• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2023

To examine the antitumor effect of proso millet grains, whether proso millet grains exert apoptotic activity against human cancer cells was investigated. When the cytotoxicity of 80% ethanol (EtOH) extract of proso millet grains was tested against various cancer cells using MTT assay, more potent cytotoxicity was observed against human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells than against other cancer cells. When the EtOH extract was evaporated to dryness, dissolved in water, and then further fractionated by sequential extraction using four organic solvents (n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol), the BuOH fraction exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells. Along with the cytotoxicity, TUNEL-positive apoptotic nucleosomal DNA fragmentation and several apoptotic responses including BAK/BAX activation, mitochondria membrane potential (Δψm) loss, mitochondrial cytochrome c release into the cytosol, activation of caspase-8/-9/-3, and degradation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were detected. However, human normal mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells exhibited a significantly lesser extent of sensitivity compared to malignant MDA-MB-231 cells. Irrespective of Fas-associated death domain (FADD)-deficiency or caspase-8-deficiency, human T acute lymphoblastic leukemia Jurkat cells displayed similar sensitivities to the cytotoxicity of BuOH fraction, excluding an involvement of extrinsic apoptotic mechanism in the apoptosis induction. These results demonstrate that the cytotoxicity of BuOH fraction from proso millet grains against human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells is attributable to intrinsic apoptotic cell death resulting from BAK/BAX activation, and subsequent mediation of mitochondrial damage-dependent activation of caspase cascade.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.11
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• pp.1785-1790
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• 2014

This study was carried out to compare the physicochemical characteristics and sensory qualities of Sikhye (Korean traditional rice beverage) prepared with foxtail millet, proso millet, and sorghum. The cultivated varieties were Setaria italica Beauv. cv. Samdamae (SDM) and Samdachal (SDC), Panicum miliaceum L. cv. Ibaekchal (IBC), Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Nampungchal (NPC), Donganme (DAM), Oryza sativa cv. Ilpum (IP), and Baegokchal (BOC). The brix degrees of SDM, SDC, IBC, NPC, DAM, IP, and BOC Sikhye were 9.53, 8.63, 5.67, 7.57, 6.27, 12.50, and $12.27^{\circ}Bx$, respectively. There were no significant differences in pH (5.99~6.10) among the groups. The highest turbidity was 1.07 in DAM Sikhye. The L-value, a-value, and b-value were 30.85~41.11, -0.34~2.52, and 2.56~5.67, respectively. Total polyphenol contents of SDM, SDC, IBC, NPC, DAM, IP, and BOC Sikhye were 241.52, 213.69, 202.34, 258.25, 193.24, 160.81, and $170.31{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$, respectively. Total flavonoid contents of Sikhye were $19.21{\sim}54.30{\mu}g\;CE/mL$. The highest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were $16.85{\pm}0.39$ and $64.75{\pm}2.92mg\;TE/100mL$ in DAM Sikhye, respectively. Finally, the sensory evaluation results indicate that there were significant differences in appearance, aroma, and taste between the groups, and SDM Sikhye was similar with IP and BOC.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.282-292
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• 2014

This study investigated the changes of antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity of foxtail millet (FM) and proso millet (PM) by drainage methods in poorly drained sloping paddy field. The experimented soils in this study were very poorly drained (VPDP) and imperfectly drained paddy soil (IDP). Two drainage methods namely under pipe drainage (UPD) and open ditch (ODD) were installed within 1-m position at the lower edge of the upper paddy fields. The soil moisture contents of UPD and ODD on VPDP were $18.52{\pm}4.58$ and $19.01{\pm}4.25%$, and IDP were $14.87{\pm}4.82$ and $18.64{\pm}3.85%$, respectively. Generally, crop yields, proximate and minerals composition of FM and PM showed significant differences by drainage methods. The total polyphenol, flavonoid and tannin contents, and radical scavenging activity of the ethanolic extracts of FM and PM showed significant differences by drainage methods. The total polyphenol content of FM and PM by drainage methods was 1.69~2.30 and 1.18~1.35 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid content was 0.31~0.76 and 0.27~0.41 mg CE/g, and total tannin content was 0.36~0.54 and 0.21~0.28 mg TAE/g, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of FM and PM was 39.53~59.81 and 27.91~40.25 mg TE/100 g, and ABTS radical scavenging activity was 113.59~152.10 and 61.38~79.19 mg TE/100 g, respectively. The antioxidant compounds and radical scavenging activity of FM and PM by drainage methods were frequently affected soil water.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.217-223
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• 2015

