• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.81-97
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study is analyzing the current research methodology of pharmacopucture for the treatment of animal cancer models. Methods : Four electronic databases were searched for animal studies published from January 2000 to September 2014 onward using these search terms "cancer, anticancer, pharmacopuncture, beevenom". Selected articles were described about animal cancer models. The methods used to induce cancer and the outcome measures used to assess the effects of pharmacopuncture on animal cancer models were analyzed. Results : 37 articles were included. For producing animal cancer models BALB/C mice(n=22) and C57BL/6 mice(n=17) were selected. And intravenous injection of B16-F10 melanoma cells into tail vein(n=14) or intraperitoneal injection of sarcoma-180 cells(n=14) were frequently used to induce cancer. Various pharmacopunctures were injected into acupoints $CV_{12}(n=19)$, $ST_{36}(n=8)$, $BL_{18}(n=8)$ or peritoneal cavity(n=6), tumor site(n=2), tail vein(n=2). Outcome measures were categorized into anti-cancer, anti-metastasis, general condition, cytotoxicity, immune response, toxicity. Median Survival Time(MST) and increase of life span(ILS)(n=26) was frequently used for evaluating anti-cancer effects. And pulmonary colonization assay(n=13) was frequently used for evaluating anti-metastasis effects Conclusions : Based on these data, further research would be needed to ascertain the effectiveness of pharmacopuncture for treating cancer and broaden the range of clinical applications.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.381-386
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• 2002

Background: Bronchial carcinoids account for approximately 2% of all pulmonary tumor and consist of typical carcinoids and atypical carcinoids. An atypical carcinoids is considered to be an intermediate form of tumor between a low-grade malignant typical carcinoid and a high-grade malignant small cell lung carcinoma. There is still controversy with regard to the extent of resection and the value of systemic adjuvant therapy in atypical carcinoids. We performed a retrospective review of our experiences at Severance Hospital. Material and Method: Between 1990 and 2000, 15 patients with bronchial carcioids were operated, and 5 of these had atypical carcinoids. Histologic diagnosis was established un the criteria of WHO/IASLC(1999). Result: There were 3 pneumonectomies, 11 lobectomies, and 1 segmentectomy. In typical carcinoids, one patient had regional lymph node metastasis, and 3 patients in atypical carcinoids had mediastinal lymph node metastases. Distant metastases developed in one patient of typical carcinoid, but developed in 4 patients of atypical carcinoids(p=0.0017). The 5-year survival rate in patients with atypical carcinoids was 20%, versus the 100% 5-year survival rate observed in patients with topical carcinoids(p=0.0039). Conclusion: In atypical carcincids, because of many lymph node metastases on diagnosis and a low long-term survival rate, lobectomy constitutes a mininal procedure. Adjuvant systemic therapy is recommended fur patients with lymph node and distant metastasis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.506-512
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• 2010

Background: This study was designed to evaluate the FDG uptake ratio of mediastinal node and primary tumors using integrated PET/CT imaging combined with Glut-1 expression of the primary tumor in order to predict the N2 status more accurately in NSCLC patients. Material and Method: Patients who underwent integrated PET/CT scanning with a detectable mSUV for both primary tumors and mediastinal lymph nodes were eligible for this study. The FDG uptake ratio between the mediastinal node and the primary tumor was calculated. Result: The average mSUV of primary tumors and mediastinal nodes were, respectively, $7.4{\pm}2.2$ and $4.2{\pm}2.2$ in N2-positive patients and $7.6{\pm}3.7$ and $2.8{\pm}6.9$ in N2-negative patients. The mean FDG uptake ratio of mediastinal node to primary tumor were $0.58{\pm}0.23$ for malignant N2 lymph nodes and $0.45{\pm}0.20$ for benign lymph nodes (p<0.05). Models which combined Glut-1 expression with an FDG ratio have better diagnostic power than models that use the FDG uptake ratio alone. Conclusion: In some patients with a previous history of pulmonary tuberculosis or other inflammatory lung diseases, an FDG uptake ratio combined with Glut-1 expression may be useful in diagnosing mediastinal node metastasis more exactly.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.286-291
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• 2004

