• 제목/요약/키워드: protect the environment

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소비자인지도화령수상사회책임(消费者认知度和零售商社会责任): 종미국시각출발적도덕구매행위적탐색성연구(从美国视角出发的道德购买行为的探索性研究) (Consumer Awareness and Evaluation of Retailers' Social Responsibility: An Exploratory Approach into Ethical Purchase Behavior from a U.S Perspective)

  • Lee, Min-Young;Jackson, Vanessa P.
    • 마케팅과학연구
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    • 제20권1호
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    • pp.49-58
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    • 2010
  • 企业社会责任已经成为学者们进行研究的一个重要课题. 多数认为企业社会责任对企业去定义他们在社会中的责任是必要的, 并且为他们的商业活动提供社会和道德标准. 其结果是, 相当数量的零售商已经采用企业社会责任为一个战略工具来宣传他们的商业活动. 为此, 本研究企图探索美国消费者在他们对零售商主观的感知和评估的基础上在道德购买和消费中的态度和行为. 本文的目的包括: 1)测定参与者对零售商企业社会责任的认知度. 2)评定参与者如何评估零售商企业社会责任. 3)测定参与者对零售商企业社会责任的评估过程是否影响他们对零售商的态度. 4)评定参与者对零售商企业社会责任的态度是否影响他们的购买行为. 本文并没有关注实际的零售商企业社会责任表现. 因为消费者的决定过程是基于个体的评定而不是实际的事实. 本研究调查了美国大学生对零售商企业社会责任的认知和评估. 本研究的参与者是56名来自美国东南大学的大学生. 他们的年龄在18岁到26岁之间. 使用开放性译码和选择性译码进行内容分析. 我们收集和分析了超过100张单倍行距的答复. 使用两步骤的译码(即开放性译码和选择性译码. 译码结果和分析笔记用来理解参与者对企业社会责任的认知和从书写的回复中提炼出来包括直接引用的答案所支持的伦理购买行为. 为保护参与者隐私, 这里使用的都是化名. 参与者被要求写下有关零售商, 他们对企业社会责任问题的认识和评估一个零售商的企业社会责任表现. 大部分应答者(n=28)表明他们对企业社会责任有一定的认识但是不觉得需要按这个要求去做. 少数应答者(n=8)表明他们对企业社会责任有一定的认识但是基本不关心. 结果表明当大学生评估零售商的几页社会责任表现时, 他们使用企业社会责任的三个纬度: 员工支持, 社区支持和环境支持. 我们发现如何对待和支持员工是一个评估零售商的企业社会责任的重要准则. 应答者表明作为一个员工和零售商有好的经历会使他们对此零售商有积极的感知和态度. 和员工支持相关的有四个主题: 根据员工表现的奖励和惩罚, 工作环境, 员工教育和训练课程, 以及员工和员工家人折扣. 良好的赏罚机制被认为是一个重要的属性. 和工作环境相关的因素包括: 零售商如何良好的遵守与工作时间相关的规则, 午餐时间和休息同样被认为是重要的属性之一. 有关社区支持, 有三个方面: 对当地社区销售比率的贡献, 对慈善组织的财政贡献和对社区大型活动的支持. 在环境方面, 有两个主题: 循环利用和销售有机或绿色产品. 在回复中有提到, 零售商正在尝试去做对环境友好所能做的. 一位应答者提到这个公司正在创造有环保设计的店铺. 并且能在这家公司的网站上轻松的找到为帮助环境所做的事情的信息. 应答者还注意到这些店铺可提供有机和亲环境产品. 应答者在此类中还提到关于这个公司如何使用环保的杯子和他们如何帮助新奥尔良的居民重建家园. 应答者注意到零售商为购买产品的消费者提供可再使用的袋子. 一位应答者说一家零售商通过提供有机棉来使他们的产品帮助环境. 在分析应答者之后, 我们发现参与者对零售商的企业社会责任的评估影响他们对零售商的态度. 然而, 在态度和购买行为之间有显著的差异. 尽管参与者对零售商的企业社会责任有积极的态度, 但资金和时间的缺乏也影响他们的购买行为. 总体来看, 一半的应答者(n=28)提到在购物时企业社会责任表现影响他们的购买决定. 本研究的结果为零售商针对消费者提高他们的形象而考虑企业社会责任提供了支持. 本研究暗示出消费者根据员工, 社区和环境三方面的支持来评估零售商. 评估, 态度和购买行为似乎是密切相关的. 也就是说, 评估是基于消费者对零售商企业社会责任的认识. 这些认识可以影响他们对零售商的态度从而进一步影响他们的购买行为. 参与者同时表明企业社会责任会使他们对零售商印象良好但是并不会影响他们的购买行为. 在参与者中, 价格和便利似乎超越了企业社会责任的重要性. 本文还讨论了此研究的启示, 对未来研究的建议和研究的局限.

