• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.231-239
• /
• 2000

연구 목적：본 연구의 목적은 입원치료후 퇴원한 품행장애 환자들의 예후와 가족들의 정신과 입원치료의 효능에 대한 인식도를 알아보고 예후에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요인을 알아보기 위한 것이다. 방 법：품행장애의 진단 하에 7일 이상 입원치료를 받았으며 퇴원 후 6개월이 경과된 300명 중 전화추적이 가능하였던 96명에서 퇴원 후 문제행동, 가족관계, 가족들의 인식도를 조사하였으며 이와 관련된 요인을 알아보았다. 결 과：퇴원 후 문제행동의 양상은 입원전보다 호전된 경우가 90%이었으며 더 심해진 경우는 2%이었으며 8%는 변화가 없었다. 퇴원 후 가족관계는 보다 좋아진 경우가 70%, 나빠진 경우가 2%, 별 차이가 없는 경우가 28%이었다. 병원치료의 효율성에 대한 가족들의 인식도는 도움이 되었다는 경우가 57%, 해가 되었다는 경우가 6%, 그저 그렇다가 37%이었다. 퇴원 후 문제행동, 가족관계, 가족들의 입원치료에 대한 인식도등 세 가지 항목이 모두 양호하다고 답변한 대상을 양호군으로 설정하고 그 외의 대상을 대조군으로 하여 양군의 특성의 차이를 비교하였을 때 양호군의 연령이 유의하게 낮았으며 가족형태의 문제가 있었고 MMPI하위척도 중 남성성-여성성 척도 점수가 유의하게 높았다. 결 론：비록 본 연구는 여러 제한점이 내포되어 있음에도 불구하고, 정신과 입원치료를 받았던 청소년의 행동이 대부분은 호전된다는 것을 시사하여 품행장애에서의 정신과적 치료에 상당히 고무적인 결과를 나타내었으며 추후 대상자와 치료프로그램의 다양성을 통제한 연구를 지속하는 것이 필요할 것으로 생각되었다.

• 정신신체의학
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.174-183
• /
• 2016

연구목적 본 연구에서는 불안장애와 주요우울장애 및 불안장애와 우울장애가 동반된 중복 진단군의 신체 증상의 빈도와 특성의 차이를 알아보고 여러 신체 증상군과 자살 사고, 자살 계획, 자살 시도와의 관련성에 대해 분석하고자 한다. 방 법 본 연구는 국가적 역학조사연구인 2011년 정신질환 실태 역학 조사 연구(Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study-2011, KECA-2011)에 참여한 만 18세 이상에서 74세 이하의 참여자 6027명 중 지난 1 년 동안 주요우울장애 또는 불안장애의 진단 기준을 만족 하면서, 같은 시기에 최소 1가지 이상의 신체증상을 호소한 378명을 대상으로 하였다. 이후 조사된 신체 증상을 통증 증상군, 소화기 증상군, 가성신경학적 증상군의 세군으로 분류하여, 각 증상군에 따른 자살 사고, 자살 계획 및 자살 시도의 정도를 비교하였다. 면담 도구로는 한국어판 CIDI를 사용하였으며, 이 중 신체 증상에 대한 항목이 포함된 C장과 자살관련 항목이 포함된 S장의 일부 질문을 연구에 사용하였다. 결 과 진단별로 신체 증상의 차이를 비교하였을 때, 주요우울장애에서는 흉통(p=0.016, 95%CI)이, 불안장애에서는 두통(p=0.004, 95%CI)과 묽은 변이나 설사를 나타내는 증상(p=0.018, 95%CI)이, 주요우울장애와 불안 장애의 중복진단군에서는 균형을 잡기 힘든 것(p=0.006), 기절할 것 같은 느낌(p=0.020, 95%CI), 기억을 잃음(p=0.034, 95%CI)의 증상이 유의하게 많았다. 자살 계획의 경우 통증 증상군에서 자살 계획이 있었던 군의 증상의 평균 개수가 계획이 없는 군에 비해 유의하게 높았다(p=0.026, 95%CI). 자살 시도의 경우 소화기 증상군(p=0.004, 95%CI) 및 가성신경학적 증상군(p=0.013, 95%CI) 에서 자살 시도가 있었던 군의 증상의 개수가 시도가 없었던 군에 비해 유의하게 높았다. 자살 사고, 자살 계획, 자살 시도로 갈수록 각 증상군의 신체 증상의 평균의 개수는 증가하는 경향성을 보였다. 결 론 본 연구는 불안장애와 주요우울장애의 신체증상의 특성에 차이가 있음을 보여주었으며, 증상의 개수가 자살 사고에서 자살 계획, 자살 시도로 진행되는 단계로 갈수록 증가하며 일부 증상군에서는 자살 계획과 자살 시도의 유무의 유의한 차이를 보여주는 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과는 비 정신과적 임상 현장에서 다양하고 많은 숫자의 신체 증상을 호소하는 환자의 경우 정신과적인 적극적인 평가 및 자살 위험도에 대한 적극적인 평가가 필요함을 시사한다.

