• 무역상무연구
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• 제15권
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• pp.119-136
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• 2001

The purpose of this paper is to consider how to decide the cause of loss or damage to the transport goods when maritime accident occurs. In marine insurance, the underwriter is liable for any loss or damage proximately caused by a risk insured(MIA Art.55). So it is very important to determine the proximate cause of loss or damage to ascertain whether it is to be recoverable under the policy. But there is no definite conception or rule what is the proximate cause. It was left to the tribunal as a question of fact. In this paper, I will suggest the general rules to determine the proximate cause of loss or damage of the transport goods in marine insurance. First, in MIA 1906, there is the rule of proximate causation and it has been established the effective causation by cases since 1918. Second, in Institute Cargo Clauses(B) & (C), there are rules of considerably relaxed standards to determine the causation of loss of or damage using the "attributable to" and "caused by" basis. Third, it is noted, under the complex causation situation, there are difference basises to decide the liability of underwriters between the case of successive occurrence of single risk and the case of concurrent occurrence of several risks. Forth, in practice, it couldn't be ascertained the underwrier's liability by a definite rule and it should be fully considered the circumstances and conditions of the loss.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.173-179
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• 2019

We investigated the ecological characteristics and proximate composition of Muraenesox cinereus off the southern coast of Korea. Anal length distribution, sex ratio, condition factor of M. cinereus individuals caught by costal complex (longline) fisheries were investigated from June to October 2018. The mean anal length was 23.5 cm, which was less than $L_{50}$, indicating that the individuals were mostly immature. Sex ratio is 9:1, we captured 382 females and 29 males, which produced a significantly different ratio (P<0.05). Condition factor remained constant over the study period. The proximate composition of M. cinereus individuals was analyzed from July to October 2018. No significant differences in moisture, crude lipid, crude protein, and ash content were observed between individuals caught in summer and those caught in fall.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2013

To determine the relative importance of two main factors, diet or culture environment, that affect the proximate composition and main nutritive ingredients (vitamin A, vitamin E, cholesterol, fatty acid composition) in cultured eels, we analyzed the composition of eels fed diets of formula feed (FF) produced by four different companies and of eels cultured at five different eel farms that provided only one of the four different FFs. The four commercial eel FFs did not markedly differ in proximate composition or major nutritive compounds, and consequently, these variables did not significantly differ in cultured eels fed the different FFs. The FF imported from Japan was marginally superior to the two domestic commercial FFs and the FF imported from Taiwan in terms of the proximate composition and main nutritive ingredients of both the FF itself and the eels cultured on it. However, proximate composition and main nutritive ingredients significantly differed among eels cultured at the five farms that used a different FF and among eels fed the four different FFs at the same farm. In conclusion, the difference in quality between domestic and Japanese FFs in terms of eel culture was small, whereas physical or chemical environmental differences among farms during eel culture may more strongly affect the proximate composition and levels of the main nutritive ingredients in cultured eels.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.1150-1169
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• 2023

Edible insects are gaining popularity as a potential future food source because of their high protein content and efficient use of space. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are noteworthy because they can be used as feed for various animals including reptiles, dogs, fish, chickens, and pigs. However, if the edible insect industry is to advance, we should use automation to reduce labor and increase production. Consequently, there is a growing demand for sensing technologies that can automate the evaluation of insect quality. This study used short-wave infrared (SWIR) hyperspectral imaging to predict the proximate composition of dried BSFL, including moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and crude ash content. The larvae were dried at various temperatures and times, and images were captured using an SWIR camera. A partial least-squares regression (PLSR) model was developed to predict the proximate content. The SWIR-based hyperspectral camera accurately predicted the proximate composition of BSFL from the best preprocessing model; moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and crude ash content were predicted with high accuracy, with R² values of 0.89 or more, and root mean square error of prediction values were within 2%. Among preprocessing methods, mean normalization and max normalization methods were effective in proximate prediction models. Therefore, SWIR-based hyperspectral cameras can be used to create automated quality management systems for BSFL.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.155-160
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to develop the classification method of various organic wastes. Specifically, the effects of proximate composition on the biogas production and degradation rates of agricultural by-production was investigated and a new standards for mixture of various organic wastes based on proximate composition combination was developed. Agricultural by-products (ABPs) with medium total carbohydrate, medium crude protein and low fat contents demonstrated the single step digestion process. ABPs with low total carbohydrate, high crude protein and high fat contents demonstrated the two step digestion process of Diauxic growth. The single ABP (Class No. 15) and the mixed ABPs (Class No. 12+18, 6+12+22, 9+12+18) after 10days showed the similar biogas yield pattern. We can use the classification method for the more ABPs and organic wastes from factory and municipal waste treatment plant for the high efficient biogas production.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.11-17
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• 1995