고속도로 절토비탈면의 식생구조와 천이 (Vegetation Structure and Succession of Highway Cutting-slope Area)

  • 송호경;전기성;이상화;김남춘;박관수;이병준
    • 한국환경복원기술학회지
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    • 제8권6호
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    • pp.69-79
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    • 2005
  • This study was carried out to select proper species for early stage replantation in highway cut-slope area. In highway cut-slope area, sample plots of 106 were selected, and their vegetations and environmental factors were investigated. 1. We found total 172 species in the 106 cutting area of highway. The species of high frequency of highway cut-slope were found in the order of Lespedeza bicolor, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Festuca arundinacea, Erigeron annuus, Lespedeza cuneata, Lactuca indica var. laciniata, Eragrostis curvula, Dactylis glomerata, Oenothera lamarckiana, Wistaria floribunda, Humulus japonica, Commelina communis, Miscanthus sinensis, Pueraria thunbergiana, Pinus densiflora, etc. 2. The average vegetation coverage was over 90% in the study sites and the average coverage was 91.4% in the total cut-slope area. The species of high coverage of highway cut-slope area were found in the order of Festuca arundinacea, Eragrostis curvula, Lespedeza bicolor, Wistaria floribunda, Lespedeza cuneata, Dactylis glomerata, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Humulus japonica, Pueraria thunbergiana, Robinia pseudoacacia, Poa pratensis, Medicago sativa, Festuca ovina, Pinus densiflora, Parthenocissua tricuspidata, etc. 3. The total coverage in the foreign plants of Festuca arundinacea, Eragrostis curvula, Dactylis glomerata, Poa pratensis, Medicago sativa, Coreopsis drummondii and native plants of Lespedeza bicolor, Wistaria floribunda, Lespedeza cuneata, Amorpha fruticosa, Indigofera pseudotinctoria, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya were 57.52%. That is, the ecological succession of native herbs and parachute shrubs have delayed because the afforested plants occupy 57.52%. In future, the coverage of foreign herbs have to reduce, and the coverage of the native herbs and parachute shrubs must be increased. 4. The native seed of Artemisia sp., Miscanthus sinensis, Smilax china, Pueraria thunbergiana, Rubus crataegifolius, Rubus parvifolius, Pinus densiflora, Rhus chinensis, Albizzia julibrissin, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Clematis apiifolia, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Prunus sargentii could be added in the seedling of the temperate south zone highway with the used seeds. The native seed of Artemisia sp., Miscanthus sinensis, Rubus crataegifolius, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Weigela subsessilis, Stephanandra incisa, Rhus chinensis, Pinus densiflora, Salix koreensis, Cocculus trilobus, Populus alba, Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora, Clematis apiifolia, Lindera obtusiloba, Quercus serrata, etc., could be added in the seedling of the temperate middle zone highway with the used seeds. 5. We have some recommendation. The native plants have to growth in the highway cut-slope area instead of foreign plants to have good environmental ecology. The role of the foreign plants should be the plant for the initial several years in the highway cut-slope area. And, the native plants should growth in the next season. 6. We should protect shrubs and trees in the highway slope area because shrubs and trees can be more helpful in stabilizing of the slope area than herbs.

