• 방재기술
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• 통권16호
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• pp.28-40
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• 1994

This objective of safety assessment is to determine the acceptability of risks of hazards, or the coping measures, if not acceptable, by identifying and quantifying the risks potentially involved in incidents, with the information of new technology and the disasterous cases.

• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.37-53
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• 2020

Today, our society is exposed to cyber threats, such as the leakage of personal information, as various systems are connected and operated organically with the development of information and communication technology. With the impact of these cyber risks, we are experiencing damage from the virtual world to the physical world. As the number of cases of damage caused by cyber attacks has continued to rise, social voices have risen that the government needs to manage cyber risks. Thus, information and telecommunication service providers are now mandatory to have insurance against personal information protection due to amendment of "the Act on Promotion of Information and Communication Network Utilization and Information Protection". However, the insurance management system has not been properly prepared, with information and communication service providers selecting the service operators based on sales volume rather than selecting them based on the type and amount of personal information they store and manage. In order for the personal information protection liability insurance system to be used more effectively in line with the legislative purpose, effective countermeasures such as cooperation with the government and related organizations and provision of benefits for insured companies should be prepared. Thus, the author of this study discuss the current status of personal information protection liability insurance system and the issues raised in the operation of the system. Based on the results of this analysis, the authors propsoe tasks and plans to establish an effective personal information protection liability insurance system.

• 방재와보험
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• 통권12호
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• pp.82-86
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• 1979

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.372-377
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• 2020

Infection risks of handling specimens associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by public health laboratory services teams were assessed to scrutinize the potential hazards arising from the work procedures. Through risk assessments of all work sequences, laboratory equipment, and workplace environments, no aerosol-generating procedures could be identified except the procedures (mixing and transfer steps) inside biological safety cabinets. Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as surgical masks, protective gowns, face shields/safety goggles, and disposable gloves, together with pertinent safety training, was provided for laboratory work. Proper disinfection and good hand hygiene practices could minimize the probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection at work. All residual risk levels of the potential hazards identified were within the acceptable level. Contamination by gloved hands was considered as a major exposure route for SARS-CoV-2 when compared with eye protection equipment. Competence in proper donning and doffing of PPE accompanied by hand washing techniques was of utmost importance for infection control.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.245-247
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• 2019

Occupational risks are often underestimated in midwifery. It is not commonly known that occupational risks were originally described by the Italian physician Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714) at the beginning of the 18th century. Our aim was to describe occupational risks in midwifery from Ramazzini to modern times. The original text by Bernardino Ramazzini was analyzed. A review of modern scientific articles on occupational risks in midwifery was conducted. Ramazzini identified two major occupational risks in midwifery: infections and awkward postures. Modern literature seems to agree with his considerations, focusing on infection, use of universal protection and personal protective equipment, and musculoskeletal problems. Modern studies also evidenced posttraumatic stress disorder that was probably postulated by Ramazzini himself. The poor number of articles in literature on midwives' occupational risks shows a lack of interest toward this issue. Prevention should therefore be emphasized in this field, so high-quality studies on occupational risks in midwifery are needed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권sup3호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2016

Excessive exposure to chemicals in the workplace can cause poisoning and various diseases. Thus, for the protection of labor, it is necessary to examine the exposure of people to chemicals and risks from these materials. The purpose of this study is to evaluate semi-quantitative health risks of exposure to harmful chemical agents in the context of carcinogenesis in a latex glove manufacturing industry. In this cross-sectional study, semi-quantitative risk assessment methods provided by the Department of Occupational Health of Singapore were used and index of LD50, carcinogenesis (ACGIH and IARC) and corrosion capacity were applied to calculate the hazard rate and the biggest index was placed as the basis of risk. To calculate the exposure rate, two exposure index methods and the actual level of exposure were employed. After identifying risks, group H (high) and E (very high) classified as high-risk were considered. Of the total of 271 only 39 (15%) were at a high risk level and 3% were very high (E). These risks only was relevant to 7 materials with only sulfuric acid placed in group E and 6 other materials in group H, including nitric acid (48.3%), chromic acid (6.9%), hydrochloric acid (10.3%), ammonia (3.4%), potassium hydroxide (20.7%) and chlorine (10.3%). Overall, the average hazard rate level was estimated to be 4 and average exposure rate to be 3.5. Health risks identified in this study showed that the manufacturing industry for latex gloves has a high level of risk because of carcinogens, acids and strong alkalisand dangerous drugs. Also according to the average level of risk impact, it is better that the safety design strategy for latex gloves production industry be placed on the agenda.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.114-122
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• 2016