• 대한불안의학회지
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.91-96
• /
• 2007

Panic disorder is a common psychiatric illness that causes considerable morbidity. However, the biological basis of panic disorder remains unclear. In this report, we present and summarize the current literature on functional neuroimaging studies related to the neurobiology of panic disorder. The findings were summarized and divided into six groups : (1) known brain structures related to anxiety, especially panic disorder ; (2) structural results ; (3) functional imaging studies at rest ; (4) functional imaging studies with challenge testing ; (5) neuroreceptor studies ; and (6) changes in the treatment of panic disorder. Based on the findings of these neuroimaging studies, it seems as though panic disorder involves the hippocampal and parahippocampal areas, including the amygdala, as well as some cortical regions, such as the temporal and prefrontal cortices. Panic disorder is known to be associated with an imbalance between the right and left hemispheres of the brain at rest or during panic attacks. During a panic attack, patients with panic disorder are likely to experience an increase in local activity in the cingulate, insula, midbrain, and so on. On the other hand, a widespread reduction in the cortical areas has also been reported in most provocation studies. Thus, panic disorder may be related to the excess activation of the fear networks in response to subtle environmental cues and insufficient inhibition from higher cortical control areas ; however ; further studies are recommended in order to fully understand the neurobiology of panic disorder.

• 대한불안의학회지
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.17-23
• /
• 2014

Objective : Panic disorders are frequently accompanied by major depressive disorder (MDD). There is insufficient information about which clinical factors in panic disorder are associated with comorbid MDD. The aim of this study is to identify clinical factors related with comorbid MDD in patients with panic disorder. Methods : Two experienced psychiatrists diagnosed panic disorder based on DSM-IV criteria. This diagnosis in the 275 subjects was confirmed again by Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Lifetime comorbid psychiatric diagnoses were examined by MINI. The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) were used to assess the severity of depressive, anxiety and panic symptoms. Results : The result of MINI showed that 95 patients (34%) with panic disorder satisfied the diagnosis of MDD. Multivariate logistic regression model showed that comorbid generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and the symptom of "fear of losing control or going crazy" were associated with MDD in patients with panic disorder. In female patients, the "chills or hot flushes" symptom was also associated with comorbid MDD. Conclusion : These results showed that coexisting GAD and certain symptoms of panic are associated with comorbid MDD.

• 우울조울병
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.30-36
• /
• 2011

Purpose : Anxiety disorder and depressive disorder are often comorbid with each other, and the comorbidity is associated with poorer psychiatric outcome, resistance to treatment, increased risk for suicide, greater chance for recurrence. We aimed to investigate the comorbidity of anxiety disorder in Korea. Method : Subjects were total of 867 depressed patients recruited CRESCEND-K multicenter trial. We used SCID (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM - IV) to find comorbidity of anxiety disorders in depressed patient. Results : Of 867 patients, total 8.2% had anxiety disorder. Proportion of anxiety disorder Not Otherwise Specified was 3.5%, panic disorder was 1.7%, generalized anxiety disorder was 1.1%, post traumatic stress disorder was 0.9%, obsessive compulsive disorder was 0.6%, social phobia was 0.4%. Conclusion : In this study, anxiety disorder in depression were measured at a low comorbidity rate in compare to previous studies. Selection bias, use of antidepressants at registration, severity of depression symptoms, and point of SICD administration seems to have affected these results. It is probable that comorbidity evaluation would be more precise if shorter, structured interviews such as M. I.N.I.-Plus were used during first clinical interview for depression diagnosis.

• 생물정신의학
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.149-154
• /
• 2015

Mood disorder is a common psychiatric illness with a high lifetime prevalence in the general population. Many prescribed antidepressants modulate monoamine neurotransmitters including serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine. There has been greater focus on the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain, glutamate, in the pathophysiology and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Recently, ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, has received attention and has been investigated for clinical trials and neurobiological studies. In this article, we will review the clinical evidence for glutamatergic dysfunction in MDD, the progress with ketamine as a rapidly acting antidepressant, and other N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist for treatment-resistant depression.