경관풍수에 입각한 신도시의 개념적 설계 : 행정중심복합 예정도시를 사례로 (Planning the New City Based on the Geomancy: A Case of the Design of the New Multi-functional Administrative City (NMAC))

  • 서태열;옥한석
    • 대한지리학회지
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    • 제40권5호
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    • pp.491-513
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    • 2005
  • 경관풍수는 인간, 토지, 물, 산과의 관계를 잘 형상화할 수 있는 친환경적이고도 자연적인 토대에서 도시의 경관과 경관이미지를 설계하는 데 이용될 수 있다. 이 글은 최근 건설예정인 행정중심 복합도시 예정지역을 대상으로 경관풍수와 전통적인 한국의 인간-자연관계를 바탕으로 도시의 개념적 틀을 제시하는 데 목적이 있다. 즉 도시의 구조와 형태, 도시 내 토지이용 등 다양한 방면에 걸쳐서 도시관련 개념적 틀을 제시하는 것이다. 행정복합 중심도시 건설 예정지는 경관풍수 지리적으로 보면, 평화, 조화를 의미하는 쌍학과 강인함과 상생, 생성, 그리고 성스러운 삼태극의 이미지를 보인다. 이러한 바탕 위에서 서구적인 공간관이라고도 볼 수 있는 중첩된 다이아몬드 구조를 도시구조에 부여함으로써 이러한 전통적 경관풍수적이고도 친자연적인 장소 이미지와 상징성을 지속적으로 유지할 수 있도록 도시의 형태를 계획할 수 있다. 다이아몬드 각각의 두 중심점과 접점에 의하여 이루어지는 세 개의 중심점에 도시의 남북, 동서의 중심축이 형성되고 광장, 행정기관, 시청사가 입지시킬 수 있다. 도시 내 교통망은 방사형 및 직교형으로 건설하고, 중심점 부근에 문화시설을 설치하여 지속 가능한 도시 발전을 위하여 자연보존 지구 등을 남겨놓을 수 있을 것이다.

기만기 적용 고무 O-ring의 온도에 따른 가속수명시험을 통한 수명예측에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Life-time Prediction for the Rubber O-ring applied to decoy through the Accelerated Life Test)

  • 조희진;김민우;곽혜림
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제17권10호
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    • pp.182-188
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    • 2016
  • 어뢰회피용 기만기는 수중에서 적 어뢰의 공격으로부터 자함을 보호하는 무기체계로 유사 시 우리 군의 피해를 최소화하기 위해 운용 간 고장없이 정상적으로 임무를 수행하여야 한다. 기만기는 운영 특성 상 내부로 해수가 유입되면 정상적인 임무 수행이 불가하기 때문에 운용환경을 고려하여 외부로부터 해수유입 방지를 위한 완벽한 기밀이 요구된다. 일반적으로 기만기의 수밀성능 확보를 위해 고무재질의 오링을 사용하는데 이러한 고무재질의 제품들은 시간의 경과와 주변 환경의 영향을 받아 노화되어 고무 초기 특성이 상실되어진다. 따라서 요구되는 수밀성능을 유지하기 위해 오링에 대한 정비 또는 교체가 필수적이다. 본 논문에서는 기만기에 사용되는 오링의 대표적인 물성 지표인 경도와 신장률 값을 기준으로 오링의 가속수명시험 수행을 통한 시험데이터를 바탕으로 적합한 정비주기를 선정하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 기만기 수밀성능을 보장하기 위해 사용되는 오링의 재질은 NBR(Nitrile Butadiene Rubber)로써, 선행 연구 자료를 참고하여 주요 고장 환경 인자를 온도로 선정하였으며, 고장의 기준은 대상 제품이 가지는 물성 값 중 경도와 신장률이 초기 대비 50%까지 저하되는 시점으로 선정하였다. 또한 시험에 사용되는 시편 준비 및 물성 값 측정방법은 KS M 6518 규격을 참고하여 진행하였다. 시험결과는 컴퓨터 프로그램을 통해 분석하여 기만기에 적용되는 오링의 수명을 예측하였으며, 이를 통해 오링에 대한 정비주기를 산출하였다.