Mediastinum is a very rare primary site of liposarcoma. In general, wide surgical excision with adequate resection margin is the treatment of choice for lipesarcoma. We experienced a case of liposarcoma in a 24 year-old male who complained of dyspnea and chest discomfort. Symptoms had been developed a month before admission, and the intensity had been gradually increased. He visited another general hospital, and there he received left closed thoracostomy because hemothorax was suspected. Afterwards, he was transferred to our hospital without a specific diagnosis, on review of outside chest computed tomography film, mass shadow was detected in the mediastinum. For the further evaluation, we checked the chest sonography and chest magnetic resonance imaging. MRI showed 10 cm sized mass contacted with pulmonary artery trunk and left main pulmonary artery. The radiologist strongly suggested sarcoma. On the 4th day after admission, we performed emergent exploratory left thoracotomy for hematoma evacuation because mediastinal shifting progressed and heart rate was increased. Biopsy confirmed that the evacuated materials were extraskeletal myxoid chondresarcoma, so we performed extrapleural left pneumonectomy including diaphragm and a part of the pericardium. The final pathologic diagnosis was myxoid/round cell liposarcoma. He was discharged without complication and systemic chemotherapy was scheduled to begin 2 month later. During chemotherapy, local recurrence and peritoneal metastasis developed, and he died 10 month after the surgical excision. We report this case with reviewal of literature.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.40-44
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• 2012

Background: The experience of a single-institution regarding surgery for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) was reviewed to evaluate the surgical outcomes and prognoses. Materials and Methods: From July 1990 to December 2009, thirty-four patients (28 male) underwent major pulmonary resection and lymph node dissection for SCLC. Lobectomy was performed in 24 patients, pneumonectomy in eight, bilobectomy in one, and segmentectomy in one. Surgical complications, mortality, the disease-free survival (DFS) rate, and the overall survival rate were analyzed retrospectively. Results: The median follow-up period was 26 months (range, 4 to 241 months), and there was one surgical mortality (2.9%). Six patients (17.6%) experienced recurrence, all of which were systemic. Eight patients died during follow-up; four died of disease progression and the other four died of pneumonia or of another non-cancerous cause. The three-year DFS rate was $79.2{\pm}2.6%$ and the overall survival rate was $66.4{\pm}10.5%$. Recurrence or death was significantly prevalent in the patients with lymph node metastasis (p=0.001) as well as in those who did not undergo adjuvant chemotherapy (p=0.008). The three-year survival rate was significantly greater in the patients with pathologic stage I/II cancer than in those with stage III cancer (84% vs. 13%, p=0.001). Conclusion: Major pulmonary resection for small cell lung cancer is feasible in selected patients. Patients with pathologic stage I or II disease showed an excellent survival rate after surgery and adjuvant treatment. Prospective randomized studies will be needed to define the role of surgery in early-stage small cell lung cancer.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.163-171
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• 2005

Background: To perform the successful dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy one of the main issues to be solved is the source of antigen for DC pulsing. Limitations occur by using auto-tumor lysate due to the difficulties obtaining enough tumor tissue(s) quantitatively as well as qualitatively. In this study the possibility of allogeneic tumor cell lysate as a DC pulsing antigen has been tested in mouse melanoma pulmonary me tastasis model. Methods: B16F10 melanoma cells $(1{\timeS}10^5/mouse)$ were inoculated intra venously into the C57BL/6 mouse. Therapeutic DCs were cultured from the bone marrow myeloid lineage cells with GM-CSF and IL-4 (1,000 U/ml each) for 7 days and pulsed with lysate of either autologous B16F10 (B-DC), allogeneic K1735 (C3H/He origin; K-DC) or CloneM3 (DBA2 origin; C-DC) melanoma cells for 18 hrs. Pulsed-DCs $(1{\times}10^6/mouse)_{[CGP1]}$ were injected i.p. twice with one week interval starting from the day 1 after tumor cell inoculation. Results: Without observable toxicity, allogeneic tumor cell lysate pulsed-DC induced the significantly better anti-tumor response (tumor scale: $2.7{\pm}0.3,\;0.7{\pm}0.3\;and\;0.3{\pm}0.2$ for saline, B-DC and C-DC treated group, respectively). Along with increased tumor specific lymphocyte proliferations, induction of IFN-${\gamma}$ secretion against both auto- and allo-tumor cell lysates was observed from the DC treated mice. (w/B16F10-lysate: $44.97{\pm}10.31,\;1787.94{\pm}131.18,\;1257.15{\pm}48.27$, w/CloneM3 lysate: 0, $1591.13{\pm}1.83,\;1460.47{\pm}86.05pg/ml$ for saline, B-DC and C-DC treated group, respectively) Natural killer cell activity was also increased in the mice treated with tumor cell lysate pulsed-DC ($8.9{\pm}_{[CGP2]}0.1,\;11.6{\pm}0.8\;and\;12.6{\pm}0.7%$ specific NK activity for saline, B-DC and C-DC treated group, respectively). Conclusion: Conclusively, promising data were obtained that allogeneic-tumor cell lysate can be used as a tumor antigen for DC-based cancer immunotherapy.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.543-548
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• 1999

