• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.51-60
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• 2006

Juglans mandshurica barks were collected, extracted with acetone-$H_2O$ (7:3, v/v), fractionated with n -hexane, $CH_2Cl_2$, and EtOAc, and freeze dried to give some dark brown powder. The EtOA cand $H_2O$ soluble fractions were chromatographe d on a Sephadex LH-20 column using $H_2O$-MeOH and EtOH-hexane mixture as eluents. Spectrometric analysis such as NMR and MS, including TLC,were performed to characterize the structures of the isolated compounds. From the EtOAc and $H_2O$ soluble fractions, three flavanols (1~3), three flavonols (4~6) and five flavonol glycosides (7~11) were isolated and elucidated.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2009

The impact absorption materials made of synthetic organic chemical product like Expanded Polystyrene(EPS), Expanded Polyethylene(EPE), Expanded Polyurethane(EPU), etc. have been used with general packaging material until the present. But nowadays, the use of these materials is intended to be decreased and to be recycled in connection with environmental pollution. In addition, it has been tried to substitute these materials with non-pollution materials(natural materials) like pulp mould, paper protectors, etc. At the same time, it is required to evaluate and analyze these cushioning materials for cushioning properties based on impact and vibration, in order to make an efficiency on the overall packaging system because they are generally being used by a random choice regardless of the properties of contents and cushioning materials. Therefore, this study provides analyzed data on cushioning properties of various cushioning materials against impact and vibration, and is intended to provide more efficient model for packaging system by minimizing their using amount through choosing an optimal cushioning material as well as intended to lead to the use of nonpollution materials in case these cushioning materials have same cushioning properties.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.323-328
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• 2016

Thermal stability and rheological behaviors of Ricinodendron heudelotii wood were investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis conducted at a heating rate of $10^{\circ}C/min$ from 20 to $600^{\circ}C$ in a nitrogen atmosphere indicated that there was no variation in the decomposition of the onset and final temperature for all the polymers. The thermal behaviours were investigated at a temperature range from 130 to $0^{\circ}C$ at $3^{\circ}C/min$, multi-frequencies of 0.1-10 Hz using dynamic mechanical analysis. N-methyl-2-pyrolidone saturated specimens were tested while submerged under the same solvent. Polymers decomposition pattern during thermogravimetric analysis are similar in the radial position of the wood. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of R. heudelotii is $45{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ at 0.1 Hz. The Tg differs from the innerwood to outerwood. The Tg showed that N-methyl-2-pyrolidone saturated R. heudelotii would require low energy consumption during chemi-thermomechanical pulping.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.135-159
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• 2001

This study analyses the energy consumption increase by using a physical production index (PPI) based decomposition method. The energy efficiency of the Korean industry deteriorated to a large extent in the 1992 to 1997 period. This outcome, however, does not contradict the result of a previous study that the physical energy intensities (measured by energy use per production unit) decreased in four Korean energy intensive industries such as steel, cement, petrochemical and pulp and paper in the same period. Although the physical energy intensities in four industries considered decreased significantly, the energy efficiency of the Korean industry deteriorated because the increase in the value-added production was smaller than that in the physical production except for the steel industry. This outcome suggests that the reduction in the physical energy intensity alone will not result in reducing the economic energy intensity, thereby reducing the increase in the energy consumption of the Korean industry. Therefore, it necessitates to restructure the Korean industry towards a higher value-added production and to strengthen energy efficiency improvement efforts in the Korean industry. As the overinvestment in the energy intensive industries caused a deep price fall of Korean products and a reduction of the value added of the Korean industry and with it an increase in the economic energy intensity, a decrease in this intensity will highly depend on reducing the overcapacity in the energy intensive industries which was partly responsible for the currency and economic crisis of 1997.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.99-104
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• 2001

Purpose : Loss of sensibility over the finger tip resents a grave deficit and is an indication for sensible soft tissue reconstruction. This paper was performed to assess the long term results obtained by nerovascular island flap. Material and Methods : We performed neurovascular island graft for defective sensibility of finger tip loss in 94 cases since 1979 to 2000. The recipient sites were the thumb pulp defect in 79 cases, the amputated thumb in 9 cases, the amputated index in 4 cases, and the velar aspect of interphalangeal joint of thumb in 2 cases. The donor flaps were obtained from the radial side of ring finger in 63 cases, the ulnar side of the ring finger in 21 cases, and the ulnar side of the middle finger in 10 cases. A mean follow-up period was 5.7 years. Results : The flap quality was well vascularized and survived in 89 cases. The two-point discrimination was average 8.7mm. Because of scar contracture, the range of motion of the donor finger was decreased 3.5% of the normal finger in the distal interphalangeal joint, 8,2% in the proximal interphalangeal joint. A phenomenon of double sensibility occurred in 66 cases. Conclusion : This technique was excellent both aesthetically and functionally as a reconstruction of the Loss of fingertip.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.257-263
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• 1997

