• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 1999

Background: Ineffective cell-mediated immune response in human tuberculosis is associated with a depressed Thl cytokine response and reduced production of IFN-$\gamma$. Most persons infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis are healthy tuberculin reactors with protective immunity, but a minority with ineffective immunity develop extensive pulmonary tuberculosis. The cell-mediated immune response is an important aspect of host resistance to mycobacterial infection and is believed to be tightly regulated by a balance between Th1 cytokines including IFN-$\gamma$, IL-12, IL-18, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and Th2 counterparts such as IL-4, monocyte chemoattractant protein-l (MCP-l). Methods: Proliferation and mRNA expression of IFN-$\gamma$, RANTES and MCP-l by RT-PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in response to in vitro stimulation with mycobacterial antigens were compared in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with cured and treatment failure and in tuberculin-positive and tuberculin-negative healthy subjects. Results: Defective proliferative responsiveness to aqueous TSP antigen was involved with treatment failure tuberculosis patients. Aqueous TSP antigen-induced IFN-$\gamma$ and RANTES mRNA expression was decreased in treatment failure tuberculosis patients compared with healthy tuberculin reactors and cured tuberculosis patients (23.1 % versus 90.0% for IFN-$\gamma$ and 46.2% versus 70.0% versus 46.2% for RANTES). The frequency of MCP-l mRNA expression to aqueous TSP antigen in treatment failure tuberculosis patients was greater than in healthy tuberculin reactors and cured tuberculosis patients (76.9% versus 40.0%). Conclusion: The increasing expression of MCP-1 mRNA in response to aqueous TSP antigen might be predicted to favor Th1 responses and restricted Th1 responses in treatment failure of pulmonary tuberculosis.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.125-133
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• 2017

Purpose: After the introduction of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine in 1995 in Korea, it was included in the national immunization program in 2013. In the post-Hib vaccine era, some studies in other countries reported that invasive Hib disease affects adults, especially the elderly and immunocompromised persons, more often than it affects children. To evaluate disease susceptibility, quantitative and qualitative analysis of anti-polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) antibodies were carried out in Korean adults aged 20 to 85 years. Methods: Sera were collected from 39 healthy adults (20 to 50 years of age) and from 30 elderly adults (75 to 85 years of age) who did not have immune-compromising conditions. The concentration of anti-PRP immunoglobulin G (IgG) and serum bactericidal indices (SBIs) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and serum bactericidal assay. Results: Geometric mean concentrations of anti-PRP IgG and geometric mean SBIs were $0.88{\mu}g/mL$ (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17 to 3.85) and 354 (95% CI, 50 to 2,499) in young adults and $1.67{\mu}g/mL$ (95% CI, 0.53 to 5.24) and 449 (95% CI, 146 to 1,376) in elderly adults, respectively. When the threshold of seropositivity for anti-PRP IgG was applied as 0.15 or $1.0{\mu}g/mL$, which is the protective antibody level in children, seropositive rates were 87.2% or 53.8% in young adults and 100% or 60% in elderly adults. The seropositivity rates of the SBI ($SBI{\geq}4$) were 82.1% and 100% in the groups, respectively. Conclusions: Most subjects in the adult and elderly adult groups display immunity to Hib based on quantitative and qualitative antibody levels, but not all. Because high immunization and low Hib circulation rates may reduce the natural Hib immunity in the population, monitoring Hib immunity as well as disease are needed continuously.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.239-247
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• 2006

Background: Culture filtrate proteins secreted by mycobacteria are thought to play an important role in inducing protective immunity and to develop new methods for diagnosing tuberculosis. Methods: A culture filtrate protein of M. avium that was strongly reactive with goat antiserum against M. intracellulare was constructed. Its homologous protein (TB-14) in M. tuberculosis was cloned, expressed and purified. The inductions of IFN-${\gamma}$ stimulated with $10{\mu}g$ of TB-14 recombinant protein and $10{\mu}g$ PPD were estimated by using whole bloods from seven PPD (-) subjects, seven PPD (+) healthy volunteers and nine tuberculosis patients. Results: M. avium culture filtrate protein was confirmed as a hypothetical protein that was termed contig 116. A novel 14-kDa recombinant protein (TB-14) of M. tuberculosis was composed of 148 amino acids, including 30 amino acids of the signal peptide, and it showed 78% homology with M. avium. In the PPD (+) healthy volunteers, recombinant TB-14 protein strongly induced the secretion of IFN-${\gamma}$ in whole blood cultures. Conclusion: These results suggest that TB-14 recombinant protein might play an important role in inducing cell-mediated immunity against tuberculosis. Furthermore, TB-14 protein antigen and its antiserum will be available for the development of new diagnostic tools for tuberculosis.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.69-83
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• 2010