Background: These days, lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is used as an alternative or a bridge operation to lung transplantation in treating patients with severe emphysema. The procedure can be used in patients with pulmonary nodules combined with severe emphysema. We report the results of 21 months follow up after lung volume reduction surgery in 7 cases including 2 cases of concurrent resection of pulmonary nodules. Material and Method: Seven patients with emphysema, including 2 cases of preoperatively suspected lung cancer were operated with LVRS technique between July 1996 and June 1997. Result: Postoperative mortality was observed in a case of squamous cell carcinoma in LUL with brain metastasis, detected at postoperative 13months. Average of 21months(19-25months) follow up was done for other cases without specific events. Conclusion: LVRS is a useful operation in the treatment of patients with severe emphysema, but further evaluation should be done about the long term results and precise criteria for patient selection. Simultaneous LVRS and tumor resection could be done in patients with emphysema with marginal reserve in the hope of maximizing postoperative lung functions.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 1992

Background: The lung is the most common site of metastasis and usually it manifests as a single or multiple nodules in chest X-ray. But less commonly the cancer spreads through the lymphatics and X-ray shows diffuse reticulonodular densities. Sometimes, patient is presented with respiratory symptoms only with interstitial lung infiltration before the signs of primary tumor and in that cases, the differential diagnosis with other interstitial lung disease is required. We have experienced 5 such cases, who were diagnosed as lymphangitic carcinomatosis by transbronchial lung biopsy. Methods: Clinical manifestation, pulmonary function test, modified thin section CT, bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial lung biopsy were done. Results: The primary tumor was gastric cancer in 3, lung cancer in 2. Pulmonary function test showed restrictive pattern with low DLco in 2 patients and obstructive pattern in one. Bronchoalveolar lavage showed lymphocytosis in 4 patients and malignant cells were found in one patient. Transbronchial lung biopsy revealed malignant cells localized to the lymphatics (peribronchial, perivascular and perialveolar). Cell type was adenocarcinoma in 4 and squamous cell carcinoma in one. Conclusion: Rarely lymphangitic carcinomatosis can be presented as diffuse interstitial lung disease and easily diagnosed by transbronchial lung biopsy.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.141-153
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• 2003

To study the effects of anti-cancer, anti-metastasis and immune response improvement of herbal-acupuncture with Eclipta prostrata diffuse herba infusion solution(ELP-HAS), we injected ELP-HAS into Chok-samni(St36) of C57BL/6 mice implanted intravenously with B16-F10 melanoma. We have reached the following conclusion through the effect on the number of $CD25^+/CD4^+$, $CD8^+/CD3e^+$, $CD69^+/B220^+$, $NK1.1+/CD3e^+$ cells in mouse PBMCs, the effect on the pulmonary colony number, and the effect on MST(Median Survival Time) and ILS(Increase of Life Span) of C57BL/6 mice implanted intravenously with B16-F10 melanoma The results were obtained as follows: 1. In the experiment groups treated with ELP(Eclipta prostrata) Herbal-Acupuncture, the spleen cell proliferation in Balb/c mouse was significantly increased compared with control group. 2. In the experiment groups treated with ELP(Eclipta prostrata) Herbal-Acupuncture, the percentage of $CD25^+/CD4^+$, $CD8^+/CD3e^+$, $CD69^+/B220^+$, $NK1.1^+/CD3e^+$ cells in C57Bl/6 mouse PBMCs was increased compared with control group. 3. In the experiment groups treated with ELP(Eclipta prostrata) Herbal-Acupuncture, the pulmonary colony number of C57BL/6 mice implanted intravenously with B16-F10 melanoma was decreased significantly compared with control group. 4. In the experiment groups treated with ELP(Eclipta prostrata)Herbal-Acupuncture, MST(Median Survival Time) and ILS(Increase of Life Span) of C57BL/6 mice implanted intravenously with B16-F10 melanoma were increased significantly compared with control group.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.104-107
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• 2013

Gallbladder (GB) cancer is highly malignant neoplasm found in advanced stage and chemotherapy commonly plays a palliative role in GB cancer. We report a case of unresectable GB cancer treated with chemotherapy followed by extended cholecystectomy. Fifty-six-year-old male visited our hospital with weight loss and dyspnea on exertion. Computed tomography detected pulmonary embolism and diffuse GB wall thickening with para-aortic lymph node enlargement. The length of common channel was 23mm at magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography which stands for anomalous union of the pancreaticobiliary duct. Anticoagulation was started for pulmonary embolism. GB wall mass was regarded as unresectable GB cancer with distant lymph node metastasis. Gemcitabine and cisplatin combination chemotherapy was carried out for 6 cycles. Primary tumor was stationary but multiple enlarged lymphnodes were almost completely disappeared. Extended cholecystectomy with hepaticojejunostomy was performed. Post-operative tumor stage was T3N1 (stage IIIB) and R0 resection was achieved. After operation he has no evidence of disease recurrence for 6 months.