• 공업화학
• /
• 제10권6호
• /
• pp.809-813
• /
• 1999

D상 유화법을 적용하고 상도를 이용하여 유화메커니즘을 설명하였다. D상 유화작용은 등방성 계면활성제 용액의 형성과 함께 시작되며 계면활성제 용액에 octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane(OMCS)의 분산으로 계면활성제중 오일(O/D) 겔 유화물의 형성에 의해 진행된다. 폴리올은 이 실험목적상 필수성분이다. 폴리올의 기능을 이해하기 위해 비이온 계면활성제/오일/물/폴리올계의 용액거동을 폴리옥시에틸렌올레일에테르/OMCS/프로필렌글리콜(PG)의 수용액인 3성분의 상도를 이용하여 조사하였다. 등방성 계면활성제상에서 오일의 용해도는 PG를 가함에 따라 증가하였다. D상 유화물은 OMCS의 농도가 70~90% 범위에서와 계면장력이 2.0~3.0 dyne/cm 범위에서만 형성되었으며, D상 유화물은 $10{\mu}m$ 정도 크기의 균일한 구상으로 O/W 형이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.328-335
• /
• 2009

This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of exposure and removal of four different cryoprotectants (CPAs) on the ATP content of cumulus cell-enclosed (COs) and cumulus cell-denuded (DOs) immature porcine oocytes. The in vitro nuclear maturation of the COs, exposed to and removed from the CPAs was also assessed. Both COs and DOs were exposed to 1.5 M concentrations of each CPA (ethylene glycol (EG); propylene glycol (PG); dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO); and glycerol (G)) for durations of 5, 15, and 30 minutes at room temperature ($23.5{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$), and immersed in physiological saline supplemented with 20% (v/v) fetal bovine serum for 5 minutes ($39^{\circ}C$) to remove each CPA. Before, during and after exposure to each CPA, the ATP content of both the COs and the DOs was measured. After removal from each CPA an aliquot of the COs was matured for 44${\pm}$2 h, and their nuclear maturation rates were measured up to the metaphase stage of the second meiotic division (the M-II stage). The maturation rates up to the M-II stage were not significantly different between all the groups that were exposed to each CPA for 5 minutes. For 15 and 30 minute exposures, the maturation rates of the COs exposed to PG, DMSO and EG were almost the same as those of the control groups; however, the rates of G group exposed for 15 and 30 minutes were significantly lower (p<0.05) than the control group. These groups were also found to have a decrease in the ATP content of COs and DOs during and after exposure for the same periods (p<0.05). In addition, although the ATP contents of the COs after exposure to EG for any period were the same as the controls, the ATP content of the DOs exposed to EG for any period were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those of the controls. When the ATP content of the COs and DOs of each CPA were compared, the DOs exposed to PG were found to have a significantly greater level (p<0.05) than DOs exposed to G for any duration. In addition, the ATP content of DOs exposed to PG for 30 min and removal was also higher (p<0.05) than when exposed to DMSO for the same period. These findings indicate that PG may be a useful CPA for the cryopreservation of immature porcine oocytes.

• 대한화장품학회지
• /
• 제48권1호
• /
• pp.55-64
• /
• 2022

Cleansing foam이라 불리는 지방산 칼륨 cream soap은 crystal gel 구조로 이루어져 있어 유화계와는 달리 전단응력에 약하며 고온의 보관조건에서 쉽게 분리되는 특성을 보여준다. Crystal gel 구조는 지방산의 종류 및 비율, 중화도, polyol의 종류와 사용량에 따라 크게 영향을 받는다. Crystal gel 구조에 미치는 이들의 영향을 조사하기 위해 water/potassium hydroxide (KOH)/fatty acid ternary system에서 실험을 실시하였다. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) 측정 결과 myristic acid (MA) : stearic acid (SA) = 3 : 1 비율에서 공융점(eutectic point)를 갖고 이 혼합비가 가장 안전한 삼성분계(ternary system)를 만든다는 것을 발견했다. 점도 측정과 편광현미경 (POM) 관찰 결과 중화도는 75% 부근이 최적이라고 판단된다. 삼성분계의 melting point (T_m)이 보관온도보다 높을 때, 그리고 crystal phase가 lamellar gel phase로 상 전이가 일어날 때 안정하나 지방산 함량의 증가는 안정성에 거의 영향을 미치지 않는다. 삼성분계에 polyol의 첨가는 T_m을 변화시키고 상전이를 일으키는데 중요한 역할을 한다. 클렌징폼의 구조는 저온 주사전자현미경 (Cryo-SEM), 소각 및 광각 X-선 산란 (SAXS, WAXS) 분석으로 규명하였다. Butylene glycol (BG), propylene glycol (PG), dipropylene glycol (DPG)은 T_m을 낮추어주며 lamellar gel phase 형성을 어렵게 하는 반면 glycerin, PEG-400, sorbitol은 T_m을 상승시키고 lamellar gel phase 형성을 용이하게 하며 안정한 삼성분계를 만든다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.95-100
• /
• 2001