에머지(Emergy) 개념을 이용한 산지가치의 계량화에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Quantification of Forest Land Values Using the Emergy Synthesis)

  • 김남국;김진이;박동기;이석모
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제17권3호
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    • pp.305-314
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    • 2008
  • As forest land takes up 65% of the Korean peninsula, there have been continuing conflicts between the development and conservation of forest land. As the income level has changed over time, the usage of forest land in society has changed. There has been increasing demands for forest land for urban development and recreational use. On the other hand, a large proportion of the land is required to be preserved for the forest and the natural ecosystem in it. The existing management system for the forest land has been designed focusing on the management of the trees on the land, and not the land itself. Due to this limitation, the current management system of forest land has failed to protect the forest land from being developed indiscreetly, making it difficult to conserve and develop the forest land in an efficient way. A major question in forest land management is how to integrate economic use activities with the supporting ecosystems to maximize performance of the ecological-economic system. In order to promote sustainable use of forest resources, and to achieve efficient forest land management, it is prerequisite to evaluation on forest resources of natural ecosystems. Quantitative measures are needed that signify how necessary the services and products of forested ecosystems are to human endeavors. In this study, the natural wealth provided by forest land was quantified based on emergy synthesis. Emergy is a universal measure of real wealth of the work of nature and society made on a common basis. Thus, Calculations of emergy provide a basis for making choices about environment and economy following the general public policy to maximize real wealth. The goals of forest land management to achieve balance between the ecology and economy of its integrated system and to foster equity among the diverse outcomes of the forest land were assessed with emergy. Emergy was demonstrated to holistically integrated and quantify the interconnections of a coupled nature-human system allowing the goals of ecological balance and outcome equity to be measured quantitatively. Doing so will provide a better understanding of the basis of forest land wealth and the consequences of management decisions.

토양 및 지형 조건에 따른 토양침식 잠재성 분석 - 경상남도 창녕군 이방면을 대상으로 - (Analysis of Soil Erodibility Potential Depending on Soil and Topographic Condition - A Case Study of Ibang-myeon, Changnyeong-gun, Kyungsangnam-do, South Korea-)

  • 박인환;장갑수;이근상;서동조
    • 환경영향평가
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    • 제15권1호
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    • pp.1-12
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    • 2006
  • Changes in the soil physical property and the topographic condition derived from agricultural activities like as farming activities, land clearance and cutting down resulted in environmental and economic problems including the outflow of nutrient from farms and the water pollution. Several theories on the soil conservation have been developed and reviewed to protect soil erosion in the regions having a high risk of erosion. This study was done using the USLE model developed by Wischmeier and Smith (1978), and model for the slope length and steepness made by Desmet and Govers (1996), and Nearing (1997) to evaluate the potential of the soil erodibility. Therefore, several results were obtained as follows. First, factors affecting the soil erosion based on the USLE could be extracted to examine the erosion potential in farms. Soil erodibility (K), slope length (L), and slope steepness (S) were used as main factors in the USLE in consideration of the soil, not by the land use or land cover. Second, the soil erodibility increased in paddy soils where it is low in soil content, and the very fine sandy loam exists. Analysis of the slope length showed that the value of a flat ground was 1, and the maximum value was 9.17 appearing on the steep mountain. Soil erodibility showed positive relationship to a slope. Third, the potential soil erodibility index (PSEI) showed that it is high in the PSEI of the areas of steep upland and orchard on the slope of mountainous region around Dokjigol mountain, Dunji mountain, and Deummit mountain. And the PSEI in the same land cover was different depending on the slope rather than on the physical properties in soil. Forth, the analysis of land suitability in soil erosion explained that study area had 3,672.35ha showing the suitable land, 390.88ha for the proper land, and 216.54ha for the unsuitable land. For unsuitable land, 8.71ha and 6.29ha were shown in fallow uplands and single cropping uplands, respectively.