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of injection of garlic, Allium sativum, extract and immersion in garlic juice on the nonspecific immunity and the resistance against the artificial infection of Streptococcus iniae and Edwardsiella tarda of the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. The nonspecific immune mechanisms were assessed in terms of lysozyme activity, nitroblue-tetrazolium (NBT) assay and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity etc. Relative percent survival (RPS) was assessed by the challenge with S. iniae BS10 or E. tarda KE-1. Almost of the garlic extract injected groups showed the enhanced level of the tested nonspecific immune factors. In the challenge test with S. iniae and E. tarda, RPS of 5% garlic extract pre-injected group was much higher than that of any other tested groups, respectively. Almost of the garlic juice immersion tested groups exhibited strengthened nonspecific immune defence factors, lysozyme activity, the number of lymphocytes and neutrophils, NBT reduction and SOD activity in kidney. In the challenge with S. iniae and E. tarda, RPS in the 0.25 g/L of garlic juice immersed group was much higher than any other tested groups, respectively. The results suggest that the garlic extract and juice would be effective to enhance the nonspecific immunity and protective ability of olive flounder against fish disease such as S. iniae and E. tarda.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.297-302
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• 2011

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes a number of extraintestinal diseases in poultry. A virulence factor, P-fimbriae is firmly associated with the diseases. In this study, to develop an effective vaccine for the prevention of APEC, recombinant attenuatted Salmonella Typhimurium vaccines expressing PapA and PapG of P-fimbriae were evaluated whether these induced protective immune responses in murine models. Female BALB/c mice were primed and boosted orally at 7 and 10 weeks of age. In all immunized mice, the antigen-specific serum IgG levels were remained higher than those in the control mice from the fourth week post inoculation till the end of this study. In addition, antigen-specific serum IgG levels in the prime-booster immunized mice were enhanced as compared to the single immunized mice among each immunized group. The antigen-specific mucosal IgA levels in the mice immunized with each strain also induced higher than those in control mice. In addition, serum IgG and fecal IgA levels in mice administered with the combination of both strains were highly induced compared to those in mice immunized with each strain alone. These results indicated that PapA and PapG worked together for inducing high immune responses. To partly discern the nature of immunity induced by the strains, we quantified serum IgG subtypes IgG1 and IgG2a specific to antigens. The PapA and PapG strains biased the immunity to the Th1-type, as determined by the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio. On the other hand, the immunization with the both strains in combination produced mixed Th1- and Th2-type immune responses. These indicated that immunization with the combination of PapA and PapG could elicit both humoral and cell-mediated immunities.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.649-656
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• 2013

This study was conducted to find out about the implementation status of dental treatment infection control standards of dental hygienists. The subjects of research were the dental hygienists working at dentist offices in Chungnam, Cheonan-si using self-input method from July 25th, 2012 to August 1st 2012. The collected data was analyzed after computerized statistical processing using SPSS 18.0. For hepatitis B vaccination, the results were high with 75.0% of answers being 'yes' or auto-active immunity, but for the latest hepatitis vaccination period showed highest results in '5 years or more ago' with 48.0%. Although 93.0% answered that vaccination was important, the percentage of replies that they had vaccination education was relatively low with 41.0%. For the use of personal protection tools the use of protective goggles was low compared to the use of masks and medical gloves. The percentage of subjects that answered that they always wash their hands before treatment was relatively low with 56.0% compared to 82.0% of subjects that answered that they always washed their hands after treatment. Dental treatment equipment washing before sterilization, use of packing and re-sterilization of tools with damaged packing showed high results for 'yes', but the ratio of subjects that answered 'no' to water line management was low with 39%.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.142-149
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• 2002