Various alkyl ester prodrugs of diclofenac were synthesized in order to investigate the relationship between their skin permeation characteristics and physicochemical properties. Solubility in various vehicles was measured at room temperature. 1-Octanol/water partition coefficients (Log P) and capacity factors (k') were measured to determine the lipophilicity of the prodrugs. Stability of prodrugs in the skin extract and homogenate was also investigated before conducting the skin permeation studies. Increases in the Log P and capacity factor values were observed when alkyl esters of diclofenac were prepared. Since the aqueous solubility of the prodrugs was not high enough, they were saturated in propylene glycol (PG) for skin permeation studies. Prodrugs were rapidly metabolized to diclofenac, both in skin homogenate and in dermal extract of skin. The skin permeation rate of alkyl ester prodrugs was significantly higher than diclofenac with shorter lag time. Moreover, a parabolic relationship was observed between the permeation rate and the log P values of prodrugs, and the maximum flux was achieved at a log P value of around 4.0.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제38권6호
• /
• pp.405-412
• /
• 2008

Six ester analogues of Ketorolac were synthesized as potential enhancer prodrugs for transdermal delivery. Solubility of these esters was determined in 10% propylene glycol (PG)/isotonic phosphate buffer (IPB) at room temperature while lipophilicity was obtained as partition coefficients (log P) and capacity factors (k') using HPLC. Stability of the prodrugs in skin extract and in plasma was investigated at $37^{\circ}C$. The lipophilicity of the potential prodrugs increased in proportion to their alkyl chain length. Good linear relationship between partition coefficients (log P) and capacity factors (log k') was observed ($R^2=0.9961$). All of the analogues were fairly stable but slowly degraded in IPB over a 12 hour period. However, their stability in skin extract and in plasma varied with most compounds gradually decomposing over a 12 hour period. Although unsaturation of the alkyl ester chain did not alter the over all lipophilicity of the compound, the half-life was significantly affected. In plasma, degradation of the esters was slower than in the skin extract, which is a desirable trait for enhancer-prodrugs. However, the overall hydrolysis in the skin extract needs to be facilitated for the development of an effective enhancer prodrug. The analogue with the shortest half life in the skin extract was the unsaturated C-12 analogue of 0.96 hr.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.313-319
• /
• 2002

Rat skin permeation of various nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was investigated in vitro using Franz diffusion cell at $37^{\circ}C$. The effect of various skin permeation enhancers was also observed as a preliminary study of developing transdermal delivery systems of NSAIDs. Lipophilicity of NSAIDs was determined from thε partition coefficient (log P) in 1-octanol/water and 1-octanol/IPB mutual-saturated solutions. The solubility was determined in water, isotonic phosphate buffer (IPB), and propylene glycol (PG) at $37^{\circ}C$. The rat skin permeation rate of acetaminophen, piroxicam, and aceclofenac was almost negligible, although they were saturated in PG. Addition of 1 % permeation enhancer increased the permeation rate of ketoprofen, ketorolac, and diclofenac. However, the skin permeation rate of ibuprofen did not increase with the addition of various enhancers. Among the permeation enhancers testεd, oleic acid was the most effective for various NSAIDs. Based on the daily dose, lipophilicity, and the skin permeation ratε achieved in this study, ketoprofen and ketorolac seem to be the most promising drug candidates for transdermal delivery systems, especially when formulated with unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제29권6호
• /
• pp.985-997
• /
• 2016

The objectives of this study, which filled gaps in previous studies, were: (1) to find the optimal mixing condition of nanoemulsions containing oleoresin capsicum (OC), Tween 80, propylene glycol (PG), and sucrose monostearate (SES) by microfluidization; (2) to investigate their properties and stability depending on such factors as pH, temperature, and heating time; (3) to measure the effect of adding ascorbic acid. In order to test these objectives, the following three experiments were conducted: Firstly, in order to find the optimal mixing ratio, nanoemulsions containing OC - the mean diameter of which is smaller than 100 nm - were prepared through the process of microfluidization; and their mean particle size, zeta potential, and capsaicinoids were measured. The test results indicated that the mixing ratio at OC : Tween 80 : PG + water(1:2) = 1 : 0.2 : 5 was optimal. Secondly, the properties and stability of nanoemulsions were investigated with varying parameters. The test results illustrated that single-layer nanoemulsions and double-layer nanoemulsions coated with alginate were stable, irrespective of all the parameters other than/except for pH 3. Thirdly, the properties of nanoemulsions were then analyzed according to the addition of ascorbic acid. The results demonstrated that the properties of single-layer nanoemulsions were not affected by addition of ascorbic acid. In case of alginate double-layer nanoemulsions, the particle size was reduced, and zeta potential increased with the addition of ascorbic acid. In conclusion, the demonstrated stability of various nanoemulsions under the different conditions in the present study suggests that these findings may constitute a basis in manufacturing various food-grade products which use nanoemulsions-and indicate that food nanoemulsions, if adopted in the food industry, have the potential to satisfy both the functionality and acceptability requirements necessary to produce commercially marketable food-grade products.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제28권6호
• /
• pp.1021-1030
• /
• 2007