변형된 임플란트 임시 지대주의 물성에 대한 연구 (The Study on the Physical Property of Provisional Prosthesis using Modified Temporary Abutment)

  • 양병덕;윤태호;최운재;박주미
    • 구강회복응용과학지
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    • 제22권4호
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    • pp.329-340
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    • 2006
  • Statement of problem: Damping of the peak force transmitted to implants has been reported by in vitro studies using impact forces on resin-veneered superstructures. Theoretical assumptions suggest that use of acrylic resin for the occlusal surfaces of a prosthesis would protect the connection between implant and bone. Therefore, the relationship between prosthesis materials and the force transmitted through the implant system also needs to be investigated under conditions that resemble the intraoral mechanical environment. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the fracture strength and modes of temporary prosthesis when a flange or occlusally extended structure were connected on the top of the abutment. Material and method: Modified abutments of winged and bulk design were made by casting the desired wax pattern which is made on the UCLA type plastic cylinder. Temporary crowns were made using templates on the modified abutments, and its fracture toughness and strain were compared to the traditional temporary prosthesis. To evaluate the effect of aging, 5.000 times of thermocycling were performed, and their result was compared to the 24hours specimen result. Results: The following conclusions were drawn from this study: 1. In the fracture toughness test, temporary crown's fracture line located next to the screw hole while modified designs with metal support showed fracture line on the metal and its propagation along the metal-resin interface. 2. Wing and bulk structure didn't show significant difference in the fracture toughness (p>0.05), but wing structure showed stress concentration on the screw hole area compared to bulk structure which showed even stress distribution. 3. In the fracture toughness test after thermocycling, wing and bulk structure showed increased or similar results in metal supported area while off-metal area and temporary crown showed decreased results. 4. In the strain measurement after thermocycling, its value increased in the temporary and bulk structure. However, wing structure showed decreased value in the loading point while increased value in the screw hole area. Conclusion: Wing type design showed compatible result to the bulk type that its application with composite resin prosthesis to the implant dentistry is considered promising.

자연하도 하구부의 방사보에 의한 수리학적특성 해석 (Analysis of Hydraulic Characteristics by Sediment Protection Weir on Natural River Estuary)

  • 안승섭;최윤영
    • 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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    • 제4권1호
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    • pp.51-60
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    • 2001
  • This study examines the effects of removal of the sediment protection weir at Taehwa river mouth on hydraulic and around river environment considering the fact that the effects of the sediment protection weir which is installed to protect water level drop of Ulsan harbor caused by sediments according to flood in Taehwa river, Dong-chun, and so forth may add water quality contamination by flow stagnance in normal and drought period and accumulation of pollutants. The result is as follows. First, it is estimated from the examination of variation characteristics water depth and level for Taehwa river before and after removal of the sediment protection weir that about 0.01m of water depth down according to removal of the sediment protection weir occurs when low flow runs between the sediment protection weir which is located about 2.3km away from the estuary and Samho-gyo which is about 9.0km away from the sediment protection weir, and about 0.01~0.56m(directly upstream point of the sediment protection weir 0.56m, Myongchon-gyo 0.14m, Ulsan-gyo 0.03m, and Taehwa-gyo 0.02m) downs when design flood flows between the sediment protection weir and the upstream of Taehwa-gyo which is 10km away from the sediment protection weir. Therefore, it is thought that variation of hydraulic characteristics of water depth down and so on according to removal of the sediment protection weir is slight because water depth variation is only about 1cm between directly upstream point of the sediment protection weir and Samho-gyo. Next, it is estimated from the examination of variation characteristics of flow velocity for Taehwa river before and after removal of the sediment protection weir that about 0.0lm/s of flow velocity increase occurs between the directly upstream point of the sediment protection weir which is about 2.4km away from the estuary and the directly upstream point of Samho-gyo when low flow runs, and about 0.01~0.44m/s increases between the sediment protection weir and Samho-gyo when design flood flows. Therefore, riverbed erosion by the increased flow velocity is concerned but it is thought that the concern about riverbed erosion is not great because the mean velocity is about 0.07~1.36m/s when low flow runs, and about 1.02~2.41m/s when design flood flows for the sector which experiences the flow velocity variation.