Proximate compositions pH, contents of Vitamins in Russian comfrey(RC) were investigated to furnish basic research for the utilization of health foods or processed foods. Analysis has been made of the proximate composition of comfrey leaf and root of RC, and pH, vitamin content of RC. The moisture, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash of RC were 89.78%, 3.23g/100g, 0.40g/100g in leaf and 69.66%, 0.44g/100g, 0.21g/100g, 8.24g/100g in root, respectively. pH of RC was 7.33. The $\beta$-carotene content in RC was 1097.158$\mu\textrm{g}$/100g. Vitamin B content in RC was 0.01mg/100g. Vitamin B content in RC was 0.29mg/100g. Niacin content in RC was 1.2mg/100g. Vitamin C content in RC was 26.4mg/100g.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.167-172
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• 2015

In this paper, we propose a new approach to design and control a smart gripper of robot system. A control method for flexible grasping a object in partially unknown environment was proposed, where a proximate sensor detecting the distance between the fingertip and object was used. Based on the proximate sensor signal the finger motion controller could plan the grasping process divided in three phases. The first step is scanning process which two first joints were moved to mid-position of the detected range by a state-variable feedback position controller, after the scanning was finished. The contact force of fingertip was then controlled using the detection sensor of the servo controller for finger joint control. The proposed grasping planning was tested on rectangular bar.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.459-481
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• 2020

In this paper we introduce relative L-order of a nonconstant entire function f with respect to another nonconstant entire function g. Also we investigate the existence of relative L-proximate order of f with respect to g.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.105-120
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• 2021

In this paper, we extend some results related to the growth rates of entire functions by introducing the relative logarithmic order ����g(f) of a nonconstant entire function f with respect to another nonconstant entire function g. Next we investigate some theorems related the behavior of ����g(f). We also define the relative logarithmic proximate order of f with respect to g and give some theorems on it.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.867-879
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• 2015

To confirm basic nutrient contents of Korean honey as a food material, we assessed New Zealand Manuka honey by measuring proximate components, vitamin C and minerals of 16 kinds of honey harvested in South Korea. The proximate composition of each honey sample was as follows: moisture content 18.45~29.84%, crude protein 0.10~0.95% (vs Manuka honey 0.23%), crude fat 0.02~0.60% (vs Manuka honey 0.34%), crude ash 0.01~.52% (vs Manuka honey 0.24%) and carbohydrate 67.90~80.94% (vs Manuka honey 79.39%), respectively. In the case of free sugars analyze by HPLC, fructose showed a content of 26.12~49.84% which was highest in acacia honey and lowest in sorbus honey. Content of glucose was 19.38~36.12% and lowest in chestnut honey, whereas sucrose, lactose, maltose were absent. Total sugar contents were 64.16% which was less than Manuka honey (70.23%) and vitamin C was not detected in all samples. Minerals were detected 15~25 kinds, including K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mo and so on. Ca was high in order of linden > canola > codonopsis > hedysarum honey, and K was higher than in Manuka honey in order of chestnut > hedysarum > codonopsis > jujube honey. Especially, these results suggest that Korean honey have a better nutrient content profile than Manuka honey.