• Advances in nano research
• /
• v.13 no.6
• /
• pp.561-574
• /
• 2022

The stability of protein tissues and protein fibers in the human muscle is investigated in the presented paper. The protein fibers are modeled via tube structures embedded in others proteins fibers like the elastic substrate. Physical sport and physical exercise play an important role in the stability of synthesis and strength of the protein tissues. In physical exercise, the temperature of the body increases, and this temperature change impacts the stability of the protein tissues, which is the aim of the current study. The mathematical simulation of the protein tissues is done based on the mechanical sciences, and the protein fibers are modeled via wire structures according to the high-order theory beams. The thermal stress due to the conditions of the sport is applied to the nanoscale protein fibers, then the stability regarding the frequency analysis is investigated. Finally, the impact of temperature change, physical exercise, and small-scale parameters on the stability of the protein tissues are examined in detail.

• Advances in nano research
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.487-497
• /
• 2022

This study investigates the stability of protein tissues regarding the vibration analysis based on the classical beam theory coupled with the nonlocal elasticity theory concerning the exercise impact. As reported in the previous research, four different types of protein tissues are supposed, and the influence of sports training is investigated. The protein tissues are made of protein fibers surrounded by an elastic foundation. The exercise enhances the muscle area and plays an essential role in the stability and strength of protein and muscle tissues. The results are examined in detail to examine the impact of different parameters on the stability of nano protein fibers.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.211-220
• /
• 2018

Early life exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and low protein diet through complementary foods during weaning is common in parts of Africa and Asia. This study evaluated the effect of co-exposure to AFB1 and low protein diet on the extrahepatic tissues of rats. Twenty-four three-week old weanling male albino rats were used for this study and were randomly assigned into four groups: group 1 served as control and was fed normal protein diet (20% protein), group 2 was fed low protein diet (5% protein), group 3 was fed normal protein diet + 40 ppb AFB1 while group 4 received low protein diet + 40 ppb AFB1, all for eight weeks. Afterward, biomarkers of anemia (packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin) and kidney function (urea, uric acid, and creatinine) were determined in the blood while biomarkers of oxidative stress were determined in the tissues spectrophotometrically. Co-exposure to AFB1 and low protein diet significantly (p < 0.05) decreased body weight gain and PCV, increased biomarkers of kidney functions and induced oxidative stress in the tissues studied. There was significant (p < 0.05) reduction in glutathione concentration while TBARS was significantly increased in the tissues. Co-exposure to AFB1 and low protein diet had additive effects on decreasing the weight gain and potentiation effect of kidney dysfunction in the rats. The co-exposure also decreased antioxidant enzymes and increased oxidant status in the tissues. Our results demonstrate that this co-exposure has deleterious health effects on extrahepatic tissues and should be a public health concern especially in developing countries where AFB1 contamination is common.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.702-710
• /
• 2000

A large portion of total energy expenditure associated with ruminant livestock production goes towards maintenance. Approximately 55% of whole body energy use is consumed by visceral tissues (including internal organs) with the majority of this going to the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Muscle and adipose tissues consume about 27% of total body energy expenditure. Metabolic components within the viscera responsible for the majority of energy consumption include ion transport, protein turnover, substrate cycling, and urea synthesis (liver). Within muscle tissue of growing animals ion transport and protein turnover account for most of the energy expenditure. Protein synthesis consumes approximately 23% of whole body energy use and visceral tissues account for proportionally more of whole body protein synthesis than skeletal muscle. Research efforts focused on improving energetic efficiency of the tissues and metabolic mechanisms responsible for the majority of whole animal energy expenditure should provide information leading to more efficient production of an edible product.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.295-301
• /
• 1983

Among the many protein modifications methylation is being investigated actively with regard to bacterial chemotaxis, gene regulation, muscle contraction, cytochrome c methylation, and the synthesis of the acyl transporter, carnitine. In this study the activities of protein methylase I, II, and III in pancreatic tissues of rat, mouse, and guinea pig were examined. Furthermore, the effect of cholinergic agents on the activity of protein methylases in pancreatic fragment of guinea pig was also examined in order to test the relationship between protein methylation and pancreatic secretion. The results are as follows. 1) The activities of protein methylases were generally high in pancreatic tissues of guinea pig and mouse but low in the tissue of rat. 2) The cholinergic stimulants, acetylcholine and carbachol at a concentration of $10^{-5}M$ decreased the activities of protein methylase I, II, and III compared with unstimulated control. 3) The inhibitory effect of the cholinergic stimulant on the activities of protein methylases was not blocked by atropine at a concentration of $10^{-5}M$.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.266-272
• /
• 1987

It is reasonably well known that there is a relationship between myelin formation and methylation of myelin basic protein in nerve cells. One of the suggestions is that arginine methylation of myelin basic protein could be of aid in the conjugation of myelin protein with the nonpolar lipid to form myelin. Abnormality in methylation of myclin basic protein might induce the neurological diseases in experimental animals as well as in human being. In the biological system, the methylation reaction is catalyzed by protein methaylse I using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as methyl donor. In this study, we examined the changes of S-adenosyl-L-methionine concentration and protein methylase I activity in developing rat brain tissues. The results are sumraerized as followings: (1) In brain tissues of fetus rat, the concentration of S-adenosyl-L-methionine was gradually decreased until to birth. However, the concentration in brain tissues of infant rat was suddenly increased at 7th day(just before myelination occur) birth. (2) Protein methylase I activity was decreased until to birth in brain of fetus rat and increased temporally just after birth, However, the enzyme activity showed no changes around 7th day after birth.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.8
• /
• pp.1062-1068
• /
• 2004

