• The Mathematical Education
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.11-25
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• 2008

The characteristics of the pseudo-conceptual or the pseudo-analytical behaviors according to the achievement level(i.e. advanced group, proficient group, basic group, and below-basic group) in grade 9 are as follows. The pseudo-conceptual or pseudo-analytical behaviors to get credit from teachers become conspicuous in lower achievement level. The high achieving students showed more pseudo-conceptual or pseudo-analytical behaviors without undergoing the process of reflection or control. The proficient group was short of control in computation, and the advanced group didn't control well in representation. The proficient group tended to depend on a past successful algorithm and behave habitually. Therefore, it is needed to teach mathematics according to the characteristic of pseudo-conceptual or pseudo-analytic behaviors shown in each achievement level.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.50-61
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• 1985

For nursing as a science to establish a unique system of knowledge, nursing researches should include philosophical activities such as critique, analysis and synthesis. As a consequence of these activities, nursing science comes to add up more abundant content of knowledge and have a more refined scientific system. In short, nursing science can be developed in respects of tools and methods through philosophical researches, i.e., philosophy of nursing science. Traditionally, the task of supplying individual science with pertaining methodological principles has been due to philosophy, or philosophy of each Scientic discipline. Philosophy of nursing science establishes a demarcation between nursing and non-or pseudo-nursing, so that the unique natue of nursing can be revealed. Systematizing the particular knowledges or informations discovered through empirical reseal ches, philosophy of nursing science, as a part of rational activities to construct its scientific theories. Owing to philosophy of nursing science, conceptual frameworks or theories settled in various branches of nursing science can be integrated into a holistic system. Philosophy of nursing science can include arguments on standards, values, goals and intents of nursing behavior, so that their interrelational networks can be understood. Philosophical discussions can offer nursing science positive ways to more extensive development, preventing it from indulging in particular or exclusive inclination. And Philosophy of nursing science in itself should also keep a liberal attitude to overcome preconceptions concerning methodology of nursing science.