• 대한불안의학회지
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.91-98
• /
• 2008

Depression and anxiety disorders are common psychiatric illnesses whose etiology remains partially understood. The etiology of depression and anxiety disorders is multi-factorial, and abnormalities in neurotransmitter, neuroendocrine system, and brain activation have been implicated in those conditions. However, the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety disorder is certainly not well understood, and some patients with depression or anxiety disorders do not respond to antidepressant therapy. Recently, immunological factors such as cytokines are known to be closely related to central nervous system as well as depression and anxiety disorders. This review highlights recent progress in understanding the function of cytokines in depression and anxiety disorders.

• 수면정신생리
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.72-75
• /
• 2011

Sleep disorders such as insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and restless legs syndrome (RLS) are very common disorders and may cause significant burden in terms of individual as well as societal aspects. Sleep insufficiency from such sleep disorders may cause deleterious effects on daily work life and may be associated with other major medical or psychiatric disorders including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, depression, and anxiety disorder. Various motor or occupational accident may result from the sleep problems. In addition, recent researches provide the method to evaluate the lost productivity time in terms of absenteeism and presenteeism. Moreover, several studies on cost-effectiveness of treatment of sleep disorders show that it is cost-effective.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• 제65권3호
• /
• pp.408-414
• /
• 2022

In this review, we provide information about the etiology, risk factors, and clinical presentations of maltreatment to help clinicians better understand child abuse and neglect. Child maltreatment is a major global health challenge that can result in severe consequences. Abused and neglected children are likely to develop psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Understanding child maltreatment is expected to prevent and reduce victimization in children, adolescents, and their families.

• 생물정신의학
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.198-210
• /
• 1997

To examine the double-faced thymoleptic(antidepressant and antimanic) effects of risperidone in mood disorders, this article reviews the psychotropic-induced mania, thymoleptic effects of antipsychotics, therapeutic effects of risperidone and risperidone(RIS)-induced mania(RIM) in mood disorders, risk factors of RIM, possible neurochemical mechanism of these thymoleptic effects, pathophysiological and clinical significance of thymoleptic effects, and suggestive clinical guideline of RIS in mood disorders. RIS appeared effective for bipolar disorder at a lower dose than that recommended for schizophrenia, especially in the cases of maintenance of mood stabilizers, and gradual titration from low doses. Manic induction/exacerbation can occur by chance during RIS treatment in mood disorders, schizoaffective disorders, and schizophrenias. The possible risk factors for RIM are refractory mood disorder, especially in bipolar I disorder with poor initial response ; refractory schizoaffective disorders, especially in bipolar type with poor initial response ; refractory chronic schizophrenias, especially with initial responses ; psychotic features ; higher initial doses ; rapid titration ; combined therapy with antidepressants in refractory depression ; and RIS monotherapy in mania/hypomania. RIS is a drug that preferentially block 5-HT2 receptors. The effects of low dose are due mainly to the blockade of 5-HT2 receptors. There are more gradual increase in D2 blockade with increasing dose and this D2 blocking properties become apparent at higher doses. This may be related to a modulation of dopaminergic transmission by 5-HT2 antagonism at lower doses with the direct action of RIS on DA receptors coming into play at higher dose. The serotonergic antagonistic effect may be important for its effects on depressive symptoms. This, together with adequate blo-ckade of D2 receptors, may not necessarily lead to destabilization of mood disorder, but rather to more therapeutic effects. Therefore, this dose-receptor affinity relationship with both antidepressant and antimanic effects according to treatment duration can explain a continuum of antidepressant effect, antimanic effect, behavioral stimulation, and manic/hypomanic induction/exacerbation. It was the recognition of a useful psychiatric side effects by a thoughtful observer with fertile minds that led to their ultimate utilization as psychotropic drugs, i.e., phenothiazine, MAOI, TCA, and lithium. And, in vivo pharmacological challenge by novel psychotropics, as a neurochemical probe, with more specific actions is a useful tool to select pharmacologically homogeneous subgroup of the same phenotypical(clinical) condition, to further study the unknown underlying pathogenesis of various mental illnesses. Finally, RIS may be a useful alternative or adjunctive drug for patients with mood disorders without psychotic features or refractory to treatment with standard antipsychotic drugs. The more conservative doses(tirated slowly from 1-3 mg/d) of RIS, and maintenance of mood stabilizer in the cases with risk factors of RIM are recommended in mood disorder.