This study was conducted to serve as a basis for establishing a stable production of proso millet on the rotational paddy-upland field by looking out the physicochemical and moisture characteristics of soil and the growth characteristics of proso millet by ridge width. Plant height showed Manhongchal was the smallest 71.3 cm in 240 cm wide of ridge in the first year, Ibeakchal was the highest 69.7 cm in 60 cm wide in the second year, Hwanggeumchal was the highest 72.8 cm in 60 cm wide in the first year. The retention time of the excess water in the soil during cultivation was extended wider the width of ridge. The variation width of the water content was higher by the wider the width of ridge. Yield components showed the longest ear length were 35.1 cm of Manhongchal, 34.8 cm of Ibeakchal in 60 cm wide of ridge in the first year. As the width of ridge extended, ear weight of all variety increased. 1,000 seed weight of the 60 cm wide of ridge was Manhongchal 6.8%, Ibeakchal 46.2% heavier than the 240 cm wide of ridge. Yield showed Manhongchal 221, Ibeakchal 223, Hwanggeumchal $225kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$ in 60 cm wide of ridge in the first year. The similar pattern of amount showed Manhongchal 278, Ibeakchal 221, Hwanggeumchal $200kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$ in 60 cm wide of ridge in the second year. This showed Manhongchal 103%, Ibeakchal 119%, Hwanggeumchal 85.2% was more than the 240 cm wide of ridge.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.212-216
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of planting densities ($60{\times}10cm$, $60{\times}15cm$, $60{\times}20cm$) and PE mulching (polyethylene film mulching, non-mulching) on growth and yield of proso millet in drained paddy field for 2 years. In PE plots, culm length, culm diameter and fresh weight were higher than non-mulching plot. Additionally, spike length and seed weight per hill were also higher in PE plot but thousand seed weight was weightier in non-mulching plot. The yield of proso millet were increased with 10.0% and 15.5% at PE plot in 1st and 2nd, respectively. Culm diameter was thickest at $60{\times}20cm$ plot with 8.43 mm in 2nd however, culm length was longest at $60{\times}10cm$ plot with 130, 142 cm in 1st and 2nd, respectively. Plant height was higher by the increase of planting density. As plant density decreased, that spike length and seed weight per hill were increased. Yield of planting density were highest at $60{\times}15cm$ plot $265kg{\cdot}h10a^{-1}$, $253kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$ yearly, respectively that it were in order of $60{\times}15cm$ plot > $60{\times}10cm$ plot > $60{\times}20cm$ plot.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.283-289
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• 2016

This study was carried out to identify the optimum seeding dates for selecting a double-cropping system and to assess the effect of polyethylene film mulching on the yield of Proso millet. Seeds of the varieties Hwanggeumgijang and Ibaegchal were sown in Miryang on five different dates: 1st (May 25), 2nd (June 15), 3rd (June 25), 4th (July 5), and 5th (July 15), with and without polyvinyl mulching. The varieties have different characteristics, for example, Hwanggeumgijang is an early-maturing type and more sensitive to temperature, whereas Ibaegchal is a medium-maturing type and more sensitive to the duration for which it is exposed to sunlight. Late-sown Hwanggeumgijang had a short heading date from seeding and required a low accumulated temperature. It also had a shorter period of heading, a shorter culm length and a shorter diameter of stem. In contrast, it had had a higher number of ears $per\;m^2$ although similar ear length and similar 1000-grain weight. The yield potential of Hwanggeumgijang was found to decrease at a late seeding date. In particular, it significantly decreased at the seeding date of July 15. In the case of cultivation with polyvinyl mulching, the period of heading was shorter by 2-4 days and the yield potential was increased by approximately 12-32%. The length and diameter of culm in Ibaegchal were slowly decreased, but the length of ear, the 1000-grain weight and the yield potential were similar for all seeding dates (except July 15) and cultivation with and without mulching. When sown late, the length and diameter of the culm of Ibaegchal very rapidly decreased by the July 15 seeding date. The protein content of Ibaegchal was higher but the amlyose content of Ibaechal was lower compared to Hwanggeumgijang. At late seeding dates, the protein contents of the two varieties increased but the amylose contents were similar.