The effects of the creamide III (CER3) and cholesterol (CHOL) on the structure of a non-hydrous distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (DSPC)-based lamellar liquid crystal (LC) hydrated by only propylene glycol (PG) without water were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractions (XRDs), and polarized microscope (PM). As soon as CER3 was incorporated into the lamellar phase, the characteristic LPP was appeared as well as the characteristic SPP, and the formation of separated CER3 crystalline phase was observed depending upon the increase of CER3 content by XRDs. Also, by DSC, it was shown that the increase of CER3 made the monotectic thermal transition be changed to the eutectic thermal transition which indicates the formation of separated CER3 crystalline phases and the main transition temperatures (Tc1) to be gradually decreased and the enthalpy change (ΔH) to be linearly increased. Incorporating CHOL, the formation of LPP and SPP showed almost similar behaviors to CER3, but incorporating small amounts of CHOL showed the characteristic peaks of CHOL which meant the existence of crystalline CHOL phase due to the immiscibility of CHOL with DSPC swollen by PG differently from CER3, and increasing CHOL made the intensity of the 1st order diffraction for LPP weakened as well as the intensities of the characteristic diffractions for DSPC. Also, in the results of DSC, it showed more complex thermal behaviors having several Tc than CER3 due to its bulky chemical structure. In the present study, the inducement of CER3 and CHOL as other lipids present in human stratum corneum (SC) into a non-hydrous lamellar phase is discussed in terms of the influence on their structural and thermal transition.

• 대한화장품학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한화장품학회 2003년도 IFSCC Conference Proceeding Book I
• /
• pp.672-685
• /
• 2003

Yew (Taxus cuspidata Sieb.) chose that grow as medicine, food, decorative plant in Korea's Kyong-Gi province surroundings. Extracts of yew extracted leaf of 250 g and stems of 300 g with 1,3-butylene glycol (1,3-BG), propylene glycol (PG) and water. As results, external appearance of leaf extract of yew was slightly brown clear extract. The pH was 5.3$\pm$0.5, and specific gravity was 1.012$\pm$0.05, and refractive index was 1.375$\pm$0.05. Also, appearance of stem's extract was slightly brown clear extract, and the pH was 5.4$\pm$0.5, and specific gravity was 1.016$\pm$0.05, and refractive index was 1.358$\pm$0.05. Oil of yew separated from seeds, and extracted polysaccharide high purity from fruits. As a result, specific gravity of oil was 0.987, and obtained 40％ of yield. Total polyphenols amount of yew extract is detected 0.563％ in leaves, 0.325％ in stems, whereas total tannins amount contained 0.054％ and 0.037％ each in leaves and stems. As effect in cosmetics, the anti-oxidative effect by DPPH method is 75.0％ in leaves, and stems was 64.0％. Collagen synthesis rate was shown high activity by 54.16％ in stem's extract, 33.18％ in leaves' extract. Also, PPE-inhibitory activities were 13.7％ and 23.5％ each in leaves and stems. Anti-inflammatory effect of yew seed oil displayed superior effect of 41 ％ than control. Polysaccharide's molecular weight that is gotten from fruits was 5$\times$10$^4$~ 3$\times$10$^{5}$ dalton, and got 20.0$\pm$5％ of yield.

• 생약학회지
• /
• 제33권4호통권131호
• /
• pp.364-371
• /
• 2002

Yew (Taxus cuspidata Sibe) selected cultivation as drug, food and decorative plant in Gyong-gi province in Korea. To extract the water soluble active ingredients, as a extracting method, there was extracted with 20g of dried seeds with each 20g of butylene glycol(BG) and propylene glycol(PG), and 40 mL of water mixing 72 hours at $40{\pm}5^{\circ}C$, and then they were filtrated by 400 mesh. Appearance of extract of seeds was pale brown, $pH=4.5{\pm}0.5$, $gravity=1.013{\pm}0.05$, a reflective $index=1.373{\pm}0.05$, and yield=75%. Also, to extract the high purity oil from seeds, it minutely pulverized the dried seeds and added the hexane, mixing 2 hours at $20{\pm}57^{\circ}C$. And then, this filtrated it with 400-mesh. It got the purified oil through evaporating them at $55^{\circ}C$ during under vacuum. As the results, appearance was slightly brown, gravity=0.922 acid value=0.12, saponification value=192, and it should be obtained the $40{\pm}5%$ of yield. As the efficacy evalution of cosmetic field, the antioxidative activities by NBT method were stronger 86.0% from extract of talus seeds than 52.0% from green tea extract and 35.0% from skullcap extract as well as the antioxidative activities by DPPH method were stronger 93.7% from extract of seed than 60.3% from extract of green tea and 27.1% from extract of skullcap. These are more effective than other plant extracts. The collagen synthesis rate on the activating fibroblast for Taxus cuspidata Sibe extract showed 35.43%. As the activity of the skin elasticity, PPE(porcine pancreatic elastase)-inhibitory activities of talus extract was 50.8%. Anti-inflammatory activity was more effective to be taken 41.1% of taxus seed oil than 24.2% of steady glycyrrhetinate (SG) as a control.