Pentachlorophenol(PCP) which ks widely used in wood preservation, pulp and paper mills, has led to a substantial envirortmental contamination. To get the reliable data for the effective health risk assessment with PCP, covalent binding potential of PCP to cellular macromolecules and glutathione(GSH) was investigated after intraperitoneal administration of $^{14}C-PCP$ to rats. PCP metabolites were able to bind covalently to serum albumin and hepatic protein in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Hepatic protein adducts of PCP metabolites were increased as a function of cytochrome P-450 activities, whereas, albumin adducts significantly decreased. Covalent binding of PCP metabolites with DNA or hemoglobin was not observed. GSH levels in liver tissue decreased over 12hrs, however, the level was recovered after 48hrs. Tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (1,4-TCBQ), one of the most reactive PCP metabolites, conjugated with GSH very rapidly. Base on our results, we could conclude that PCP metabolized to reactive electrophilic metabolites by cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes and conjugated rapidly with neighboring protein or nonprotein sulfhydryl before reacting with DNA or hemoglobin. We propose that albumin adducts and mercapturic acids of PCP metabolites can be used good biomarker of recent PCP exposure.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.275-280
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• 1999

The genus of Hypoxylon, well known wood degrading fungi, is a member of the Xylariales, which has woody to carbonaceous, brown to dark brown stromata. Hypoxylon moriforme, which was isolated from heavily decayed hardwood, is fairly described by electron microscope. The isolation of H. moriforme will be the first record and the first description in Korea. The species collected, having small size of ascospores $7.5\sim9.0\times2.5\sim4.0{\mu}m$ and asci $75\sim130\times3\sim5{\mu}m$, are taxonomically compared with H. truncatum, which is well known as a popular species in Northeast Asia. And H. bovei and H. annulatum, which are the tropic to subtropic species and also compared with other temperate species of H. moriforme.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2003

A major concern in solvent extraction process is the loss of extractant into the aqueous phase due to its slight solubility in the aqueous phase. Similarly, in membrane extraction processes, extractant loss through extractant leakage from the membrane into the aqueous phase is also a concern. Several published membrane extraction studies using Aliquat 336 ai the extractant, have expressed this concern, but none has studied extractant leakage quantitatively. It is the authors' opinion that the extractant leakage should be considered at a technical parameter of a membrane. In our laboratory active progress has been made in using Aliquat 336 ‘entangled’ into the polymer membranes to remove heavy metal ions from wastewater samples. In this work, we studied the loss of Aliquat 336 from the point of view of its solubility in aqueous solutions. The results showed that the solubilities or Aliquat 3,36 in an aqueous phase acidified with 2 M HCI it about 0.1 g/100 m/ of the solution. This figure provides a useful guideline for evaluating the leakage of the Aliquatoat 336 extractant from the membranes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.115-120
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• 2021

In this study, cigarettes, which are an essential element in the production of tobacco, are generally not cylindrical. The main materials used for cigarettes are generally hemp and pulp. For the production of cylindrical cigarettes, the cigarettes or cylinders are mounted via gluing. This adhesive is a vinyl acetate emulsion, a high-temperature melt adhesive, and is adhered in a cylindrical shape immediately after being linearly applied to the inner surface of the paper roll or a local part. These adhesives are greatly affected by the atmospheric temperature of the manufacturing space in summer and winter. In the summer, even if the adhesive is temporarily adhered, the coagulation time of the adhesive is long, and problems such as deterioration of the adhesive state occur. in the winter, there is a problem that the temperature of the manufacturing space is low and the adhesive force of the adhesive is poor, resulting in defective adhesive products. In order to solve these problems, another heat transfer device is utilized to cure the remaining adhesive to ensure higher adhesiveness.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.650-658
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• 2010

Purpose: In the case of repair for far distal parts of FDP (Flexor digitorum profundus) division, the method of either pull-out suture or fixation of tendon to the distal phalanx is preferred. In this paper, the results of a modified loop suture technique used for the complete division of FDP from both zone 1a and distal parts of zone 1b in Moiemen classification are presented. Methods: From July 2006 to July 2009, the modified loop suture technique was used for the 10 cases of FDP in complete division from zone 1a and distal parts of zone 1b, especially where insertion sites were less than 1 cm apart from a tendon of a stump. In a suture technique, a loop is applied to each distal and proximal parts of tendon respectively. Core suture of 2-strand and epitendinous suture are done with PDS 4-0. Out of 10 patients, the study was done on 6 patients who were available for the followup. The average age of the patients was 49.1 years (in the range from 26 to 67). 5 males and 1 female patients were involved in this study. There were 3 cases with zone 1a and distal parts of zone 1b. The average distance to the distal tendon end was 0.6 cm. There were 5 cases underwent microsurgical repair where both artery and nerve divided. One case of only tendon displacement was presented. The dorsal protective splint was kept for 5 weeks on average. The results of the following tests were measured: active & passive range of motion, grip strength test, key pinch and pulp pinch test. Results: The follow-up period on average was 11 months, in the range from 2 to 20 months. There was no case of re-rupture, but tenolysis was performed in 1 cases. In all 6 cases, the average active range of motion of distal interphalangeal joint was 50.8 degree. The grip strength (ipsilateral/contralateral) was measured as 88.7% and the pulp pinch test was 79.2% as those of contralateral side. Flexion contracture was presented in 2 cases (15 degree on average) and there was no quadrigia effect found. Conclusion: Despite short length of tendon from the insertion site in FDS rupture in zone 1a and distal parts of zone 1b, sufficient functional recovery could be expected with the tendon to tendon repair using the modified loop suture technique.