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Vitamin D maintains E-cadherin intercellular junctions by downregulating MMP-9 production in human gingival keratinocytes treated by TNF-α

  • Oh, Changseok;Kim, Hyun Jung;Kim, Hyun-Man
    • Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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    • 제49권5호
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    • pp.270-286
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    • 2019
  • Purpose: Despite the well-known anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D in periodontal health, its mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, the effect of vitamin D on strengthening E-cadherin junctions (ECJs) was explored in human gingival keratinocytes (HGKs). ECJs are the major type of intercellular junction within the junctional epithelium, where loose intercellular junctions develop and microbial invasion primarily occurs. Methods: HOK-16B cells, an immortalized normal human gingival cell line, were used for the study. To mimic the inflammatory environment, cells were treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the culture medium were assessed by an MMP antibody microarray and gelatin zymography. The expression of various molecules was investigated using western blotting. The extent of ECJ development was evaluated by comparing the average relative extent of the ECJs around the periphery of each cell after immunocytochemical E-cadherin staining. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression was examined via immunohistochemical analysis. Results: $TNF-{\alpha}$ downregulated the development of the ECJs of the HGKs. Dissociation of the ECJs by $TNF-{\alpha}$ was accompanied by the upregulation of MMP-9 production and suppressed by a specific MMP-9 inhibitor, Bay 11-7082. Exogenous MMP-9 decreased the development of ECJs. Vitamin D reduced the production of MMP-9 and attenuated the breakdown of ECJs in the HGKs treated with $TNF-{\alpha}$. In addition, vitamin D downregulated $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced nuclear factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) signaling in the HGKs. VDR was expressed in the gingival epithelium, including the junctional epithelium. Conclusions: These results suggest that vitamin D may avert $TNF-{\alpha}$-induced downregulation of the development of ECJs in HGKs by decreasing the production of MMP-9, which was upregulated by $TNF-{\alpha}$. Vitamin D may reinforce ECJs by downregulating $NF-{\kappa}B$ signaling, which is upregulated by $TNF-{\alpha}$. Strengthening the epithelial barrier may be a way for vitamin D to protect the periodontium from bacterial invasion.

문덕우복구간 국도비탈면 종비토뿜어붙이기 시험시공 적용사례 (Application Case of Test Construction of Hydro-Seeding Measures with Seed-Fertilizer-Soil Materials on the Slopes Along the National Road Between Munduk and Wubokgu)

  • 전기성;우경진
    • 한국환경복원기술학회지
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    • 제10권6호
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    • pp.130-138
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    • 2007
  • To protect the surface of ground-cutting slopes occurring at the national road substitute detour [roundabout road]construction jobsite between Munduk and Wubokgu within the jurisdiction of Pohang-si and environment-friendly road construction, a test execution of re-vegetation measures on the major slopes was done and the results are as follows : As a result of finding out the number of sprouting individuals on the test construction site, the average number of sprouting individuals on the three test spots by the method of revegetation measures D, revegetation measures A, and revegetation measures B was 1,292 number of per square meter, 1,190 number of per square meter, and 1,095 number of per square meter respectively, which statistics were higher than those of test spot by the revegetation measures C. As a result of finding out living plant's breeding index [weight in dried state], the average dried weight of living plant at the test spot by the method of revegetation measures B, in case of foreign herbal species, was the highest marking 8.96 grams per square meter, and the next was 6.86grams per square meter by the method of revegetation measures D, and the next after was 6.80 grams per square meter by the method of revegetation measures A, and the last 5.93 grams per square meter by the method of revegetation measures C. As a result of finding out the covering degree on the slopes, the same average covering degree of 80% and 77.5% in revegetation measures A and revegetation measures D individually, which showed a somewhat higher covering degree than those of revegetation measures B and revegetation measures C. As a result of finding out appearing plants on the test construction site, seeding plant life was found to be sprouting on all test spot while native and foreign herbal species and herbaceous plant as well as shrubs were growing in good harmony with each other. However, in case of revegetation measures B and revegetation measures C method, foreign plant species are dominantly growing. As a result of inspecting rifts on the slopes and the excavated state by water, there existed cracks in some of base materials only in revegetation measures C method applied spot.