Background: Our previous study showed that purified protein derivative (PPD)-stimulated pleural mononuclear cells (PMC) from tuberculous pleurisy (Tbp) produced significantly more $IFN-{\gamma}$ (10- to 70-fold) after in vitro PPD stimulation than freshly isolated pleural cells from malignant pleurisy. The present study was designed to determine whether blocking the CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) interaction decreases $IFN-{\gamma}$ production by altering IL-12 levels. Methods: IL-12 and $IFN-{\gamma}$ production after neutralizing anti-CD40L antibody treatment was compared to the efficacy of anti-CD80, anti-CD86, and a combination of anti-CD80 and CD86 (CD80+86) monoclonal antibodies (mAb). These activities were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), after in vitro stimulation with PPO antigen (Ag). Results: Neutralization of CD80, CD86 and CD80+86 did not decrease $IFN-{\gamma}$ and IL-12 production in Tbp-PMC, whereas neutralization of CD40L significantly depressed IL-12 p40 and $IFN-{\gamma}$. In addition, neutralization of CD40L completely inhibited IL-12 p40 and $IFN-{\gamma}$ mRNA expression. Conclusion: The CD40-CD40L interaction might play a major role in IL-12 and $IFN-{\gamma}$ production in Tbp-PMC, thus contributing to protective immunity in human tuberculosis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 2000

Background: Interleron-gamma(IFN-$\gamma$) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-$\alpha$) playa critical role in protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection The change of IFN-$\gamma$ and TNF -$\alpha$ producing capacity in the course of antituberculous chemotherapy in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was evaluated in this study. Method: In 29 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, phytohemagglutinin(PHA) or purified protein derivative(PPD) stimulated production of IFN-$\gamma$ and TNF-$\alpha$ by peripheral blood mononuclear cells was quantified. Five patients were sampled before they underwent antituberculous treatment, 11 patients after 0-4 months, six after 4-completion and seven after treatment completion. Result: There was no difference in PHA- or PPD-stimulated production of IFN-$\gamma$ and TNF-$\alpha$ between each group. Conclusion: No difference in PHA- or PPD- stimulated production of IFN-$\gamma$ and TNF-$\alpha$ between two groups could be identified according to their treatment with pulmonary tuberculosis.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate dietary effects of illite on humoral immune response against Salmonella typhimurium flagella in Hyline Brown laying hens. Total of twenty eight 36-week-old hens were divided into two groups; The first was fed commercial diet as control and the other was fed diet containing 2 % illite. Each group was divided into 2 sub-groups and then performed immunization of Salmonella flagella with different adjuvants which were Freund's adjuvant and croton oil. The rates of egg-production in all groups were normal range but no difference was found between illite-treated and untreated groups. The serum antibody titers of Freund's adjuvant-used subgroup in illite fed groups were significantly increased, especially from 6-to 9-week after $1^{st}$ immunization compared to those of control groups (p<0.05). And the antibody titers of croton oil-used subgroup in illite-fed groups were also significantly increased, especially at 4-, 6- and 7-week (p<0.05). The results demonstrated that the feeding illite stimulated the immune response against S. typhimurium flagella antigen in laying hens and suggest that the supplementation of illite to the poultry diets may support protective effects against bacterial infections such as Salmonellosis.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.189-200
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• 2007

To investigate the innate immune response involved in early stage of anti-viral defence, carps were injected with UV-inactivated spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV), poly inosinic:cytidylic acid (Poly I:C) and concanavalin A (Con A), respectively and examined lysozyme activity, serum complement activity and chemiluminescent (CL) response of leucocytes isolated from head kidney at 3 days post-injection. There was no significant difference in plasma lysozyme activities among all experimental groups. However, lysozyme activities of head kidney in the groups injected with antiviral activity inducers were significantly higher than those of the control injected with physiological saline. Bactericidal activities of serum of the groups injected with antiviral activity inducers were not significantly different from control group. However, the CL responses were significantly higher at lower dose of Poly I:C and Con A, whilst dose-dependent increase was shown in UV-inactivated SVCV-injected group. In the challenge test with 1×104 TCID50/fish of SVCV at 4 days post-injection, UV-inactivated SVCV- and Poly I:C-injected groups showed higher relative percent survival (RPS) than Con A-injected group. Furthermore, strong protection was observed in the group injected higher dose of Poly I:C although showed lower activities in lysozyme and CL response. These results suggested that Poly I:C might stimulate other factors belonging to non-specific immune system have induced protective immunity against the SVCV challenged.