본 논문은 리튬배터리의 고온 및 단락전류에 따른 폭발 및 화재 위험성을 분석하기 위한 연구이다. 이에 대표적인 리튬배터리 종류인 리튬폴리머배터리 및 리튬이온배터리를 실험시료로 선정하였다. 고온에 따른 폭발위험성 측정결과 리튬폴리머배터리의 경우 평균 $170^{\circ}C$, 리튬이온배터리의 경우 평균 $187^{\circ}C$에서 폭발이 일어났다. 단락전류에 따른 온도상승측정결과 보호회로가 정상작동 할 경우 과전류를 제한하여 온도상승이 거의 없었지만, 보호회로가 고장 났을 경우 리튬폴리머배터리의 경우 평균 $115.7^{\circ}C$ 및 리튬이온배터리 경우 평균 $80.5^{\circ}C$까지 상승하여 화재 및 화상 위험성이 높게 나타나는 것으로 측정되었다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제34권
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• pp.77-108
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• 2007

The traditional name given to the insurance of third party liabilities and certain contractual liabilities which arise in connection with the operation of ships is protection and indemnity(P & I) insurance. P & I insurance is very different from traditional hull and machinery insurance in that shipowners' hull and machinery insurance is designed primarily to protect the assured against losses to his vessel, whereas P & I insurance seeks to indemnify an shipowner in respect of the discharge of legal liabilities he has incurred in operating his own vessels. This study is to examine the background of establishment of British P & I clubs md, therefore, the identity of P & I insurance. The present British P & I clubs are the remote descendants of the many small and local hull mutual insurance clubs that were formed by British shipowners in the end of 18th century. At that time, British shipowners were dissatified with the state of marine insurance market and, therefore, established clubs together in mutual hull insurance clubs. After the removal of the company monopoly in 1824, greater competition had a good effect on the rates, terms of cover and service offered by the commercial marine insurance market and by Lloyd's underwriters, and the hull clubs became less necessary and went into decline. The burden of British shipowners on liabilities to third parties was steadily increased after the middle of the 19th century, but the amount insured under hull policy was limited in the insured value of the ship. Eventually, the first protection club, that is, the Shipowners' Mutual Protection Society was formed in 1855. It was designed to like past mutual hull clubs, but to cover liabilities for loss of life and personal injury and also the collision risks excluded from the current marine policies, particularly the excess above the limits in hull policies. In 1870, the risks of liability for loss of or damage to cargo carried on board the insured ship was first awarded by the British shipowners. After 1874, many protection clubs formed indemnity club to cover the risk of liability for loss or damage to cargo. As mentioned above, British P & I clubs have been steadily changed according to the response of shipowners under the rapidly changing law of British shipowners' liability, and so on in the future.

• 방재기술
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• 통권13호
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• pp.27-37
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• 1992

As the progress in electronic industry is very rapid, various materials are used in this area and it is very difficult to find the hazard of those materials. Also expensive equipments are concentrated and flammable liguids or toxic gases are used in the procsses, the possibility of loss in the fire is very high. So it is very important to analyze various risks and take the proper measures.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2013

This paper discusses how to manage supply chain disruption risks from natural disasters or other low-likelihood-high-impact risk drivers. After the catastrophic earthquake in Eastern Japan and the severe flood in Thailand, most companies have been attempting to re-establish the business continuity plan to prevent their supply chain from disruption. However, the challenges for managers and individual risks are often interrelated, and thus, actions that mitigate one risk can end up being no contribution as a whole. In this paper, we describe a framework for assessing how much impact individual mitigation strategies have on the entire supply chain protection against disruption, using network reliability. We propose three categories of risk-mitigation approaches: Stabilization, Absorption, and Duplication. We analyze the situation under which each of these strategies is the best suitable. With a clear understanding of relations between these mitigation strategies and the entire supply chain risks, managers can select effective risk-reduction approaches to their supply chain.