지털 전류 제어 시스템에 적용하였다. 이를 위해 DSP(TMS320C31-40 MHz)와 FPGA, A/D 변환기 및 전류 변환기(Hall CT) 등을 이용하여 3상 유도 전동기의 디지털 전류 제어 시스템을 구성하였으며, 디지털 전류 제어의 효용성을 실험을 통해 확인하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.159-166
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• 1992

The present study was designed to evaluate effects of intermittent electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve on the atrophic response of antigravity muscles, such as the soleus (slow m.) and medial gastrocnemius (fast m.) muscles. Rats (Sprague-Dawley, 245-255g) were subjected to a hindlimb suspension and divided into three groups : one was with hindlimb suspension (MS) and another with hindlimb suspension plus intermittent electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve (HS ES). Control group (CONT) was kept free without strain of the hindlimb. After 7 days of hindlimb suspension, the soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscles were cut at their insertion sites, and were then connected to the force transducer to observe their mechanical properties. Optimal pulse width and frequency of electrical stimulation were 0.2ms, 20Hz for the soleus muscle and 0.3ms, 40Hz for the medial gastrocnemius muscle under supramaximal stimulation. Body weight and circumference of the hindlimb were significantly decreased in HS and HS-ES groups compared with the control group. In HS-ES group, however, the weight of the soleus muscle was not different from that in the control group while the weight of the medial gastrocnemius muscle was lower than that in the control group. In HS group, mechanical properties of muscle contraction including contraction time, half relaxation time, twitch tension, tetanic tension, and fatigue index of both muscles were significantly decreased compared with the control group except for twitch tension and tetanic tension of medial gastrocnemius muscle. The degree of atrophy of the soleus muscle in HS group was more prominent than that of the medial gastrocnemius muscle. Twitch tension and fatigue index of the soleus muscle and fatigue index of the medial gastrocnemius muscle in HS-ES group were not different from those of the control group. While mechanical properties of the soleus muscle examined were all significantly increased in HS-ES group compared with HS group, only contraction time and fatigue index of the medial gastrocnemius muscle were significantly increased in HS-ES group. These data indicate that intermittent electrical stimulation may be useful in prevention of muscle atrophy.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.1139-1147
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 S대역 400 MHz 대역폭을 갖는 능동 배열 위상레이더 시스템에 적용 가능한 GaN 반도체 전력 증폭기의 설계 및 제작 측정에 관해 소개하였다. GaN 팔레트 증폭 소자를 ${\lambda}$/4 입출력 차이를 둔 결합기를 이용하여 고출력 증폭기를 구현하였고, Suspended 형태의 고출력용 저손실 결합기와 개구면을 이용한 스트립라인 간의 커플러를 사용하여 자동 이득 제어(ALC) 기능을 가지는 고출력, 고효율의 반도체 전력증폭기를 구현하였다. 제작된 반도체 전력증폭기는 자동 이득 제어 미적용 시 최대 출력 5 kW, 효율 27.8 %, 이득 67 dB 특성을 가지며, 자동 이득 제어 적용 시 출력 4 kW, 효율 25.5 %와 duty 10 %, 최장 펄스 200 us에서 droop 0.1 dB 특성을 갖는다.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.61-73
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• 2014

Multiphase machines are characterized by high power density, enhanced fault-tolerant capacity, and low torque pulsation. For a voltage source inverter supplied multiphase machine, the probability of load imbalances becomes greater and unwanted low-order stator voltage harmonics occur. This paper deals with the PWM control of multiphase inverters under unbalanced load conditions and it proposes a novel near-five-vector SVPWM algorithm based on the five-phase six-leg inverter. The proposed algorithm can output symmetrical phase voltages under unbalanced load conditions, which is not possible for the conventional SVPWM algorithms based on the five-phase five-leg inverters. The cause of extra harmonics in the phase voltages is analyzed, and an xy coordinate system orthogonal to the ${\alpha}{\beta}z$ coordinate system is introduced to eliminate low-order harmonics in the output phase voltages. Moreover, the digital implementation of the near-five-vector SVPWM algorithm is discussed, and the optimal approach with reduced complexity and low execution time is elaborated. A comparison of the proposed algorithm and other existing PWM algorithms is provided, and the pros and cons of the proposed algorithm are concluded. Simulation and experimental results are also given. It is shown that the proposed algorithm works well under unbalanced load conditions. However, its maximum modulation index is reduced by 5.15% in the linear modulation region, and its algorithm complexity and memory requirement increase. The basic principle in this paper can be easily extended to other inverters with different phase numbers.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2004년도 ICCAS
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• pp.582-587
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• 2004

Ultrasonic sensors are widely used in mobile robot applications to recognize external environments, because they are cheap, easy to use, and robust under varying lighting conditions. However, the recognition of objects using a ultrasonic sensor is not so easy due to its characteristics such as narrow beam width and no reflected signal from a inclined object. As one of the alternatives to resolve these problems, use of multiple sensors has been studied. A sequential driving system needs a long measurement time and does not take advantage of multiple sensors. Simultaneous and pulse coding driving system of ultrasonic sensor array cannot measure short distance as the length of the code becomes long. This problem can be resolved by multi-frequency driving of ultrasonic sensors, which allows multi-sensors to be fired simultaneously and adjacent objects to be distinguished. Accordingly, this paper presents a simultaneous and multi-frequency driving system for an ultrasonic sensor array for object recognition. The proposed system is designed and implemented using a DSP and FPGA. A micro-controller board is made using a DSP, Polaroid 6500 ranging modules are modified for firing the multi-frequency signals, and a 5-channel frequency modulated signal generating board is made using a FPGA. To verify the proposed method, experiments were conducted in an environment with overlapping signals, and the flight distances for each sensor were obtained from filtering of the received overlapping signals and calculation of the time-of-flights.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.415-424
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• 2014

PURPOSE: This study examined the effect of high-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and San-Yin-Jiao (SP6) acupressure on primary dysmenorrhea. Furthermore, the difference in effectiveness between the two methods were compared. METHODS: Twenty-six students participated in this study, and were randomly assigned to a high-frequency TENS group(experimental 1, n=9), a San-Yin-Jiao (SP6) acupressure group(experimental 2, n=9), and no treatment group(control, n=8). They were assessed and treated on the first day of their menstruation. The TENS protocol included applying 20 minutes of stimulation with a frequency of 100Hz, $100{\mu}sec$ pulse width. Four electrodes were placed on the skin 3 cm from midline at T12-L1 and S2-3 paravertebral muscles. San-Yin-Jiao (SP6) acupressure should be applied with the thumb for 10 minutes(8 seconds pressure and 2 seconds rest) on the SP6 acupoint. This procedure should be repeated for the other foot. Dysmenorrheal pain measured two pain assessment tools (VAS, DPT) pre-treatment; immediate post-treatment; 30minutes, 1, 2hours; and 3, 4, 5, 6, 24 hours after the VAS test were added. RESULTS: The results showed significant differences in pain assessments (VAS, DPT) after treatment for subjects of experimental group1 (p<.05) and experimental group2 (p<.05), whereas the between-group comparison found no statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION: This result supports the idea that using two methods could be effective in pain reduction among students who suffered from primary dysmenorrhea.