Leptin has a major role in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. In addition, leptin participates in many physiological functions including regulation of lipid metabolism. Bovine recombinant leptin protein was produced in E. coli cells in order to understand function of leptin in the regulation of lipid metabolism. The leptin expression vector was constructed in pGEX-4T-3 vector and transformed into E. coli BL21 cells. Expression of the GST-leptin fusion protein was induced with IPTG. The fusion protein was purified using glutathione sepharose 4B batch method, and the recombinant leptin was eluted after thrombin protease digestion. The effect of leptin on glucose transport was examined in the differentiated adipocytes of 3T3-L1 cells. Leptin had no effect on basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 cells (p>0.05). Effect of recombinant leptin on glucose and acetate transport was examined in adipose tissues of Korean cattle (Hanwoo). Insulin stimulated glucose transport in both intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissues (p<0.05), but leptin did not affect glucose transport in both adipose tissues (p>0.05). Insulin stimulated acetate transport in bovine adipose tissues (p<0.05), but leptin did not affect acetate transport (p>0.05). Northern and RT-PCR analyses showed that mRNA levels of uncoupling protein-2 were increased by leptin treatment in 3T3-L1 cells without statistical difference (p>0.05). In conclusion, bovine recombinant leptin did not affect glucose and acetate transport in both 3T3-L1 adipocytes and bovine adipose tissues, while it stimulates UCP-2 mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 cells.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.248-252
• /
• 2014

Background Patients with diabetes mellitus often have a difficult life, suffering from foot ulceration or amputation. Diabetes is characterized by chronic inflammation, and one of the features of inflammation is hypoxia. Recently, it has been reported that KAI1 is a hypoxia target gene. There is no published research on hypoxia-related KAI1 protein levels in human diabetic skin. Therefore, we have investigated the expression of KAI1 protein in diabetic skin tissue in vivo. Methods The expression of KAI1 protein was evaluated by western blotting in 6 diabetic skin tissue samples and 6 normal skin samples. Immunohistochemical staining was carried out to identify KAI1 expression. Results The western blotting revealed significantly increased expression of the KAI1 protein in diabetic skin tissues as compared to normal skin tissues. Immunohistochemical examination demonstrated that KAI1 was expressed in all diabetic skin tissues with moderate-to-strong positivity and weakly expressed in normal skin tissues. Conclusions Our data suggest that a high expression of the KAI1 protein can be observed in diabetic skin tissue. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report suggesting that KAI1 protein expression in diabetic skin tissues may be associated with chronic inflammatory states and hypoxia.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.377-387
• /
• 2016

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a member of the genus Begomovirus, is one of the most important viruses of cultivated tomatoes worldwide, mainly causing yellowing and curling of leaves with stunting in plants. TYLCV causes severe problems in sub-tropical and tropical countries, as well as in Korea. However, the mechanism of TYLCV infection remains unclear, although the function of each viral component has been identified. TYLCV C4 codes for a small protein involved in various cellular functions, including symptom determination, gene silencing, viral movement, and induction of the plant defense response. In this study, through yeast-two hybrid screenings, we identified TYLCV C4-interacting host proteins from both healthy and symptom-exhibiting tomato tissues, to determine the role of TYLCV C4 proteins in the infection processes. Comparative analyses of 28 proteins from healthy tissues and 36 from infected tissues showing interactions with TYLCV C4 indicated that TYLCV C4 mainly interacts with host proteins involved in translation, ubiquitination, and plant defense, and most interacting proteins differed between the two tissues but belong to similar molecular functional categories. Four proteins-two ribosomal proteins, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, and 14-3-3 family protein-were detected in both tissues. Furthermore, the identified proteins in symptom-exhibiting tissues showed greater involvement in plant defenses. Some are key regulators, such as receptor-like kinases and pathogenesis-related proteins, of plant defenses. Thus, TYLCV C4 may contribute to the suppression of host defense during TYLCV infection and be involved in ubiquitination for viral infection.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.57 no.4
• /
• pp.265-271
• /
• 2013

Treatments of vascular disease via modulating the expression of specific proteins by gene transfer have been attempted in various studies over the past few years. Among several methods to deliver genes, adenovirus currently has been used because of a number of positive aspects. In this study, we test adenoviral vector as a potential mediator in the treatment of vascular disease by using freshly isolated vascular tissues not cultured vascular cells. Freshly isolated vascular tissues were directly exposed to adenoviral vector pAd5CMVmcsIRESeGFPpA to check the possibility of GFP expression in different layer of vascular tissues. We found that the GFP expression by using adenoviral vector experiments is mainly focused on the adventitia and failed to detect GFP expression at endothelial layer or vascular smooth muscle layer in vascular tissues. However, we also found that several integrin receptors are robustly expressed in vascular smooth muscle, thus the limited expression of protein in vascular smooth muscle are not likely the lack of integrin receptors. In conclusion, adenovirus could not be a good tool for a specific protein expression in vascular smooth muscle cell. Thus, the application of adenovirus as a tool for gene therapy of vascular smooth muscle cells in clinical therapeutic trial need to be optimized further.